Unit 11 1

Event-Driven Programming

• Listener or Event handler• Example: Handling Button Events• Example: Handling Mouse Events• Example: Handling Keyboard Events• Adapter Classes• Example: Handling Window Events• Example: Handling Text Field Events• Exercises• Learning Outcomes

o Extend the example programs to write more interesting GUIo Use nested classes and adapter classes to write medium-sized

applications.

Unit 11 2

Listener or Event handler

• Listener: An object interested in being notified when an event occurs in a given component.

• A Listener object registers with a component to be notified of events generated by it.

• Listener must implement the event listener interface associated with events for which it registered.

• Programming a Listener for an event means:• Implementing the interface associated with the event type.• Registering it as an event listener on the appropriate event

source.

Unit 11 3

Events Revisited

• Some events are generated only by certain components.

• But we can set up a listener on any component for any of the following events:

– Component event - changing a component's size, position, or visibility.

– Focus event - gaining or losing the keyboard focus.

– Key event - pressing, releasing, or clicking keyboard keys.

– Mouse event - clicking the mouse button and moving the mouse onto and off of a component.

– Mouse motion event - moving or dragging a mouse over a component.

Unit 11 4

Events and Event listeners

Some Events and Their Associated Event Listeners

Act that Results in the Event Listener Type

User clicks a button, presses Enter while typing in a text field, or chooses a menu item

ActionListener

User closes a frame (main window) WindowListener

User presses a mouse button while the cursor is over a component

MouseListener

User moves the mouse over a component MouseMotionListener

Component becomes visible ComponentListener

Component gets the keyboard focus FocusListener

Any property in a component changes such as the text on a label

PropertyChangeListener

When an item such as a check box is changed ItemListener

Unit 11 5

• Each event is represented by an object– Contains information about the event

• Event source– Generates event– Usually a GUI component

• Event listener– Responds to the event– Can be any Java class that implements correct interface

• User clicks a button -- ActionListener • User closes a frame -- WindowListener • User presses a mouse button -- MouseListener • User moves the mouse -- MouseMotionListener • Component becomes visible -- ComponentListener

• A single source can have multiple listeners• A single listener can listen to multiple sources

Event Handling

Unit 11 6

– Every event handler requires three pieces of code:

• Code that specifies that the class implements a listener interface.

public class MyClass implements ActionListener {

• Code that registers an instance of the event handler class as a listener upon one or more components.

someComponent.addActionListener(instance Of MyClass);

• Code that implements the methods in the listener interface. For example:

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {

...//code that responds to the event... }

Event Handling

Unit 11 7

Example 1: Adding Components to Containers

1 import java.awt.*; 2 import javax.swing.*; 3 public class AddingComponents extends JFrame{ 4 JButton button = new JButton("Press Me"); 5 JLabel label = new JLabel( "Running Total:"); 6 JTextField textField = new JTextField(10); 7 Container cp = getContentPane();8 public AddingComponents() {9 super("A Container With Components");10 setSize(300,100);11 cp.setLayout(new FlowLayout());12 cp.add(label);13 cp.add(textField);14 cp.add (button);15 setVisible(true); }16 public static void main(String args []) {17 new AddingComponents();18 } }

Unit 11 8

Handling Button Events

• This example builds on Example 1 of the preceding section.

• Notice that when the button is pushed in that example, nothing happens.

• We will add some code to respond to the button pushes.

• When the mouse is pushed it generates and ActionEvent.

• Thus, we will be implementing the

corresponding ActionListener interface.

• ActionListener consists of the method:

Unit 11 9

Example 2: Button Events

1 import java.awt.*; 2 import java.awt.event.*; 3 class ButtonEventTest extends AddingComponents 4 implements ActionListener{ 5 private int sum; 6 public ButtonEventTest() { 7 button.addActionListener(this); 8 } 9 public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae) {10 sum += 1;11 textField.setText(sum+"");12 Toolkit.getDefaultToolkit().beep();13 }14 public static void main(String args []) {15 new ButtonEventTest();16 }17 }

Unit 11 10

Handling Mouse Events

• This example illustrates how mouse events can be responded to.

• It also shows how a single listener can register with many sources.

• The event listener in this case will implement the MouseListener interface.

• MouseListener consists of five methods:

• The program is given in the following page.

Unit 11 11

Example 3: Mouse Events

1 import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; 2 public class MouseEventTest extends ButtonEventTest{ 3 public MouseEventTest(){ 4 class LightUpListener extends MouseAdapter { 5 public void mouseEntered(MouseEvent e) { 6 Component c = (Component)e.getSource(); 7 c.setBackground(Color.green); 8 } 9 public void mouseExited(MouseEvent e) {10 Component c = (Component)e.getSource();11 c.setBackground(Color.red);12 }13 }14 MouseListener listener = new LightUpListener();15 button.addMouseListener(listener);16 textField.addMouseListener(listener);17 cp.addMouseListener(listener);18 }19 public static void main(String[] args) {20 new MouseEventTest();21 } }

a single listener can register with many sources

Unit 11 12

Handling Keyboard Events

• This example illustrates how keyboard events can be responded to.

