Unit 1 - Introduction to Linux - Donna Warren...L I N Topics for this Unit U X • Definition of an...

LLIINN Unit 1UUXX

OOPPEERRRRAATTII

Introduction to Fedora LiII

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LinuxSSYYSS

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DPWDPW© Donna Warren © Donna Warren

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LLIINN Topics for this UnitUUXX

• Definition of an operating system• History and development of Linux

OOPPEERR

• The GPL (General Public License)• Version Numbers

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• Linux Features• Comparison of Linux with other operating systems• Types of installationsII

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• Types of installations• Hardware inventory• Supported Protocols

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• Network Data Inventory• Disk Partitioning

Installation steps

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• Installation steps• How to start the system for the first time• Testing the installation

LLIINN Operating System HistoryUUXX

p g y y• Initially all computers were hard-wired. That meant to

accomplish a different task, the hardware had to be OOPPEERR

reconfigured • An operating system is the interface between a

t ' h d d ftRRAATTII

computer's hardware and software• An operating system is group of software programs that

control the hardware components by providingIINNGG

control the hardware components by providing instructions for completing a task

• Software can be changed without disassembling the SSYYSS

g gcomputer, but still requires reprogramming to accomplish different tasksA li ti d l d t f t k ith t

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• Applications developed to perform tasks without reconfiguring the hardware or reprogram the software

LLIINN Operating System FunctionsUUXX

p g y• Core Functionality software that

OOPPEERR

provides the interface between the hardware and the applications run by

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the user• Manages memory use, CPU time and II

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g yother system resources

• Provides the operating environmentSSYYSS

Provides the operating environment such as the graphical environment and driver software

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driver software

LLIINN Operating System ComponentsUUXX

p g y p• Kernel – module that directly interacts with the

hardwareOOPPEERR

hardware• Device Drivers – software that translates

between the add-on manufacture’s proprietaryRRAATTII

between the add on manufacture s proprietary operating system and the computer’s operating system

IINNGG

• Utility Programs – software that helps to manage and configure hardware and operating

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system features• Graphical interface – software that allows the

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mouse-driven applications with menu bars, buttons, etc.

LLIINN Operating System ComponentsUUXX • Boot Loaders – code that instructs the

operating system where to find and howOOPPEERR

operating system where to find and how to load the operating systemShell a command interpreter thatRR

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• Shell – a command interpreter that allows a user to access the operating system toolsII

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system tools• File System – provides the structure

fSSYYSS

used to store information on a computer• Mount Point – a logical location used by

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Linux to find specific partitions and files systems and devices

LLIINN Common Operating SystemsUUXX • UNIX – created by Bell Labs about 30

years ago by ken Thompson and DennisOOPPEERR

years ago by ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie. It is still widely used and provided the technical base for LinuxRR

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provided the technical base for Linux• Disk Operating System (DOS) –

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developed for personal computers in about 1980. Gained widespread

t h IBM i t d d th fi tSSYYSS

acceptance when IBM introduced the first IBM PC in August, 1984

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LLIINN Common Operating SystemsUUXX

p g y• X Windows – a graphical software

environment used by all UNIX and LinuxOOPPEERR

environment used by all UNIX and Linux operating systems

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• Microsoft Windows – the leading graphical interfaceII

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graphical interface

• Macintosh – A computer developed in SSYYSS

1984 developed by Apple computers that integrated the operating system and the

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g p g ygraphical interface

LLIINN LinuxUUXX • Developed by Linux Torvalds, a college student,

in Helsinki, Finland in 1991 as a class projectOOPPEERR

in Helsinki, Finland in 1991 as a class project• Provided an alternative choice for people who

needed something other than the commercial, RRAATTII

market driven operating systems• The most unique aspect is that he posted both

IINNGG

his code and questions he had about it on the internet and gained the equivalent of 40 years experience from UNIX people who helped him

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experience from UNIX people who helped him to complete his project.

