Unit 1 the science of biology
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Transcript of Unit 1 the science of biology
FIS 1074 BIOLOGI 1Teaching-learning and assessment
strategy
Formative
Written examination 25%
40%Quiz 5%
Individual Assignment 5%
Group Assignment 5%
Summative Written examination 60% 60%
TOTAL 100%
UNIT 1: THE SCIENCE OF BIOLOGY
1.1 Definition1.2 Biology and its branches1.3 Historical breakthroughs – Darwin and evolution1.4 Scope of biology and career options
Syed Mohd Fauzi Said Hussin
FIS 1074 Biology I
1.1 Definition Biology (bios, life; logos, knowledge) is a science devoted to the
study of living organisms. The study of life extends from the microscopic scale of the
molecules and cells that make up organisms to the global scale of the entire living planet.
But what is life? We recognize life by what living things do – reproduction, growth and development, response to the environment (sensitivity), evolutionary adaptation, homeostasis, energy processing, feeding, movement, breathing or respiration, excretion.
The aim of biology must ultimately be to explain the living world in terms of scientific principles, although appreciating that organisms behave in ways which often seem beyond the capabilities of their component parts.
Posing questions about the living world and seeking science-based answers are the central activities of biology.
1.1 Definition (cont’d)
Biology is an ongoing scientific inquiry (how scientists raise and attempt to answer questions) about the nature of life.
Biology is a subject of enormous scope and biological knowledge is expanding at an ever-increasing rate – memorizing the factual details of this huge subject is not a reasonable option.
Science has progressed by breaking down complex subjects of study into their component parts so that today there are numerous branches of biology.
Reductionism – the reduction of complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study is a powerful strategy in biology.
This approach to study seeks fundamental understanding by looking at parts rather than the whole.
SCIENCE: A WAY OF KNOWINGScienceScience is about a different question: is about a different question:
“What are the facts?”It advances by
research,
producing evidence
And no-oneno-one’s opinion matters!
(only the evidence)Scientific inquiries always have a Scientific inquiries always have a correctcorrect and and incorrectincorrect answer, answer, even if we don’t know it yeteven if we don’t know it yet
SCIENTIFIC METHOD COMPONENTS Scientific method begins with observation. Ability to observe is extended by using instruments, e.g. microscope enables microbiologists
to see objects that could never be seen by the naked eye. Understanding is expanded further by taking advantage of the knowledge and experiences of
other scientists. E.g. look up past studies on the Internet, library (journals, books, etc.) or write and speak to other researchers.
Following observation is inductive reasoning – using creative/critical thinking to combine isolated facts into cohesive whole.
Testable statement is formulated. A possible explanation for a natural event is called hypothesis. Hypothesis is based on existing knowledge (much more informed than a mere guess).
Only hypotheses that can be tested by experiments or further observations should be considered. The results of an experiment are referred to as the data.
Data is analyzed by means of statistical analysis to detect relationships in the data that may not be obvious on the surface.
Data must be analyzed in order to reach a conclusion about whether a hypothesis is supported or not.
Conclusions from many different but related experiments may lead to the development of a scientific theory – which are accepted explanations for how the world works.
Observation>inductive reasoning>hypothesis>experiments>statistical analysis>conclusion>scientific theory
SCIENTIFIC METHOD COMPONENTSWhat if the hypothesis is rejected?
In this way, scientists are skeptics who always pressure one another to keep investigating.
START AGAIN.START AGAIN.
SCIENTIFIC METHOD COMPONENTSThe skeptic is the seeker of the truth
The route of Galileo:(perspective of a true skeptic)
Test theory objectively
↓↓Find hard evidence
↓↓Convince the scientific
community
Galileo Galilei made original contributions to the Scientific Revolution through innovative experiment – which
cuts to the heart of what science is.
QUESTION TIMETASK:
Use the components of
scientific method
(as explained in the previous slides)
to create a
“Flow Diagram”
of a controlled study.
1.2 Biology and its branchesMolecular Level of Organization
BIOCHEMISTRY Study of chemical substances occurring in living organisms and their
reactions BIOENERGETICS
Biology of energy transformation and exchanges within and between living things and their environment
GENETICS Study of hereditary factors from parents to offspring in living organisms
GENETIC ENGINEERING The deliberate changing of the genetic makeup of living cells by
transferring a fragment of DNA from one organism to another MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
Deals with the ultimate physicochemical organization of living matter, especially with the molecular basis of inheritance and protein synthesis.
1.2 Biology and its branchesCellular Level of Organization
BACTERIOLOGY Study of bacteria and their effect on organisms.
MICROBIOLOGY Concerned with microorganisms such as protists,
bacteria, viruses and parasites. CYTOLOGY
Study of cells and their processes
1.2 Biology and its branchesTissues, Organs and Systems
ANATOMY Deals with the structure of living things and the interrelationship of
parts. EMBRYOLOGY
Concerned with the early stages in the development of an animal form.
HISTOLOGY Microscopic study of tissue structure.
MORPHOLOGY Investigation of external anatomical structures or form.
PHYSIOLOGY Deals with functions and life processes in organisms.
1.2 Biology and its branchesOrganisms and Population
ETHOLOGY Study of animal behavior.
MYCOLOGY Study of fungi.
PARASITOLOGY Study of organisms that live on or within other plants or animals.
BOTANY The study of plants.
ZOOLOGY Study of animals.
ENTOMOLOGY Study of insects and their life cycles.
