Unit 10 Envirn Freindly Techniques

7/28/2019 Unit 10 Envirn Freindly Techniques

1/36

UNIT 9 ECO-FRIENDLY TECHNOLOGIESStructure9.1 IntroductionObjectives9.2 Need for Eco-friendly Technologies (EFTs)9.3 EFTs in AgricultureBiological Pest ControlBiopesticidesGreen ManuringOrganic Farming (Vermicomposting)BiofertilizersWater shed ManagementRain Water Harvesting9.4 Non-polluting Energy SystemsSolar Energy: Timeless Energy of the SunPower GenerationRural EnergyEmerging Technologies9.5 Green Technology in Industry

Application of Hemp, Flax and Other Bast Fibre Plants1 ,i.l~nologies n Metal Mining and Leather IndustryU aste ManagementSewage Fed Aquaculture

9.6 Green Building TechnologiesBuilding Matekials from Industrial ~ b s t e sBuilding Materials from Agro Wastes . /9.7 Participatory Approach in Adopting EFTsResource Conserving Technologies: New InitiativesIndigenous Knowledge and Sustainable Agriculture9.8 FutureofEFTs9.9 LetUsSumUp9.10 Activities9.1 1 Further Reading

I

9.1 INTROD'UCTTONEnvironmental conservatiofi is an issue which has arisen from man's activities,his functional role i a the biosphere, and his relationship to nature. Over theyean conhmunities have learnt evolve various strategies and practices ofnatural resource management and conservation. Such technologies are basedon indigenous, traditional bowledge and have been developed, tested andimproved over the years. .They are effective, environmentally benign, and userfriendly.India is sustaining 16%of global population and agriculture is the only hopefor nearly 70% of the population. Therefore, sustainable concept in Indianagriculture must include the additional food demand created by 15 millionmouths every year which is almost equal to an addition of one Australiaevery year.Conservation of cultivable lands is achieved not only through preventive andremedial measures to control soil erosion, but also through the application ofinnovative technblogies which are blend of traditional knowledge and frontiertechnologies such as biotechnology and information, space and renewable


2/36

EnvironmentalManagement energy technologies. These technologies are environmentally benign,economically viable and socially equitable hence they are called eco-friendlytechnologies (EFTs). You will study about various eco-friendly technologiesand their adoption by communities in this Unit.ObjectivesAfter studying this Unit, you should be able to:

explain the need and concept of eco-friendly technology;discuss the eco-friendly technologies relevant to agriculture;describe the eco-friendly technologies pertaining to energy generation andindustry;discuss the eco-friendly technologies related to mining, textiles, buildingetc.;appreciate the need for participatory approach in adopting EFTs; andhighlight the future of EFTs.

9.2 NEED FOR ECO-FRIENDLY TECHNO LOGIES(EFTs)Since 1950 alone, we have lost 15-20% of our agricultural land, 33% of ourforests and 8% of our ozone layer. We have added 3.5 billion more humansand 15% more C02 o the atmosphere. We have already used up 55% of allavailable fresh water. Energy sources are getting depleted. World oil suppliesare expected to run out by year 2030 and gas by year 2045.The dismal situation of Indian agriculture owes its state to the irrational use ofphysical resources. For example, there has been wasteful use of land resourcesthrough overgrazing and deforestation for fuel and timber. Vast areas have beencleared in shifting cultivation, mainly in the hilly and mountainous regions,leading to destruction of protective vegetation cover of the soil. Indulgence inintensive imgation has left large tracts of Indian agricultural soils either salt-affected or waterlogged. Excessive use of fertilisers and pesticides has led tomicronutrient deficiency in some instances and poisoning of the water bodies inothers. Fossil fuels are getting depleted as more energy is needed both forproduction and consumption. Mining and industries have caused hydrologicdeterioration. Burning of coals, and increased number of vehicles have raised thlevels of atmospheric CO, C02, SOz, NO etc. thereby increasing atmospherictemperature. This is called 'greenhouse effect'. This will lead to global warmindue to which coastal areas are likely to be submerged.This state of affairs could change dramatically through the introduction of asound land use policy, water conservation measures, application of solartechnology in agriculture and various measures which may be classified as ecofriendly technologies in the field of agriculture and industries.The major features of these technologies are:

No atmospheric pollutionLand producti~ityemains intactOceans and fresh waters are not contaminatedUser friendly


3/36

Use only locally available resourcesEfficient and effective.

EFTS show the path to an ever-green revolution in agriculture, industries andenergy system where productivity advances can take place without leading toecological or social harm. The concept of eco-friendly technology is based onthe rule of 'pro-nature'. Eco-friendly technologies are being used in varioussectors viz. agriculture, energy, building, textiles and leather industry, mining,food processing etc.