• Many people were frustrated with the lack of

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Many people were frustrated with the lack of features and stability of Microsoft Windows

LLIINN Standard Software LicenseUUXX

• You can only use the one copy youOOPPEERR

You can only use the one copy you paid for

• You may not copy the product exceptRRAATTII

• You may not copy the product except for a single backup copyTh i t ibl f hII

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• The company is not responsible for how you use the product

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LLIINN FSF & GNU ProjectUUXX • FSF – Free Software Foundation – founded by

Richard Stallman of MIT in 1983 to promoteOOPPEERR

Richard Stallman of MIT in 1983 to promote freely available software. The programmer can make money by charging to customize the freeRR

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make money by charging to customize the free version of the software

• GNU Project – the FSF effort to create a UNIX-IINNGG

GNU Project the FSF effort to create a UNIXlike free operating system. GNU software is included with every Linux distribution. Linux

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yTorvalds gave his kernel to the GNU project. This project produced the GCC free C language

il hi h i th t id l d dDPW

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compiler which is the most widely used and powerful compiler in use today

LLIINN The GPLUUXX • The General Public License created by OOPPEERR

Richard Stallman for the software created for the GNU

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• Frequently referred to as COPYLEFTIINNGG

• Requires that the source code be included with the program and

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p gdistribution cannot be restricted.

Req ires that enhancements be gi enDPW

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• Requires that enhancements be given away in the same manner

LLIINN The GPLUUXX • The programmer that licenses software

i th h d blOOPPEERR

gives away the human readable source code making it possible to modify the

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original program

• This licensing is largely responsible forIINNGG

• This licensing is largely responsible for the growth of Linux

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• Allows very high quality to be developed quickly because it can be

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developed quickly because it can be built on existing code

LLIINN How Linux is DevelopedUUXX • Person identifies a need and begins writing a

programOOPPEERR

program• Developer announces the work on the internet

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• Interested developers respond and begin to work together.

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• Projects source code is released on the internet

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• People download the source code and try it• Testers send back information about bugs and

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Testers send back information about bugs and other shortcomings, also wish list features.

LLIINN Linux DistributionsUUXX • All Linux operating systems include the Linux

Kernel plus many other software componentsOOPPEERR

Kernel plus many other software components, installation tools, documentation, etc.

• Red Hat and Fedora www redhat comRRAATTII

Red Hat and Fedora www.redhat.com• Debian – primarily aimed at developers. No

company behind it. www.debian.orgIINNGG

p y g• Slackware – created and maintained by

creator Patrick volkerding and distributed by SSYYSS

g yWalnut Creek CD-Rom. www.cdrom.com

• SuSE – the leading German distribution.

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www.SuSE.com

LLIINN Commercial DistributionsUUXX

• Guarantee a complete productOOPPEERR

Guarantee a complete product• Guarantee a stable product

G t dRRAATTII

• Guarantee upgrades• Provide technical support contracts

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• Use a similar standard of business services

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• Provide more complete documentation

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LLIINN Version NumberingUUXX

• Each release of the Linux kernel isOOPPEERR

Each release of the Linux kernel is assigned a version number

• Different version are assigned by theRRAATTII

• Different version are assigned by the developer for each component of a distributionII

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distribution• Distributions have a version number

bit il i dSSYYSS

arbitrarily assigned

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LLIINN Version NumbersUUXX • Major Version number – changes rarely

• Minor Version Number – changes about everOOPPEERR

• Minor Version Number – changes about ever 12-18 months. Even numbered and odd numbered minor versions

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• Even numbered minor version numbers are stable distributionsII

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• Odd numbered minor version numbers still in the testing stage SHOULD NOT be used in

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businesses.• Patch level – changes frequently for

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development, rarely for stable version• Example - 2.6.10

LLIINN Linux ArchitectureUUXX

OOPPEERRRRAATTIIIINNGG • Compiler – translates high level programming

languages to machine codeSSYYSS

languages to machine code• Shell – a user interface can be command line

or graphical (GUI)

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or graphical (GUI)

LLIINN

Shell ArchitectureUUXX

Pipes

OOPPEERR

CommandExecution

FilenameGeneration

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ProgrammingLCommandII

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LanguageCommandInterpreter

SHELL

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Input /Output

Variable

UserEnvironment

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VariableSubstitution

LLIINN Linux CommandsUUXX

• ALL Linux commands, paths, fileOOPPEERR

ALL Linux commands, paths, file names, etc. are

RRAATTII CASE SENSITIVEIINNGG

CASE SENSITIVE enough said

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enough said

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LLIINN Linux FeaturesUUXX • Stability – can end a program without

ff ti th thOOPPEERR

affecting other programs or the operating system as a whole because

thi i i tRRAATTII

everything is run in separate memory space and the operating system control

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resource access and use• Security – all interested developers can

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help identify and fix security problems sometimes in as little as 24 hours

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LLIINN Linux FeaturesUUXX • Speed – designed to use limited hardware

resources efficiently (only requires 4MB ofOOPPEERR

resources efficiently (only requires 4MB of system memory

• Multitasking - Manages multiple programsRRAATTII

Multitasking Manages multiple programs through preemptive multitasking.