ORNITHOLOGY Study of birds and their behaviour, economic importance.
1.2 Biology and its branchesCommunities and Ecosystems
ECOLOGY Deals with organisms and their relationships with each
other and the environment. MARINE BIOLOGY
Study of the oceans and ecosystems within them. SYNECOLOGY
Structure, distribution, development of ecological communities.
LIMNOLOGY Study of the freshwater ecosystem.
1.2 Biology and its branchesApplied Biology
AGRICULTURE Utilizes principles of botany in growing food plants/crops.
FORESTRY Establishment and conservation of trees and shrubs, the forest
ecosystem. TAXONOMY
Science of identifying and classifying organisms. VETERINARY MEDICINE
Involved with animal care and feeding, prevention and cure of animal diseases.
WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT Deals with the conservation and maintenance of wildlife resources.
1.2 Biology and its branchesInterdisciplinary Studies
ANTHROPOLOGY Study of man in relation to distribution, origin, classification and
relationships of races, physical character, environment and social relations and culture.
BIOENGINEERING Application of biology/medical science in engineering principles or
equipment (i.e. artificial organ). BIOPHYSICS
Applied physical principles and methods in biological problems. BIOTECHNOLOGY
Application of biology in other fields such as engineering systems and processes.
QUESTION TIMETASK:
Choose an area of Biology that interests you (please choose one field only) and
device a career plan on how you will
pursue your ambition in that field.
1.3 Historical breakthroughs – Darwin and evolution
Pioneers of evolutionary theory:
Charles Darwin, 1809 – 1882 (top)
and Alfred Russel Walace, 1823 –
1913 (below) independently
discovered the mechanism of
natural selection.
1.3 Historical breakthroughs – Darwin and evolution (cont’d)
Charles Darwin deserves primary credit for the theory of evolution.
He developed existing ideas about descent with modification while providing much evidence in support of them.
He was also the first to perceive natural selection as the primary process that drives evolution.
Darwin’s insights were inspired by the research he carried out during a 5-year voyage he took around the world on the ship HMS Beagle, beginning in 1831.
English naturalist Alfred Russell Wallace is the co-discoverer of natural selection as the principal process underlying evolution.
1.3 Historical breakthroughs – Darwin and evolution (cont’d)
Two principles lie at the core of the Theory of Evolution:
1. Common descent with modification• Particular groups or species of living things can
undergo modification in successive generations• All living things on Earth ultimately are descended
from a single, ancient ancestor2. Natural selection
• Traits that confer a reproductive advantage to individual organisms grow more common in populations of organisms over successive generations
1.4 Scope of biology and career options
Interactionsof
Organisms
Classification of
Life
Diversity and
Evolution of Organisms
Physiology of
Organisms
The Structure
of Life
SCOPE OF
BIOLOGY
Fig 1.2 Scope of biology
1.4 Scope of biology and career options (cont’d)
The Structure of Life
Molecular biology : the study of biology at a molecular level and concerns with understanding the interactions between systems of a cell, overlaps with other areas of biology i.e. genetics and biochemistry
Cell biology: studies the physiological properties of cells i.e. behaviors, interactions, environment
Genetics: the science of genes, heredity and variation of organisms, provides important tools in the investigation of the function of gene
Developmental biology: studies the process by which organisms grow and develop
Physiology of Organisms
Studies the mechanical, physical and biochemical processes of living organisms by attempting to understand how all the structure function as a wholeAnatomy is an important part of physiology and considers how organ systems function and interact
Diversity and Evolution of Organisms
Evolutionary biology: origin and descent of species, as well as their change over timeBotany and zoology are the two major traditionally taxonomically-orientated disciplines included in evolutionary biologyAlso includes paleontologists who use fossils to answer questions about the mode and tempo of evolution as well as theoreticians in population genetics and evolutionary theory
1.4 Scope of biology and career options (cont’d)
Classification of Life
The dominant classification system is called Linnaean taxonomy – includes ranks and binomial nomenclature
How organisms are named is governed by international agreements such as: International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria (ICNB) International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature (ICVCN)
Interactions of Organisms
Ecology: studies the distribution and abundance of living organisms and the interactions between organisms and their environment
Ethology: studies animal behaviour and is particularly concerned with the evolution of behaviour and the understanding of behaviour in terms of the theory of natural selection
Standardized by BioCode
1.4 Scope of biology and career options (cont’d)
Biomedical Research, Cancer Research, Cell/Molecular Biology, Genetics, Developmental Biology
Neuroscience Ecology, Evolutionary Biology Applied Ecology, Environmental Management, Forestry Clinical Medicine, Dentistry, Podiatry, Optometry, Veterinary
Medicine Pharmacy Nursing Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy
Occupational titles related to Biology Oceanographer Bioethicist, Wildlife Biologist,
Ecologist Agronomist Biostatistician Information Resource Analyst Food Bacteriological Technician Fish and Wildlife Officer Horticulturalist Pollution Control Inspector Medical Laboratory Supervisor Intellectual Property Lawyer
Studying Biology teaches you to ask questions, judge evidence and solve problems – skills that will be of use in whatever career you choose in the future.
Occupational titles related to Biology (cont’d) Bacteriology Professor
Scientific Consultant Health Policy Research
Analyst Medical Librarian Journalist – Science
Magazine/Newspaper Botanical Garden Interpreter Pharmaceutical Sales
Representative Research Scientist Higher Education Lecturer
Remember, that your scientific, communication and organizational skills are important – that’s what get you a job!
Thank you