9.3 EFTS IN AGRICULTURE

Eco-giendlyTechnologies

Indiscriminate use of pesticides, excessive and improper irrigation andimproper land and water use planning affect agricultural production to sustainits growth for future generation. Since the food requirement by 2000 AD isabout 2 10 million tonnes to sustain self-sufficiency, it is essential to look for aneco-friendly approach for evolving and popularising ecology based low costinput and economically sustainable strategy.Sustainable agriculture is a system which maintains and improves soilfertility such as40 guarantee adequate food production into the foreseeablefuture.Sustainable agriculture can be defined as an 'agriculture that can evolveindefinitely towards greater human utility, greater efficiency of resource useand a balance with the environment that is favourable to humans and to mostother species'.The indiscriminate use of hazardous ago-chemicals has resulted in outbreak ofsecondary pests, pesticide resistance and contamination of ecosystem.Therefore, a more feasible and economical method of pest man"agement i.e.,IPM has become popular, particularly among small and marginal farmers.According to FA0 'IPM is a pest management system that in the context of theassochted environment and the population dynamics of the pest species,utilises all suitable techniques and methods, in as compatible a manner aspysible and maintain the pest population at levels below those causing.economic injury'.The objective of IPM is to optimise and not maximise pest control in terms ofoverall economical, social and environmental values. A number of tools havebeen used for IPM in several crops which include use of pest resistant varieties,cultural practices, use of pheromone traps, parasites, predator and pathogens ofcrop pests (biological pest control), quarantine measures, hand collection anddestruction, attractants, repellents, sterilants, growth regulators, male steriletechniques. Use of Nucleo-Polyhydro-Virus (NPV) and neemseedkernel(NSKE) extract and development of resistant cultivars are major componentsof IPM. Biological Pest Control, and bio-pesticides; important components ofIPM, are discussed below.


4/36

Box 9.1: Eco-friendly Technology to Manage Chickpea PodborerI

b bW e did not believe when we were told about it, but now we know we~can ounton this cheap and effective package of technology to ?&age the dreaded chickpeapodborer" said the small group of chickpea growers in Kappadu village nearZahirabad in Medak district, Andhra Pradesh, India.They were referring to a low-cost, eco-friendly technology package that can beused to manage Helicovelpa armigera the insect whose caterpillars or larvae havelong ravaged their crops. The package has beel; developed by entomologistsworking in the Crop Protection Division of the International Crops ResearchInstitute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), headquartered at Patancheru,Andhra Pradesh.Dr V R Bhagwat, ICRISAT entomologist explains the technology as; "Anintegrated pest management (IPM) strategy using an improved variety, a botanicalinsecticide, and a host-specific virus to protect chickpea from podborers", andadds, "On-farm experiments in farmersp fields have clearly shown the efficacy ofthis approach".Ten on-farm trials were conducted in three villages with active participation ofboth local farmers and ICRISAT scientists.

9.3.1 Biological Pest ControlThe successful control of a pest species by means of another organismfnaturalenemy that is encouraged and disseminated by man is called the biologicalcontrol.These organisms could be bio control agents like parasite, parasitoidspredators or biopesticides which includes fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes,protozoa as well as botanical pesticides. Biological control programme is threepronged appioach viz; importation and colonization of exotic natural enemies;conservation of existing'natural enemies by modifying the conditions whichfavour and promote the natural enemies and by making periodic releases ofnatural enemies for inoculation and inundation. Promoting natural enemies ofkey pests of important crops is one of the most important and indispensablecomponent of inte&ated pest management.Biological control, in the recent years has generated a lot of interest amonggrowers, scientists and administrators. Augmentation of natural enemies in anew environment is an important component in biological control which ofienleads to success for the sustainable pest management. Natural enemyintroductions are part of the much larger problem of the invasion of new areasby alien species, h i c h are recognized as a major factor in species extinction.FA0 (1996) emphasized the need for proper execution of code of conduct forthe import and release of exotic biological control agents, capsulated in theform of dossier. It enlists the responsibilities of the authorities of governments,and the responsibilitiies'of the exporters and importers of biological controlagents capable of self-replication for research and/oi- release into theenvironment. Recently, in 19% lady bird predators namely Cryptolaemusmontrouiieri and Scymnus coccivora were introduced in Trinidad and otherCaribbean islands along with dossiers for the management of Pink hibiscusmealy bug which has destroyed more than 300 plant species in the region. Atable showing the list of beneficial insects against pests is given below(Table 9.1). The illustration of beneficial insects are given in Fig. 9.1.


5/36


6/36


7/36


8/36


9/36


10/36


11/36


12/36


13/36


14/36


15/36


16/36


17/36


18/36


19/36


20/36


21/36


22/36


23/36


24/36


25/36


26/36


27/36


28/36


29/36


30/36


31/36


32/36


33/36


34/36


35/36


36/36

Unit 10 Envirn Freindly Techniques

Documents

Transcript of Unit 10 Envirn Freindly Techniques