Unit 2: Early Modern Times

During this unit, you will:

• Know the major developments that led to the emergence of modern Europe.

• Understand how religion, culture, economics and politics changed during the Renaissance, Reformation, Exploration and Absolutist movements.

• Explain the short-term and long-term effects of these changes.

Renaissance

• Essential Questions:– What were the key ideas and figures that defined

the Renaissance?– How has the Renaissance shaped our World

Today?

“We are entering an age of light coming out of the gothic gloom.”

–Francesco Petrarch

Middle Ages- Preoccupation with the

afterlife = Church- Pessimism: Life was a

march to death- Christian Humbleness

discourages self-absorption

- Man created in God’s image but fails to meet the standard

Later Middle Ages Art

Later Middle Ages Art

Later Middle Ages Art

Gothic Architecture

Gothic Architecture (Interior)

Why did the Renaissance begin in Italy?

• Location-• Seat of Catholic Church (Patronage)• Economic wealth of Patron families (Ex.

Medici’s in Florence)• Political Centralization (city-states) provided

stability• Center of the Classical world

• Discovery of Classic texts in Islamic Libraries

• “Reconquista” As Spain taken back from Moors Classical artifacts are re-discovered

• Fall of Constantinople – Greek Exodus (1453)

• Crusades and Trade introducing Eastern Math concepts & Architecture

What events sparked the Renaissance?

Renaissance Themes

Individualism- Glorification of

Uniqueness- Stress on

personality, genius, athleticism, artistic ability

- Maximize potential- Fame, Glory,

Ambition

Renaissance ThemesHumanism

- Revival of Greco-Roman literature and philosophy

- Focus on human traits rather than God

Renaissance Themes

Secularism- Material over Spiritual- Explain

accomplishments with Senses (ex. Galileo)

- Here & Now- Renaissance Man

sought comfort of the senses

- Life is a Journey not a destination

The Renaissance Man“….man could write a

poem, wrestle, sing a song, and accompany himself on an instrument, ride expertly, solve math problems, and above all speak and write eloquently.”- Castiglione, The Courtier (1528)

The Renaissance Man

- Educationally focused- History, Rhetoric, Ethics- What is Virtue?- Young Nobility (Elitist

Movement)- Education about ruling

and/or running a business

Technological Innovations of the Renaissance

Printing-1455 – Johann Gutenberg,

Fust, Schoffer create movable type

-More effective communication in government, propaganda, “invisible public,” stimulates literacy of laypeople in church

Technological Innovations of the Renaissance

Clocks- Quantification of

Time becomes important

- “Time is Money”- Control of Universe- Creation of set

work hours

Women and the Renaissance- Renaissance is a male-

dominated movement- Status of Upper Class

women declines (work, property, political power) - Marriage

- Women were decorations for a man

- Improvement for middle to lower class women.

Italian Art• Italians were able to spend a lot of money on

art. (patronage)– Art communicated social, political, and spiritual

values.– Italian banking & international trade interests had

the money.– Reverted back to the Classics for inspiration

****Art for the first time is not controlled by the Catholic Church!****

Florence, Italy

• Geography makes Florence the ideal Renaissance city– Continental trade passes

through Florence– Banking is foundation of

economy– Central to culture and

art

The Medici

• Gained their fortune through Banking and the textile trade in Europe

• Lorenzo the Magnificent

1478 - 15211517 - 1574

Sculptures of the Medici

Medici ChapelThe Medici Palace

Medici Architecture

� Filippo Brunelleschi1377 - 1436

� Architect-built the dome of Florence

� Cuppolo of St. Mariadel Fiore

Filippo Brunelleschi

• Commissioned to build the cathedral dome.– Used unique

architectural concepts. He studied the ancient

Pantheon in Rome.

Brunelleschi’s Dome

Il Duomo St. Peter’s St. Paul’s US capital

(Florence) (Rome) (London) (Washington)

Four of the World’s Largest Domes

Comparing Domes

Leonardo Da Vinci

1452 - 1519

� Artist� Sculptor� Architect� Scientist� Engineer� Inventor

� Vitruvian Man

� Leonardo daVinci

� An Equestrian Statue

� 1516-1518

Leonardo the Sculptor

His many works based off of the humanistic form of life…

Leonardo and the Renaissance quest for knowledge…

� An example of the humanist desire to unlock the secrets of nature.

Leonardo’s quest for medical knowledge

Other Leonardo works

� 1475 – 1564

Michelangelo

� David� Michelangel

oBuonarotti

� 1504� Marble

� The Pieta

� MichelangeloBuonarroti

� 1499

� marble

The Sistine Chapel’s works

The Creation

of the Heavens

Sistine Chapel and Michaelangelo

Creation of Man

Sistine Chapel and Michaelangelo (Con’t)

Michelangelo

Self-Portrait, 1506 Portrait of the Artist with a Friend, 1518

Raphael� Batista Sforza & Federico de Montefeltre:

The Duke & Dutchess of Urbino� The Duke tried to kill Lorenzo!

