Unit 1

Reminders and Warm-upSigned syllabus and spirals were due last

Friday.If you didn’t have these Friday, show them to

me today to receive credit. Turn in your labeling assignment from Friday

if you haven’t already done so.Our first test is tomorrow (Wednesday).

Study notes.

Warm-up: List the 5 major oceans.

Test InfoTheir will be a little bit of everything.

Short answer, multiple choice, matching and labeling of our oceans.

Aquatic Science- the application of ALL SCIENCE to the phenomena of the water on our planet.

If focused solely on salt water (marine environments) it is called oceanography.

4 main areas of oceanography:1) geological oceanography (sediments, and the topography of ocean floor)

2) physical oceanography (changes/motion of ocean water)

3) chemical oceanography (chemical reactions in ocean and on ocean floor)

4) biological oceanography (study of the distribution and environmental aspects of life in the ocean)

5) ocean engineering: (development of technology for ocean research and exploration – rigs, subs, etc.)

6) marine policy: (how we use laws concerning management of our oceans and its resources.)

Global Water DistributionVisual DemonstrationSalt Water Locked Water Fresh Water

Water Cycle

Water Cycle

The Water Cycle

water cycle the continuous movement of water between the atmosphere, the land, and the oceans

More than two-thirds of Earth’s surface is covered with water.

evapotranspiration the total loss of water from an area, equals the sum of the water lost by evaporation and the water lost by transpiration from organisms

Transpiration- when plants and animals release water vapor.

condensation- the change of state from a gas to a liquid

When vapor becomes cooler, it condenses and forms clouds.

precipitation any form of water that falls to Earth’s surface; includes rain, snow, sleet, and hail

Water BudgetIn Earth’s water budget:

precipitation= income Evapotranspiration and runoff= expense.

The water budget of Earth as a whole is balanced.

However, a local water budget, is usually not balanced.

Factors That Affect the Water Budget

Factors affecting the local water budget:TemperatureVegetationWindAmount and duration of rainfall Seasons in most areas on earth

Water Use

On average, each person in the US uses 95,000 L (20,890.5 gal) of water each year.

About 90% of the water used is returned to rivers or to the oceans as wastewater.

Conservation of Water

Conservation Methods

Desalination-removing salt from ocean waterExpensive impractical for large populations.

wise use of water resourcesOur best option for now

Household Water Use

Fresh water River Systems

tributaries a stream that flows into a lake or into a larger stream

watershed the area of land that is drained by a river system

A river system is made up of a main stream and tributaries that are fed from a water shed.

The ridges or elevated regions that separate watersheds are called divides.

The narrow depression a stream follows is called its channel.

The edges of a channel that are above water level= banks.

The part of channel that is below the water level= bed.

A stream channel gradually becomes wider and deeper as it erodes its banks and bed.

Channel Erosion

Stream load= the materials carried by a stream

Stream load takes three forms: suspended loadbed loaddissolved load.

Channel Erosion Cont.Stream discharge the volume of water that

flows in a given time.

The faster a stream flows, the higher its discharge and the greater the load

Gradient the change in elevation over a given distance

The faster a stream flows, the steeper its gradient

Meandering ChannelsMeander one of

the bends or curves in a low-gradient stream or river

Velocity of water on outside of curve is the greatest.

Braided StreamsA stream or

river that is made up of multiple channels that divides and rejoins around sediment bars.

Stream Depositiondelta a fan-

shaped mass deposited at the mouth of a stream into another body of water.

Stream Depositionalluvial fan a

fan-shaped mass deposited by a stream when the slope of the land decreases sharply

forms on land

Marine/Salt water• Two thirds (2/3) of Earth’s surface is cover in one singular global ocean• This is divided into separate oceans for convenience. • seas: smaller branches of an ocean, often partly enclosed by land

Deepest spot in the ocean is the Mariana Trench, which is 11,022 meters deep, and is deeper than Mt. Everest is high.

The tallest mountain belongs to Hawaii, an active volcano that rests on the ocean floor.

The ocean floor is divided into two major divisions:Continental Margin:

1. makes up 21% of the total ocean2. where the oceans and continents

merge3. includes the Continental Shelf,

Continental Slope, And Continental Rise

Ocean Basin (or deep ocean)1. dominated by the broad and

relatively flat abyssal plains and oceanic ridges

The individual ocean basins….Pacific Ocean•largest•deepest•covers 37% of total area of world’s oceans•circular and houses numerous trenches and islands •perimeter is the site of many earthquakes and volcanoes (Ring of Fire)•several sills (ridge that separates on basin from another) flank the western part of the Pacific – Sea of Japan, Yellow Sea, East and South China Seas•borders eastern Asia, northeastern Australia, Antarctica, and western North and South America

Atlantic Ocean• narrow• covers 25% of the total area of world’s

oceans• large seas are actually a part of the

Atlantic Ocean – Baltic, North, Mediterranean, Norwegian, Caribbean, and Gulf of Mexico

• Mississippi, Amazon, and Congo Rivers deposit large amounts of sediment and fresh water in the Atlantic

• Borders western Europe, western Africa, Antarctica, and eastern North and South America

Indian Ocean•triangular in shape

•mainly south of the equator•one of the first to be sailed and explored; still one of the least understood•12% of world’s ocean area•borders eastern Africa, southern Asia, western Australia, and Antarctica

Arctic Ocean•circular in shape•shallower than other ocean basins•about 3% of the world’s ocean•much is completely covered with ice to a depth of two to three meters

•surrounds the North Pole, bordering northern Europe, Asia and North America smallest ocean basin

A FIFTH OCEAN BASINSouthern Ocean• proposed and voted in by the International

Hydrographic Organization in Spring 2000• totally encircles Antarctica across all

degrees of longitude and up to a northern boundary at 60 degrees South latitude

• 20.3 million square kilometers (2X the size of US)

• fourth largest ocean basin (larger than Arctic)

• has world’s largest ocean current, the Antarctic circumpolar Current, that moves east and is therefore really a separate ecosystem