Relating Sentences - PassiveActive: Mary sang a song. Passive: A song was sung by Mary.Active: John ate the cake. Passive: The cake was eaten by John.

The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence.

The subject of the active sentence becomes an optional argument of the passive sentence.

This is called a “by phrase”

How do you passivize a sentence?I. First, only transitive verbs can be passivized! II. Take the object and make it the subject.III. The subject is followed by the auxiliary “be”. IV. The verb in its Past Participle Form follows “be”. Example: John ate a banana. I. “eat” is a transitive verb! So we may proceed. II. Object becomes subject: “A banana… ”III. Add the auxiliary “be”: “A banana was…”IV. Add the verb in its Past Participle Form:

A banana was eaten.

How do you passivize a sentence?I. Only transitive verbs can be passivized! II. Take the object and make it the subject.III. The subject is followed by the auxiliary “be”. Make sure “be” is in the correct tense. Example: Sam is making coffee. I. “make” is a transitive verb, so we may proceed. II. Object becomes subject: “Coffee… ”III. Add the auxiliary “be”: “Coffee is being…”IV. Add the verb in its Past Participle Form:

Coffee is being made.

How do you passivize a sentence?I. Only transitive verbs can be passivized! II. Take the object and make it the subject.III. The subject is followed by the auxiliary “be”. Make sure “be” is in the correct tense. Example: Sam will study linguistics. I. “study” is a transitive verb, so we may proceed. II. Object becomes subject: “Linguistics… ”III. Add the auxiliary “be”: “Linguistics will be…”IV. Add the verb in its Past Participle Form:

Linguistics will be studied.

How do you passivize a sentence?I. Only transitive verbs can be passivized! II. Take the object and make it the subject.III. The subject is followed by the auxiliary “be”. Make sure “be” is in the correct tense. Example: Sue has watched that musical. I. “watch” is a transitive verb, so we may proceed. II. Object becomes subject: “That musical… ”III. Add the auxiliary “be”: “That musical has been…”IV. Add the verb in its Past Participle Form:

That musical has been watched.

How do you passivize a sentence?I. Only transitive verbs can be passivized! II. Take the object and make it the subject.III. The subject is followed by the auxiliary “be”. Make sure “be” is in the correct tense. Example: Jane was baking a cake. I. “bake” is a transitive verb, so we may proceed. II. Object becomes subject: “A cake… ”III. Add the auxiliary “be”: “A cake was being…”IV. Add the verb in its Past Participle Form:

A cake was being baked.

How do you passivize a sentence?I. Only transitive verbs can be passivized! II. Take the object and make it the subject.III. The subject is followed by the auxiliary “be”. Make sure “be” is in the correct tense. Example: Jane had bought a new car. I. “buy” is a transitive verb, so we may proceed. II. Object becomes subject: “A new car… ”III. Add the auxiliary “be”: “A new car had been…”IV. Add the verb in its Past Participle Form:

A new car had been bought.

How do you passivize a sentence?I. Only transitive verbs can be passivized! II. Take the object and make it the subject.III. The subject is followed by the auxiliary “be”. Make sure “be” is in the correct tense. Example: Sue would have seen him. I. “see” is a transitive verb, so we may proceed. II. Object becomes subject: “He… ”III. Add the auxiliary “be”: “He would have been…”IV. Add the verb in its Past Participle Form:

He would have been seen.

Tense of Passive SentencesThe tense of the passive sentence is determined by the auxiliary “be” (the verb is always Past Participle!)

1. The cake was eaten. 2. The mail is collected daily. 3. Fun will be had. 4. The cake had been eaten. 5. The mail has been collected. 6. Fun will have been had. 7. The cake was being eaten. 8. The mail is being collected.

Past SimplePresent SimpleFuture SimplePast PerfectPresent PerfectFuture PerfectPast ProgressivePresent Progressive

From Active to PassiveWhen converting a sentence from active to passive, be sure to keep the tense the same!

1. John is smoking a cigar. 2. Sam hit Bill. 3. Jane was reading a book. 4. Sue will watch a movie. 5. Bill likes Mary. 6. We had fun. 7. She has had a baby. 8. I will believe her.

A cigar is being smoked. Bill was hit. A book was being read.A movie will be watched.Mary is liked. Fun was had. A baby has been had. She will be believed.