• To receive KeyEvent, a component must have keyboard focus.

• We will be implementing the KeyListener interface.

• KeyListener consists of three methods:

• Notice that when you press a key, at least two events are generated.

Unit 11 13

Example 4: Keyboard Events

1 import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; 2 import javax.swing.JApplet; 3 public class KeyEventTest extends JApplet implements KeyListener{ 4 private String msg = ""; 5 private int startX = 10, startY = 10; 6 public void keyPressed(KeyEvent ke){ 7 showStatus ("Key Down"); 8 } 9 public void keyReleased(KeyEvent ke) {showStatus("Key Up"); }10 public void keyTyped(KeyEvent ke){11 msg += ke.getKeyChar();12 repaint();13 }14 public void init(){15 requestFocus();16 addKeyListener(this);17 }18 public void paint(Graphics g){19 g.drawString(msg,startX,startY);20 }21 }

Unit 11 14

Introduction to Adapter Classes

• From previous examples, listener interfaces can have several methods.

• A particular listener may not be interested in all the methods.

• Nevertheless, the listener must implement all methods in the interface.

• Java provides adapter classes for implementing handlers selectively.

• Most listener interfaces with two or more methods have matching adapter

classes.

• Java provides a collection of abstract event adapter classes.

• These adapter classes implement listener interfaces with empty, do-nothing

methods.

• To implement a listener class, we extend an adapter class and override only

methods needed.

Unit 11 15

Handling Window Events

• This example shows how window events can be handled.

• The listener should implement the WindowListener interface.

• WindowListener consists of seven methods:

• We will extend the corresponding WindowAdapter in this example.

Unit 11 16

Example 5: Window Events

1 import javax.swing.*;import java.awt.event.*; 2 class WindowEventTest extends JFrame{ 3 private String msg = "Are you sure you want to Quit Window?"; 4 public WindowEventTest() { 5 super("Window Event Test"); setSize(300,300); 6 addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter(){ 7 public void windowClosing(WindowEvent we) { 8 WindowEventTest obj = WindowEventTest.this; 9 int result = JOptionPane.showConfirmDialog(obj, msg);10 if (result == JOptionPane.YES_OPTION)11 System.exit(0);12 else {13 int keepOpen = WindowConstants.DO_NOTHING_ON_CLOSE;14 setDefaultCloseOperation(keepOpen);15 }16 }});17 }18 public static void main(String args [] ) {19 WindowEventTest wt = new WindowEventTest();20 wt.setVisible(true);21 } }

Unit 11 17

Handling Text Field Events

• This example shows how texfield events are generated and handled.

• It also illustrates the use of multiple handlers.

• Two text fields are shown handling an ActionEvent in different ways.

• The program implements Celcius to Fahrenheit temperature conversions.

• You enter a temperature value in one text

field and get the equivalent in the other.

• The complete program follows in the next page.

Unit 11 18

Example 6: Text Field Events

1 import java.awt.*; 2 import java.awt.event.*; 3 import javax.swing.*; 4 class TextFieldEventTest extends JFrame{ 5 JTextField celcius = new JTextField(10); 6 JTextField fahrenheit = new JTextField(10);

7 Container c = getContentPane(); 8 TextFieldEventTest(){ 9 c.setLayout(new FlowLayout());10 c.add(new JLabel("Celcius"));11 c.add(celcius);

12 celcius.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {13 public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae){14 String cString = celcius.getText();15 double cValue = Double.parseDouble(cString.trim());16 double fValue = cValue*9.0/5.0+32.0;17 fahrenheit.setText((int)fValue+"");18 }});

Unit 11 19

Text Field Events – Cont’d

31 public static void main(String [] args){32 TextFieldEventTest t = new TextFieldEventTest();33 t.pack();34 t.show();35 }36 }

20 c.add(new JLabel("Fahrenheit"));21 c.add(fahrenheit);22 fahrenheit.addActionListener(new ActionListener() {23 public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae){24 String fString = fahrenheit.getText();25 double fValue = Double.parseDouble(fString.trim());26 double cValue = (fValue-32.0)*5.0/9.0;27 celcius.setText((int)cValue+"");28 }29 });30 } // end of constructor

Unit 11 20

Review Exercises

1. Extend Example 1 by adding a Reset Total button. When the

Reset Total button is pushed, the running total should be reset to

zero.

2. Modify the program in Example 2 to work as a stand-alone application.

3. Modify the program in Example 3 to display its output on the

application’s JFrame window.

4. Modify the program in Example 4 to use an anonymous inner class to

implement the windowClosing() handler method.

5. Extend Example 5 to validate the data entered in both text fields to avoid

the spurious exceptions currently raised when invalid characters are

included in the input.

Unit 11 21

Review Exercises (cont’d)

6. A student has written a working applet. Write a step-by-step procedure

that guides the student to make his applet work as an application also.

7. Consider the program in Example 1. Write down all the events generated

from the time the frame is displayed up to the time the user pushes the

PushMe button. You may restrict your answer to the events covered in

this section.