• Multi-user – Multiple users can log into theIINNGG

Multi user Multiple users can log into the same Linux system over a network connection while maintaining their own

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computing environment and desktop interface• Multiprocessing - system can use more than

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one physical CPU simultaneously

LLIINN Linux FeaturesUUXX • Flexibility – allows any technically oriented

system administrator to modify the system to OOPPEERR

system administrator to modify the system to meet the needs of their company with the assistance of other developer available on

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the internet. Newer applications can run on older Linux kernel

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Graphical User Interface –X Window System (or simply X). On top of X, you can use an X-based desktop environment to provide a

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based desktop environment to provide a desktop metaphor and window manager to provide the specific look and feel of your

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provide the specific look and feel of your GUI. Available Desktop environments are KDE and Gnome

LLIINN Linux FeaturesUUXX

• Hardware support – You can configure support for almost every type of hardware that can be

OOPPEERR

connected to a computer: floppy, disk drives, cd-roms, zip drives, etc. Note: not every software manufacturer provides Linux driversRR

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software manufacturer provides Linux drivers with their peripherals, but if it’s popular, it will eventually be supported because someone willII

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eventually be supported because someone will write the driver

Network connectivity – Linux supports a variety ofSSYYSS

Network connectivity Linux supports a variety of LAN boards, modems, and serial devices. It supports Ethernet and Token ring network

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architecture, and upper level protocols such as TCP/IP, IPX/SPX, X.25 are available

LLIINN Linux FeaturesUUXX • Application support – compatible with POSIX

d diff t API’ id fOOPPEERR

and different server API’s, a wide range of freeware and shareware software is available for LinuxRR

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for Linux • Network servers – Providing networking

services to the client computers is what LinuxIINNGG

services to the client computers is what Linux does best. A variety of software packages are available that enable you to use Linux as

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ya print server, file server, FTP server, mail server, Web server, news server, or

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workgroup sever

LLIINN Linux versus MicrosoftUUXX • Free. If you buy Linux from a store, you’re paying

for tech supportOOPPEERR

for tech support– Download from internet

B t if d l d ISO d bRRAATTII

– Best if you download an ISO and burn as a bootable CD.

IINNGG

• Linux works on everything. From palm to Mainframe . It’s scalable. From PC to web server St bl k h d j t t dSS

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• Stable – can make changes and just stop and restart a service and it is ok. You do not have to always reboot

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always reboot

LLIINN AdvantagesUUXX • Source code is available for peer review.

This may mean that bugs are fixedOOPPEERR

This may mean that bugs are fixed faster /patches released more rapidly. Plenty of development support from theRR

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Plenty of development support from the hacker community,

• Highly configurable can change theIINNGG

• Highly configurable – can change the kernelF t d ffi i t ith tiSS

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• Fast and efficient with computing resources

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• According to Netcraft, it is the most widely used internet server

LLIINN DisadvantagesUUXX • No Centralized support – weak on end

t (RTFM)OOPPEERR

user support (RTFM)• Steeper learning curve and more

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difficult to manage. Some standards are loose.

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• Limited desktop use• Merryl Lynch and Key Largo now use

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Merryl Lynch and Key Largo now use Linux instead of Windows

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LLIINN General FeaturesUUXX • 2GB – max file size

S t 4 TB titiOOPPEERR

• Supports 4 TB partitions. • File names – 255 characters

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• Block size can be set at the time of formatting the disk – 1024 bytes, 2048, II

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g yor 4096 bytes

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LLIINN On-Line InformationUUXX • man command – provides the online

lOOPPEERR

manual pages• info command – provides information on

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more commonly used commands• Suggest that you keep most help files II

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gg y p pon the CD to be used as needed

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LLIINN New Linux ProductsUUXX

• Developers release new softwareOOPPEERR

Developers release new software• Companies make announcements

about new Linux productsRRAATTII

about new Linux products• Software documenters provide new

d/ d t d i d i f tiIINNGG

and/or updated revised information

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LLIINN SummaryUUXX • Definition of an operating system

• The history and development of LinuxOOPPEERR

• The history and development of Linux• The GPL• How the GPL affects the way Linux isRR

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• How the GPL affects the way Linux is developed

• Version NumbersIINNGG

• Version Numbers• Linux features• Comparison of Linux and Windows

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• Comparison of Linux and Windows• Where to find additional information regarding

Linux

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Linux

LLIINNUUXX

OOPPEERRRRAATTII

Linux InstallationIINNGG

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LLIINN Installation MethodsUUXX • Upgrade or new install: An upgrade

i t ll ti ill l d t fil dOOPPEERR

installation will leave your data files and configuration files in tact (as much as

ibl ) Thi ill t k l thRRAATTII

possible). This will take longer than a new install.

