Unit 1: The Founding of the Nation

Chapter 1Essential Question:

Describe how the Enlightenment and the Great Awakening

philosophies lead to the founding of the nation?

Early British ColoniesBritish Power Expands

– The American colonies brought great wealth to England through taxation

– They believed taxation without representation in the British government was tyranny(oppression)

– “No Taxation without Representation”

1-4: The Colonies Come of AgeThe South colonies:

– Agriculture • Depends on large scale

farming(plantations)• Single Cash Crops• Slavery provides the labor• Triangle Trade

– Slaves become part of a network of trading between England, Africa, and the Colonies

The Colonies Come of Age

The North colonies:– Manufacturing,

Shipping, and Trading• Slavery existed but

was uncommon since so many workers were available

The Colonies Come of AgeThe Enlightenment:

– Intellectual movement– New ideas from Europe caused the

colonists to question Britain's authority – Used logic and reason– Followers included: Benjamin Franklin and

Thomas Jefferson

The Great Awakening:– Religious movement– In response to the Enlightenment, Jonathan

Edwards tried to bring people back to the church by preaching “fire and brimstone” in his “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” sermon

• Both stressed the need to question authority

The Colonies Come of AgeJohn Locke:

– An Enlightenment thinker, who believed that people have natural rights to life, liberty, and property

0̶ He felt that a government is a social agreement between the leaders and the people

Unit 1: The Founding of the Nation

Chapter 2Essential Question:

What important events lead to the development of the American

republic?

2-1: Colonial Resistance and Rebellion

The Declaration of Independence:– Written by Thomas Jefferson– Based on the ideas of Locke,

the document stated that• governmental power

comes from the consent of the people

• A government is to secure the natural rights for the people

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2-3: Confederation and the Constitution

A New government emerges:Articles of Confederation: Power is divided between state governments and a weak central (federal) governmentShay’s Rebellion: in 1787, a group of Massachusetts farmers rebelled against their government in protest of ever-increasing taxes

• the government of Massachusetts was unable to stop the uprising without outside help

• This demonstrated the A of C did not work and a stronger central government was needed 9

Confederation and the ConstitutionProposed systems of government:

– Virginia Plan:• Called for a bicameral (two-

house) legislature whose number would be determined by the state’s population

• Favored larger states– New Jersey Plan:

• Called for a unicameral (one-house) legislature

• Each state would receive a single vote

• Favored smaller states

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Confederation and the ConstitutionThe Solution:

The Great Compromise (Connecticut Plan):

– Called for a bicameral legislature» House of

Representatives based on state population(Virginia Plan)

» Senate would have equal representation(New Jersey Plan)

– Solved the issue of representation in the federal legislature 11

Confederation and the ConstitutionSeparation of Powers:

– The Framers divided the federal government into 3 branches in order to prevent any one branch of government from becoming too powerful• Legislative Branch

– Create laws• Executive Branch

– Carry out the laws created by Congress

• Judicial Branch– Interpret the laws and settle

disputes between states12

Confederation and the ConstitutionRatifying the Constitution:

– Two factions formed each with their own agenda

• Federalists (modern Democrats):– Those who supported ratifying

the Constitution • Anti-federalists (modern

Republicans):– Those who were opposed

ratifying• Bill of rights are added to the

Constitution to ease the Anti-federalist concern over individual rights

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Unit 1: The Founding of the Nation

Chapter 3Essential Question:

How did Marbury v. Madison establish the judicial branch of

our government?

3-1: The Jeffersonian Era

Marbury v. Madison:– an 1803 court case in which

the Supreme Court ruled that it had the power to abolish legislative acts by declaring them unconstitutional; this power came to be known as judicial review

– Supreme Court will now review the Constitutionality of laws

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Unit 1: The Founding of the Nation

Chapter 4Essential Question:

What events led to the American Civil War and the establishment

of Reconstruction ?

4-1: The Divisive Politics of SlaveryPopular Sovereignty:•The residents of the territory decided whether they would be a free or slave state

The Missouri Compromise(GEOGRAPHY):•Settlers in Missouri requested admission to the union as a state•Arguments between whether or not it should be admitted as a Free or Slave state divided Congress•A compromise was reached admitting Missouri into the union as a slave state•The rest of the territories were divided along the 36th parallel•States located North of the line would be admitted as free states, those below, slave

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The Divisive Politics of Slavery

The Dred Scott Decision:– A slave who attempted to use the

courts as a means of earning his freedom. Scott lost the decision and the Supreme Court declared no slave or descendant of a slave could be a U.S. citizen.

The outcome– Being in a free state while you

were a slave did not make you free

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The Divisive Politics of SlaveryDifferences between the North and South

North– Cooler and harsher climate– More industrial and less agricultural– Fishing and trading– Large cities– Economy not based on slavery

South– Rich and fertile soil– Economy based on Agriculture(single and

large cash crops)– Plantation system – Economy relied on slave labor

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The Divisive Politics of Slavery

Issues that led to the Civil War

– Arguments over whether new states should enter the Union as Free or Slave states

– Fugitive Slave Laws– Political and economic

Differences– Election of Abraham

Lincoln

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The Divisive Politics of Slavery

Secession :

The years of 1860 and 1861 when

eleven southern states each declared themselves seceded from the United States and joined together to form the Confederate States of America.

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The Civil WarThe Civil War:Lincoln’s main goal was to restore the Union

– Lasted for 4 years (1861-1865)

– 620,000 soldiers died , 417,000 deaths were from diseases while 203,000 were killed in combat

– The Union(North) won the war

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The Civil WarThe Emancipation Proclamation

– Although he was opposed to slavery, Lincoln did not believe that he had the power as President to outlaw slavery

– However, once the war ended he found a way to free the slaves and ordered the Emancipation Proclamation

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4-4: Reconstruction and Its EffectsKey Events:Civil War Amendments:

– Passage of the Thirteenth Amendment

• Congress passes a Constitutional Amendment that would officially outlaw slavery in the United States

– Lincoln’s Assassination• Just days after the South

surrenders, Lincoln is killed by John Wilkes Booth, a Southern sympathizer

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Reconstruction and Its EffectsCivil War Amendments (cont.):

– In order to speed up the process of reconstruction and to ensure the end of slavery forever, Congress passed the 14th & 15th Amendments

– Fourteenth Amendment:• Changed the language of the

Constitution to guarantee citizenship to all freed slaves

– Fifteenth Amendment:• Prevented states from denying the

voting rights of citizens because of race

The federal government now protected the rights of A.A.s(minorities)

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Segregation and Discrimination

Formal (Legal) Discrimination continuedPlessy v. Ferguson

• Supreme Court case that supported the idea of racial segregation as fair (legal) under the Constitution

• Created the separate-but-equal doctrine

– Racial segregation was legal as long as the facilities provided equal service

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Segregation and DiscriminationInformal Discrimination

– Jim Crow Laws/ Black Codes• Southern states passed racial

segregation laws that created separated White and Black facilities such as schools, hospitals, and transportation

– Racial Etiquette• AA’s had to be very careful with how

they behaved around Whites• AA’s were expected to act timid around

Whites such as never shaking hands, giving way on the sidewalk, and removing their hats when speaking to a White person

• Failure to follow the racial etiquette rules could lead to arrest or death 27