Unit 10: Ecologyweissteachernotes.com/IAProjects/ProjectITGS1/IA_Cynthia_Wong/P… · IB Syllabus...
Transcript of Unit 10: Ecologyweissteachernotes.com/IAProjects/ProjectITGS1/IA_Cynthia_Wong/P… · IB Syllabus...
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Unit 10: Ecology Mr. Nagel
Meade High School
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Warm Up Lifestyles of the Cells and Famous…
• Outline the differences between the behaviour of the chromosomes in mitosis and meiosis.
two divisions in meiosis, only one in mitosis; meiosis results in haploid cells, mitosis in diploid cells; crossing over only occurs in meiosis; no S phase precedes meiosis II; chromosome behaviour in meiosis II and mitosis is similar / chromosome behaviour in meiosis I and mitosis is different; chiasmata only form during meiosis; homologous chromosomes move to the equator in pairs only in meiosis; Do not accept number of cells produced - it is a result not a behaviour.
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IB Syllabus Statements • 5.1.1
– Define species, habitat, population, community, ecosystem and ecology. • 5.1.2
– Distinguish between autotroph and heterotroph. • 5.1.3
– Distinguish between consumers, detritivores and saprotrophs. • 5.1.4
– Describe what is meant by a food chain, giving three examples, each with at least three linkages (four organisms). • 5.1.5
– Describe what is meant by a food web. • 5.1.6
– Define trophic level. • 5.1.7
– Deduce the trophic level of organisms in a food chain and a food web. • 5.1.8
– Construct a food web containing up to 10 organisms, using appropriate information. • 5.1.9
– State that light is the initial energy source for almost all communities. • 5.1.10
– Explain the energy flow in a food chain. • 5.1.11
– State that energy transformations are never 100% efficient. • 5.1.12
– Explain reasons for the shape of pyramids of energy. • 5.1.13
– Explain that energy enters and leaves ecosystems, but nutrients must be recycled.
http://click4biology.info/c4b/5/eco5.1.htm
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What is Ecology?
• Ecology is the study of the relationships between organisms and their environment. – Abiotic factors (non-living) – Biotic factors (living)
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Talking Points
• Should we be trying to prevent species from becoming extinct? If so, why?
• Should emissions (carbon) be regulated? Should these regulations be a condition for developing countries to receive foreign aid?
• Are global warming and ozone loss ‘real’ issues? What role does society have in addressing them?
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Essential Definitions • Producer • Consumer • Detritivores • Saprotrophs • Autotroph • Heterotroph • Decomposer • Species • Niche • Habitat • Population • Community • Ecosystem • Food Chain • Food Web • Trophic Level
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Essential Definitions • Producer: an organism that is able to produce its own food from inorganic substances. (ex:
plant) • Consumer: a heterotrophic organism that feeds on other organisms in a food chain (ex:
primary, secondary, tertiary) • Detritivores: organism that uses organic waste as a food source (ex: certain insects) • Saprotrophs: organisms that consume inorganic foods • Autotroph: organism that synthesizes its organic molecules from simple inorganic
molecules • Heterotroph: organism that feeds on organic matter • Decomposer: organism that recycles nutrients (ex: fungus) • Species: organisms having common characteristics capable of mating with each other • Niche: status of an organism within its environment and community • Habitat: environment in which a species normally lives or the location of the living
organism • Population: organisms that occur in a specified habitat • Community: assemblage of two or more populations of different species occupying the
same geographical area • Ecosystem: system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their
physical environment • Food Chain: sequence showing the feeding relationships and energy flow between species • Food Web: complex of interrelated food chains in an ecological community • Trophic Level: group of organisms that occupy the same level of a food chain
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Organisms and Relationships
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Food Chains
• Create three distinctly DIFFERENT food chains, each consisting of three or more linkages (4+ organisms). – Arrows indicate energy flow, NOT what
organisms are consuming other organisms.
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Food Webs
• Create a model of Terrestrial or Oceanic Food web – must contain a minimum of 10 organisms. – Arrows indicate energy flow, NOT what
organisms are consuming other organisms.