IINNGG

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LLIINN Installation MethodsUUXX • CD’s – from a book.

• HTTP server – lets you install from a Web pageOOPPEERR

HTTP server lets you install from a Web page address

• FTP server – Lets you install from any FTP siteRRAATTII

y y• NFS server – Allows you to install from any

shared directory on another computer on your IINNGG

network using thee NFS facility. (Network File System)H d Di k If l f h R dSS

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• Hard Disk – If you can place a copy of the Red Hat Linux distribution on your hard disk, you can install it from there The distribution must be

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install it from there. The distribution must be copied to a local disk that is not being used for installation

LLIINN Specialty InstallationsUUXX • Partition less Installation – allows you to

install Linux onto a current WindowsOOPPEERR

install Linux onto a current Windows partition. If your computer is dedicated to Windows this is a good way to try outRR

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to Windows, this is a good way to try out Red Hat Linux without having to change your hard disk partitioningII

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your hard disk partitioning.• Kickstart installation – Lets you create a

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set of answers to the questions Red Hat asks you during installation. An

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unattended installation for when you are installing on many PCs

LLIINN Supported ProtocolsUUXX

• TCP/IPOOPPEERR

TCP/IP• DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration)

DNS (D i N S i )RRAATTII

• DNS (Domain Name Service)

IINNGG

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LLIINN Monitors & Graphics SystemsUUXX

p y• Setting up video hardware that provides a graphical

interface for Linux is the most challenging part of the OOPPEERR

configuration• Linux can make full uses of the features that are

availableRRAATTII

available• Graphical interface is provided by the X windows

systemIINNGG

• Linux will calculate the monitor capabilities and block signals the monitor cannot handle (can use either the card type or video chip set information)

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card type or video chip set information)• Specifications needed

– Refresh rate (Hz)

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( )– Number of lines per second (KHz)– Clock Speed (MHz)

LLIINN System Hardware InventoryUUXX • Amount of RAM

• Hard Disk Type and hard disk sizeOOPPEERR

Hard Disk Type and hard disk size

• Parallel, serial and USB ports

• Cd ROM interface typeRRAATTII

• Cd-ROM interface type

• Mouse type and port used

Monitor make model and scan rateIINNGG

• Monitor make, model and scan rate• Video card make and model • Video chip set and amount of video RAM

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Video chip set and amount of video RAM• Type of SCSI card• Network adapter make and model and IRQ used

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p• Sound card make and model, IRQ, DMA channel

and memory addresses used

LLIINN Network Data InventoryUUXX • Domain Name

HostnameOOPPEERR

• Hostname• DHCP Server Address

St ti IP ddRRAATTII

• Static IP address• Network Mask

IINNGG

• Broadcast address• Gateway address

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• DNS address• Secondary DNS address

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• NFS or SMB server IP address• Path to installation files on a remote server

LLIINN Needed BIOS SettingsUUXX

• Amount of RAMOOPPEERR

Amount of RAM• Hard Disk Interface type and disk size

N b f i l t d l t d IRORRAATTII

• Number of serial ports and related IRO• IRQs used by other devices

IINNGG

• SCSI card make and model

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LLIINN Partitioning the diskUUXX • Partitions are identified using a partition

table, which is stored in the boot record at OOPPEERR

,the beginning sectors of the disk.

• This is crated before any formatting isRRAATTII

This is crated before any formatting is applied to the disk.

• Formatting applies a file system to theIINNGG

Formatting applies a file system to the disk. The partition table can hold 4 partitions.

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p• SATA disks can have up to 63 partitions

(56 recommended max)

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( )• SCSI disks can have up to 15 partitions.

LLIINN Why Partition?UUXX

y• Install multiple operating systems

M lti l titi ithi idOOPPEERR

• Multiple partitions within an os provides better administrative control such as

h di l fil t b kRRAATTII

users home dirs, log files, etc. backup considerations.

