Unit #1 The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry.
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Transcript of Unit #1 The Chemistry of Life Organic Chemistry.
Unit #1The Chemistry of Life
Organic Chemistry
Organic Compounds
• Organic compounds are compounds that contain carbon (with the exception of CO2 and a few others).
• Make up most of living organisms
• Carbon can easily bond with up to 4 other elements
4 valence electrons = 4 covalent bonds
Organic Compounds
• Carbon atoms form the “backbone” of long chains or rings
• Organic molecules can be extremely large and complex; these are called macromolecules (or polymers)
Organic Compounds
Functional Groups
• Various elements attach to the hydrocarbon backbone to form different types of compounds.
• These reactive clusters of atoms are called functional groups.
• Elements include: H, O, S & P
Functional Groups
Hydroxyl group
• -OH• Found in alcohols
• E.g. Ethanol
• Polar
Functional Groups
Carboxyl group
• -COOH• Found in acids
• E.g. Vinegar
• Polar
Functional Groups
Amino group
• -NH2
• Found in bases
• E.g. Ammonia
Functional Groups
Sulfhydryl group
• -SH• Found in Rubber
Functional Groups
Phosphate group
• -PO4
• Found in ATP
Functional Groups
TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE• What functional groups are in this molecule?
Test Your Knowledge…
• Name the functional groups
Test Your Knowledge…
• Name the functional groups
Amino group
Sulfhydryl group
Carboxyl group
Carbonyl group(Ketone)
Organic CompoundsThe 4 main types of organic macromolecules:
Carbohydrates Lipids
Proteins Nucleic Acids
Making & Breaking Organic Compounds
Anabolic ReactionsCondensation Reactions (Dehydration synthesis Reaction)
• The removal of a –H from the functional group of one unit and a –OH from another unit to form a water molecule (H2O).
• Energy absorbed
Making & Breaking Organic Compounds
Catabolic ReactionsHydrolysis Reactions
• A water molecule (H2O) is used to break a covalent bond holding subunits together.
• A –H from is given to one unit and a –OH to the another• Energy released
Enzymes
• Enzymes are biological catalysts.
• They speed up reactions without actually being consumed in the reaction.
• They are needed for condensation & hydrolysis reactions.
End Part IGet ready for Carbohydrates!
Carbohydrates• Made of C, H, & O
• Main energy source for living things
• Breakdown of sugars supplies immediate energy for cell activities
• Plants store extra sugar as complex carbohydrates called starches
Carbohydrates• Single sugar molecules are called
monosaccharides
Examples:
glucose – in many plant and animal tissues, most common monosaccharide
fructose – in many fruits galactose – component of milk
Carbohydrates• Large molecules of many
monosaccharide are polysaccharides
• Examples:• glycogen – animals use to store
excess sugar• plant starch – plants use to store
excess sugar• cellulose – fibers that give plants
their rigidity & strength
Lipids
• Store more energy than CHOs because the chains are longer
• Ex: Fats, oils, waxes
• Won’t dissolve in water
Lipids
• Important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings
• Steroids are lipids that act as chemical messengers
Lipids
• Many lipids are made from a glycerol combined with fatty acids– If all carbons have single bonds, lipid is
saturated– Ex: butter, lard, animal fat (usually solid at room
temperature)
– If any carbons have double or triple bonds, lipid is unsaturated
– Ex: vegetable oil, fish oil, peanut oil (usually liquid at
room temperature)
Proteins
• Contain C, H, O, plus nitrogen
• Formed from amino acids joined together
• More than 20 amino acids can be joined in any order or number to make countless proteins (think of how many words can be made from 26 letters!)
Proteins
• Chains are folded and twisted giving each protein a unique shape
• Van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds help maintain protein’s shape
• Shape of protein is important to its function!
Proteins• Provide structure
– Ex: Collagen- makes up your skin, muscles & bones
• Aid chemical activities in your body– Ex: Enzymes- work to speed up
rxns in your body
• Transport substances into or out of cells
• Help fight diseases
Nucleic Acids
• Contain C, H, O, N plus phosphorus
• Formed by bonding of individual units called nucleotides
nucleotideNucleic Acid
Nucleic Acids
• Store and transmit hereditary information–Ex: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
RNA (ribonucleic acid)