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Energy Pyramids • The higher the level of organism…
– Less energy available. – More ‘lower’ levels needed to support it. – Energy enters and leaves an
ecosystem, but nutrients MUST be recycled!
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IB Syllabus Statements • 5.2.1
– Draw and label a diagram of the carbon cycle to show the processes involved. • 5.2.2
– Analyse the changes in concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide using historical records.
• 5.2.3 – Explain the relationship between rises in concentrations of atmospheric carbon
dioxide, methane and oxides of nitrogen and the enhanced greenhouse effect. • 5.2.4
– Outline the precautionary principle. • 5.2.5
– Evaluate the precautionary principle as a justification for strong action in response to the threats posed by the enhanced greenhouse effect.
• 5.2.6 – Outline the consequences of a global temperature rise on arctic ecosystems.
http://click4biology.info/c4b/5/eco5.2.htm
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Cycles of Importance
• Water Cycle • Carbon Cycle • Nitrogen Cycle
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Geochemical Cycles
• All molecules contribute to the movement of nutrients through the environment.
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Water Cycle
• Organisms lose water to the environment. – Evaporation – Transpiration – Perspiration
• Clouds (In/Out). – Condensation – Precipitation
• Re-entry into organisms via land.
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Carbon Cycle • Atmospheric CO2
absorbed by plants. • Photosynthesis turns
CO2 to sugar. • Organisms undergo
respiration, converting sugar to CO2 gas.
• Dead organisms can become fossil fuels, which when burned, produce CO2 .
• Bodies of water can absorb CO2 .
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Nitrogen Cycle • Atmospheric nitrogen is
converted by bacteria into nitrate.
• Plants use the nitrate to create protein, along with nitrogen found in animal waste products.
• Animals consume plants and produce proteins. Excess nitrogen is excreted as waste.
• Dead organisms are broken down by bacteria, converting nitrate back to nitrogen gas.
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Warm Up Energy Pyramid
• The total solar energy received by a grassland is 5 × l05 kJ m–2 y–1. The net production of the grassland is 5 × 102 kJ m–2 y–1 and its gross production is 6 × l02 kJ m–2 y–1. The total energy passed on to primary consumers is 60 kJ m–2 y–1. Only 10% of this energy is passed on to the secondary consumers.
(a) Calculate the energy lost by plant respiration. (2) (b) Construct a pyramid of energy for this grassland. (3)
(a) plant respiration = gross production – net production / 6 × 102 kJ m–2 y –1 – 5 × 102 kJ m –2 y –1; = 1 × 102 / 100 kJ m–2 y –1; Units required. (b) correct pyramid shape; 6 kJ m–2 y–1 (correctly calculated as energy passed to secondary consumer); producer and primary consumer values correctly inserted; Award [2 max] if there are units omitted. Award [2 max] if a bar is included for the solar energy. Do not deduct marks if the areas of the bars are not proportional to the values, although they should get smaller going up.
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IB Syllabus Statements • 5.3.1
– Outline how population size is affected by natality, immigration, mortality and emigration.
• 5.3.2 – Draw and label a graph showing a sigmoid (S-shaped)
population growth curve. • 5.3.3
– Explain the reasons for the exponential growth phase, the plateau phase and the transitional phase between these two phases.
• 5.3.4 – List three factors that set limits to population increase.
http://click4biology.info/c4b/5/eco5.3.htm
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Talking Points: Populations
• What factors work to increase a population of a particular organism?
• What factors work to decrease a population of a particular organism?
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Let’s Study: Populations!
What happens in each of these steps? I. Exponential Growth II. Transition Competition/Natural Selection I. Plateau
Natality + Immigration = Mortality + Emmigration
Consider the example of a bacterial
colony that has set up residence in your throat.
Consider the germination of annual
plants in the spring time.
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Let’s Study: Populations!
What are some environmental forms of resistance that limit populations from growing uncontrollably?
(Hint: Think Cancer)