Active and Passive - Argument StructureWhat is the argument structure: 1. Sam kissed Jane.

kiss: verb; 1 2 NP NP

2. Jane was kissed by Sam.

kiss (passive): verb; 1 (2) NP PP

3. Jane was kissed.

kiss (passive): verb; 1 (2) NP PP

Remember the “By- Phrase” is optional!

When there’s no By-Phrase the sentence is a Truncated Passive

Active and Passive - Argument StructureWhat is the argument structure: 1. Bill washed his car.

wash: verb; 1 2 NP NP

2. The car was washed.

wash (passive): verb; 1 (2) NP PP

3. The bills were paid.

pay (passive): verb; 1 (2) NP PP

Convert to Truncated Passives1. The lions chased the gazelles.2. Clark walked around the campfire.3. You can use those.4. They will make a pie.5. They had discovered a treasure.6. We were watching this DVD yesterday. 7. Many farmers raise sheep.8. GM has manufactured cars for decades. 9. We had lunch. 10. They will publish the book.

How to recognize a passive sentence? I. Passive sentences always contain the auxiliary

“be”, followed by a verb in the past participle form.

Example:Passive: John was kissed. Active: John was kissing Mary.II. Passive sentences contain a verb that selects (at

least) two arguments, yet one of these arguments is always optional, and could only appear in a by-phrase!

Passive: John was kissed (by Mary).

Active or Passive?1. They bought the house by the railroad tracks.2. Their daughter had been selected for that honor.3. Mary was enjoying the cake by herself.4. The monument is being designed by a known

sculptor.5. Billy was staying at that hotel by the beach.6. The milk was once delivered every morning.7. The population of N.Y has increased by a million.8. The judge has been detained by his clerk.9. The door will be locked by the night custodian.10. The investigator was walking by the courtroom.

SubjectsNote what the book says about Subjects of passives:

The book says that in passive sentences the subject does not come before the verb.

This is a serious mistake!!!

SubjectsTwo important properties of Subjects are: I. Only subject pronouns can be subjects – 1. I repaired this computer. 2. This computer was repaired by me. “me” cannot be the subject of sentence 2.

II. Only the Subject “agrees” with the verb –

1. They like cake. 2. He likes cake.

3. Cake is liked by them. 4. Cake is liked by me. 5. Cakes are liked.

Homework

Read and do all the exercises of lesson 52

Watch out for quick-tip 52.2

Relating Sentences - Questions Every declarative sentence corresponds to a

“yes/no” interrogative sentence – 1. She has been living in N.Y. all her life. 2. Has she been living in N.Y. all her life? 3. John will study tonight. 4. Will John study tonight?

To form a yes/no question we do –

Subject – Aux. Inversion.

The Auxiliary “do”

1. John loves basketball. 2. Does John love basketball?

If there is no auxiliary, we add the auxiliary “do”. Aux. “do” requires the verb that follows it to be in

the Base Form! Aux. “do” determines the tense of the sentence:

“do” / “does” – Present simple “did” – Past simple

Relating Sentences - NegativesEvery positive sentence corresponds to a negative

sentence – 1. John will eat the cake. 2. John will not eat the cake. 3. Mary has been singing at the opera. 4. Mary has not been singing at the opera.

To make a sentence negative we add the word “not” after the first auxiliary.

The Auxiliary “do”

1. John loves basketball. 2. John Does not love basketball.

If there is no auxiliary, we add the auxiliary “do”. Aux. “do” requires the verb that follows it to be in

the Base Form! Aux. “do” determines the tense of the sentence:

“do” / “does” – Present simple “did” – Past simple

An Important Exception – The verb “be” We form a question by doing: Subject – Aux. Inver. If there is no Aux., we add the auxiliary “Do”. We form a neg. by adding “not” after the first Aux. If there is no auxiliary, we add the auxiliary “Do”.

But look what happens when the verb is “be”: 1. John is a student. Question: Is John a student? Negative: John is not a student. Conclusion: For purposes of question or negative

formation the verb “be” behaves like an auxiliary.

No Aux. added!!

Why are these sentences starred?1. *Jane has been not living here for years. 2. *John eat the cake?3. *Bill not like apples. 4. *Did Sam drank his coffee?

Homework

Read lesson 51. Read and do all the exercises of

lesson 53.