IINNGG

• Different file system types – file systems of different types require their own

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partitions. Linux native is ext4

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LLIINN FIPSUUXX • FIPS – (First non-destructive Interactive

Partition Splitting program) – a non-OOPPEERR

Partition Splitting program) – a non-destructive partitioning utility that allows you to move the partition boundariesRR

AATTII

you to move the partition boundaries without destroying the data currently stored on the partitionII

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stored on the partition. • Can also use Partition Magic (Power

Quest) and Partition it (Symantec)SSYYSS

Quest) and Partition-it (Symantec)

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LLIINN FdiskUUXX • Fdisk – available on many different

operating systems even though if looksOOPPEERR

operating systems, even though if looks and behaves differently on each.

RRAATTII

• Fdisk – a menu utility • sfdisk – a command line utilityII

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y• cfdisk – a screen oriented utility,

enabling you to see the partitions andSSYYSS

enabling you to see the partitions and options. C b d d i f i ll i

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• Can be used during or after installation.

LLIINN Mount PointUUXX • Mount Point – The directory where a file

system is attached to the Linux fileOOPPEERR

system is attached to the Linux file system. No drive letters, all file systems, floppy cd rom windows disk isRR

AATTII

floppy, cd-rom, windows disk, is referenced at a mount point and accessed through a directory under theII

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accessed through a directory under the root

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LLIINN Disk DruidUUXX • Disk Druid – a graphical interface that

allows you to create or delete partitionsOOPPEERR

allows you to create or delete partitions• Top of screen shows mount points,

b h f di kRRAATTII

bottom screen shows summary of disks• In disk druid, the mount point is the II

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, pdirectory where the partition is connected into the Linux file system

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y• You must assign the root partition (/) to

a native Linux partition before you can

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a native Linux partition before you can proceed

LLIINN DeviceUUXX • Device – name representing the hard

disk partition in the /dev directoryOOPPEERR

disk partition in the /dev directory. • Each disk partition device begins with

t l tt d Di k 1 i di k 2 i bRRAATTII

two letters and Disk 1 is a, disk 2 is b, etc

IINNGG

• hd for IDE, SATA or USB (/dev/hda or /dev/hdb)

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• sd for SCSI (/dev/sda or /dev/sdb)• ed for ESDI (/dev/eda or /dev/edb)

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ed for ESDI (/dev/eda or /dev/edb)• xd for XT. (/dev/xda or /dev/xdb)

LLIINN Preparing Your Hard DiskUUXX • Install Linux in a dedicated partition on

the hard diskOOPPEERR

the hard disk• Create a separate Linux partition

h th t l t t bli hRRAATTII

whether or not you plan to establish a dual-boot system or install only Linux

IINNGG

• Format the partition with ext4 (extended file system version 4) Linux’s default file

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system

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LLIINN Swap PartitionsUUXX • Create a separate partition to use as OOPPEERR

virtual memory• A separate partition allows virtual

RRAATTII

p pmemory to work more quickly than using a single file as used in some II

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g gother operating systems

• Usually between 32 and 256 MB basedSSYYSS

Usually between 32 and 256 MB based on need

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LLIINN SummaryUUXX • Types of Installations

• How to gather the necessaryOOPPEERR

• How to gather the necessary information about hardware, BIOS and networking protocol components toRR

AATTII

networking protocol components to prepare for installationH t h d di k fII

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• How to prepare your hard disk for setting up a dual-boot installation for LiSS

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Linux• Partitioning the hard disk

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• Partitioning Utilities

LLIINN The Install ProcessUUXX

1. Start installation program – usually on CD-ROM2. Runs a very small copy of Linux in RAM

OOPPEERR

3. Determine location of installation source data4. Determine target hard disk partition

RRAATTII

5. Collect user input to determine which software packages to install

6 Collect user input to determine configuration settingsIINNGG

6. Collect user input to determine configuration settings7. Copy Linux software packages from the installation

source to the target partitionSSYYSS

8. Finish setting up software packages9. Configure LILO boot manager and install it on the the

boot sector or MBR so the BIOS can launch Linux

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boot sector or MBR so the BIOS can launch Linux.10. Restart the computer to launch the newly installed

Linux operating system

LLIINN Installation SourcesUUXX

• Local CD-ROMOOPPEERR

Local CD ROM• Local Hard Disk

Fl di kRRAATTII

• Floppy disks• Network Installation

IINNGG

• FTP based installation (Fedora also supports NFS and SMB installations)