Sistine Madonna Cowpepper Madonna

Raphael and his works

Madonna della Sedia Alba Madonna

)More Raphael works

Raphael

Da Vinci

Michelangelo

� A Medici Pope.� He went through

the Vatican treasury in a year!

� His extravagances offended even some cardinals [as well as Martin Luther!].

� Started selling indulgences.

Pope Leo X

� Castiglione represented the humanist “gentleman” as a man of refinement and self-control.

Who is Castiglione?

Broad knowledge about many things in different fields.

Deep knowledge/skill in one area. Able to link information from

different areas/disciplines and create new knowledge.

“well-rounded man”

“The Renaissance Man”

Machiavelli

• Niccolo Machiavelli was an influential politician, diplomat and philosopher for Italian city-states.

• Wrote The Prince in 1513 as a guidebook for Renaissance men to succeed in Politics and society. Described how to use diplomacy and be a gentleman in life…NOT the power politics that had dominated the Renaissance before.

William Shakespeare

• Was Part of the Northern Renaissance

• Wrote 37 plays, including Hamlet, Twelfth Night and the Tempest.

• Was a playwright, actor, translator (into the vernacular), critic, poet

Sir Thomas More

Reformation

• Essential Questions:– What caused the Reformation?– How did the Reformation act as a balance to the

Renaissance?– What governmental, economic, cultural and

religious repercussions developed from the Reformation?

Causes of the Reformation? Catholic Church corruption

o Pope’s need for money indulgenceso 1/3 of Europe church lando Avignon Papacy

Development of personal devotions suspicion of clergy Gutenberg Printing Press

Martin Luther(1483-1546)

• Grew up in present-day Germany

• Professor of Theology• Saw the indulgences

and other corrupt practices of the Catholic Church.

• One event sparked his role in the history of western theology.

Luther’s 95 Thesis

• Johann Tetzel’s Church in Wittenberg– In 1517, offers people indulgences for

contributions to the St. Peter Cathedral in Rome.– “These indulgences would assure salvation”

• Luther protests– Writes 95 reasons why indulgences are wrong

with Christianity and the Bible.

Church Response

• Pope Urban II asks Luther to apologize, or recant, for his statements.– (Luther says “no way”)

• Pope Excommunicates Luther from all Church influenced land and businesses.

• Diet of Worms– Luther asked to recant again, again refuses!!!

Edict of Worms

"For this reason we forbid anyone from this time forward to dare, either by words or by deeds, to receive, defend, sustain, or favor the said Martin Luther. On the contrary, we want him to be apprehended and punished as a notorious heretic, as he deserves, to be brought personally before us, or to be securely guarded until those who have captured him inform us, whereupon we will order the appropriate manner of proceeding against the said Luther. Those who will help in his capture will be rewarded generously for their good work."[

Luther’s Beliefs

• Only God has control on who may enter heaven.• Only way to heaven is by Faith, not by

indulgences or other contributions.• Both men and women can receive religious

schooling.• Bible is the main source of leading a pious and

religious life.– Spread of books allows many people to read the

ideas of Luther, as well as the Bible.

The Spread of the Printing Press

The Spread of Lutheranism/ Protestantism

The Peasant Revolt - 1525

• German peasants against their Catholic Nobles and the Catholic Church

• Peace of Augsburg

Counter-Reformation

• Catholic Church attacks Luther and other Protestants.– Huguenots – Anabaptists

• Attacks on Jews• AND…

Witch Hunts!!!

John Calvin• Born in France during the

Reformation• Studied as a priest and

lawyer, and favored the ideas of Luther.

• Published Institutes of the Christian Religion.

• Set up a theocracy in Geneva in 1541.

• Calvin believed in predestination

ReformationEurope(Late 16c)

Reformation Art

• Albrecht Dürer• Most famous for his

woodcuts and engravings – Melancolia 1514

• How would his engravings influence the Reformation?

Protestant Work Ethic

• Working Class people• Since God predestines people, you work hard

to fit into the “cookie cutter” model of the perfect individual.– Characteristics: kind, generous, God-fearing and

hardworking

Council of Trent

• Catholic Church met from 1545-1563

• Set guidelines and stances – Original Sin– Bible Scripture– Eucharist and Baptism– Protestantism

• Same as today

King Henry VIII of England

England and King Henry VIII

• England was ruled by the Tudor government

• Henry VIII separated the Church of England from the Catholic Church– Was seeking an annulment: Pope said no– Main reason was to be able to divorce his wive(s).– Asked Parliament for legalization: “Act of

Supremacy”

• “The reformation was a rejection of the secular spirit of the renaissance” defend or refute this statement using specific examples from this time period.

• Why did the strictly theological ideas of Martin Luther trigger political, social, and religious reactions?