Unit 2
description
Transcript of Unit 2
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Scientifi
c Meth
od,
Calculat
ions,
and
ValuesUNIT
2
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Accuracy Vs. Precision
Measuring and obtaining data experimentally always comes with some degree of error.
Human or method errors & limits of the instruments
We want BOTH accuracy AND precision
MEASUREMENTS AND CALCULATIONS IN CHEMISTRY
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Selecting the right piece of equipment is key
Beaker, Graduated Cylinder, Buret?
Measuring 1.5 grams with a balance that only reads to the nearest whole gram would introduce a very large
error.
EXPERIMENTAL ERROR
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So what is Accuracy?
Accuracy of a measurement is how close the measurement is to the TRUE value
“bull’s-eye”
ACCURACY
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An experiment calls for 36.4 mL to be added
Trial 1: delivers 36.1 mLTrial 2: delivers 36.6 mL
Which is more accurate???Trial 2 is closer to the actual value
(bull’s-eye), therefore it is more accurate that the first delivery
ACCURACY
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Now, what about Precision??
Precision is the exactness of a measurement.
It refers to how closely several measurements of the same quantity made in
the same way agree with one another.
“grouping”
PRECISION
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Maximizing Accuracy and Precision will help to Minimize ERROR
Error is a measure of all possible “mistakes” or imperfections in our lab data
As we discussed, they can be caused from us (human error), faulty instruments (instrumental error), or from simply selecting the wrong piece of equipment (methodical error)
ERROR
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Error can be calculated using an “Accepted Value” and comparing it to the
“Experimental Value”
• The Accepted Value is the correct value based on reliable resources (research, textbooks, peers, internet)
• The Experimental Value is the value YOU measure in lab. It is not always going to match the Accepted value… Why not??
ERROR
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Error is measured as a percent, just as your grades on a test.
Percent Error = accepted – experimentalx100%
accepted
• This can be remembered as the “BLT” equation:
bigger minus littler over the true value
ERROR
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PRACTICE WITH ERROR
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Significant Figures (SigFigs) of a measurement or a calculation
consist of all the digits known with certainty as well as one estimated,
or uncertain, digit
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
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1. Nonzero digits are always significant2. Zeros between nonzero digits are
significant3. Zeros in front of nonzero digits are
NOT significant4. Zeros both at the end of a number
and to the right of a decimal point ARE significant
5. Zeros at the end of a number but to the left of a decimal point may or may not be significant
RULES FOR DETERMINING SIGFIGS
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5. Zeros at the end of a number but to the left of a decimal point may or may not be significant
If a zero has not been measured or estimated, it is NOT significant. A decimal point placed after zeros indicates that the zeros are significant.
i.e. 2000 m has one sigfig, 2000. m has four
SIGFIGS
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How many sigfigs do the following values have?
46.3 lbs 40.7 in. 580 mi
87,009 km 0.009587 m 580. cm
0.0009 kg 85.00 L 580.0 cm
9.070000 cm 400. L580.000 cm
PRACTICE WITH SIGFIGS
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Calculators DO NOT present values in the proper number of sigfigs!
Exact Values have unlimited sigfigsCounted values, conversion factors,
constants
CALC WARNING
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Multiplying / DividingThe answer cannot have more sigfigs than the value with the smallest number of original sigfigs
ex: 12.548 x 1.28 = 16.06144
CALCULATING WITH SIGFIGS
This value only has 3 sigfis, therefore the final answer must ONLY have 3 sigfigs!
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Multiplying / DividingThe answer cannot have more sigfigs than the value with the smallest number of original sigfigs
ex: 12.548 x 1.28 = 16.06144
= 16.1
CALCULATING WITH SIGFIGS
This value only has 3 sigfis, therefore the final answer must ONLY have 3 sigfigs!
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How many sigfigs with the following FINAL answers have? Do not calculate.
12.85 * 0.00125 4,005 * 4000
48.12 / 11.2 4000. / 4000.0
PRACTICE
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Adding / SubtractingThe result can be NO MORE certain than the least certain number in the calculation (total number)
ex: 12.4 18.387
+ 254.0248 284.8118
CALCULATING WITH SIGFIGS
The least certain number is only certain to the “tenths” place. Therefore, the final answer can only go out one past the decimal.
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Adding / SubtractingThe result can be NO MORE certain than the least certain number in the calculation (total number)
ex: 12.4 18.387
+ 254.0248 284.8118 =
284.7
CALCULATING WITH SIGFIGS
The least certain number is only certain to the “tenths” place. Therefore, the final answer can only go out one past the decimal.
Least certain number (total number)
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Both addition / subtraction and multiplication / division
Round using the rules after each operation.
Ex: (12.8 + 10.148) * 2.2 =22.9 * 2.2 = 50.38 = 50.
CALCULATING WITH SIGFIGS
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Review:What is Specific Heat??
Cp depends on the identity of the material, the mass of the material, and the size of
the temperature change.
Δ = “Delta” means “change in”T2 – T1 = ΔT
SPECIFIC HEAT
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Cp is usually measured under constant pressure conditions, which is important.
Why?
This “constant pressure” is indicated by the p in Cp
CALCULATING CP
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Cp = q m * ΔT
Cp = specific heat at a given pressure
q = energy transferred as heatm = mass of the substanceΔT = the change in temperature
CALCULATING CP
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A 4.0 g sample of glass was heated from 274 K to 314 K and was found to absorb
32 J of energy as heat. Calculate the specific heat of this glass.
PRACTICE WITH CP
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A 4.0 g sample of glass was heated from 274 K to 314 K and was found to absorb
32 J of energy as heat. Calculate the specific heat of this glass.
= 0.20What are the units of Cp???
PRACTICE WITH CP
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A 4.0 g sample of glass was heated from 274 K to 314 K and was found to absorb 32 J of energy as heat. Calculate the specific heat
of this glass.
= 0.20What are the units of Cp???
= 0.20 J/g*K
PRACTICE WITH CP
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• Scientific Notation – a number written a the product of two values:
• A number out front &• A x10 to a power
• This notation allows us to easily work with very, very large numbers or very, very small numbers.
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
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• The number out front MUST be written with ONLY one value prior to the decimal point
Examples: a. 3.24x104g b. 2.5x107mL= 32,400 grams = 250,000,000
mL
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
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• The exponent (x104) value can have a power that is positive or negative, depending on if you are dealing with a SMALL number or a LARGE number
Examples: a. 8.55x104g b. 4.67x10-5 L= 85,500 grams = 0.000467 Liters
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
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Addition / Subtraction
6.2 x 104 + 7.2 x 103
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
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Addition / Subtraction
6.2 x 104 + 7.2 x 103 First, make exponents the same
62 x 103 + 7.2 x 103
Do the math and put back in Scientific Notation
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
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Multiplication / Division
3.1 x 103 * 5.01 x 104 The “mantissas” are multiplied and the
exponents are added.(3.1 * 5.01) x 103+4
16 x 107 = 1.6 x 108
Do the math and put back in Scientific Notation (with correct number of
sigfigs)
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
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Homework:
Page 53, #1, 2, 3
Page 62, #14, 15
Due Monday on a separate sheet of paper