SSYYSS

pp )• HTTP web based installation

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LLIINN SetupUUXX

• Initial Questions– Installation language

OOPPEERR

– Time zone• Hard Disk Partitions

RRAATTII

– Define a swap partition– Define a root partition

Define a boot partitionIINNGG

– Define a boot partition• Hard Disk Specification

– First hard disk /dev/hdaSSYYSS

First hard disk /dev/hda– Third hard disk /dev/hdc– First partition on second hard disk /dev/hdb1

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– First scsi hard disk /dev/sda– Second partition on second hard disk /dev/sdb2

LLIINN Deciding on Mount PointsUUXX • Unlike other operating system, Linux does not use

drive lettersOOPPEERR

• Instead, different directories are accessed using subdirectories of a single directory structure

RRAATTII

• A mount point is a subdirectories under which data from a device is accessed

IINNGG

• The root partition for the root (/) directory is the only mount point you must specify so the operating system can be installed

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system can be installed• All other mount points are optional but you must

assign a mount point to access data located

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assign a mount point to access data located anywhere other than the first partition of the first hard disk

LLIINN Windows versus LinuxUUXX • /mnt/floppy a:OOPPEERR

• / c:• /mnt/cdrom d:

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• /opt e:• /home/usernameII

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• /home/usernamed:\users\username

/ t h fSSYYSS

• /remote_home f:

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LLIINN Using Disk DruidUUXX

• Can be used instead of fdisk to createOOPPEERR

Can be used instead of fdisk to create partitions on the hard disk

• Provides the same functionality as fdiskRRAATTII

• Provides the same functionality as fdisk with an easier to use interfaceD fi th t i t f LiII

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• Defines the mount points for Linux subdirectories

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LLIINN Software PackagesUUXX

• A single file that contains all the filesOOPPEERR

A single file that contains all the files needed to install and use an application or group of related applicationsRR

AATTII

or group of related applications• Special data formats are used to store

many files in a single software packageIINNGG

many files in a single software package (e.g. .rpm, .tar, .zip)Si il t th b fil d bSS

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• Similar to the .cab files used by Microsoft

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LLIINN Default User AccountsUUXX • Root – administrative user created by

d f lt d f t d i i t tiOOPPEERR

default used for system administration.• Password provided during installation

RRAATTII

• Creating Other User accounts– Can be crated using adduser orII

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Can be crated using adduser or useradd command at the command line

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line.– Must create some non-root users to

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be able to do normal work

LLIINN GRUBUUXX • Linux boot loaderOOPPEERR

• Can be loaded in MBR• Can be placed in the boot sector of theRR

AATTII

Can be placed in the boot sector of the partition on which Linux is being installed (recommended)- must beII

NNGG

installed (recommended) must be marked as the active partition or it will not work

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not work• Put on a floppy disk

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LLIINN Testing ConnectionsUUXX

• Ping the loopback address 127 0 0 1OOPPEERR

Ping the loopback address 127.0.0.1• Next ping the IP address assigned to

the machine during installationRRAATTII

the machine during installation• Ping the IP address of another machine

th t kIINNGG

on the network• Ping a Domain name such a

SSYYSS

www.yahoo.com to test the DNS server configuration

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LLIINN System Will Not BootUUXX • Boot disk may not contain all the necessary files

Yo ma be tr ing to start the installation from aOOPPEERR

• You may be trying to start the installation from a device that is not used by the BIOS during system startup Use boot disk created during theRR

AATTII

system startup Use boot disk created during the install

• May need to specify the partition on which theIINNGG

• May need to specify the partition on which the operating system is stored via a boot parameter when the LILO boot prompt

SSYYSS

p p• Boot:linux root=/dev/hda1• Boot manager may be incorrectly installed

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• Boot manager may be incorrectly installed (rare)

LLIINN Graphical Interface Does Not WorkUUXX • Make sure your distribution supports

the video card you want to useOOPPEERR

the video card you want to use• Find a Linux expert or users group to

i tRRAATTII

assist• Hardware may be incorrectly configured

IINNGG

y y gcan configure adding a boot parameter

• Linux may not be accessing all of theSSYYSS

Linux may not be accessing all of the RAM because of RAM limitation in the BIOS mmem=x x is the amount of

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BIOS mmem x, x is the amount of RAM

LLIINN Shutting Down LinuxUUXX • Linux caches data in RAM rather than OOPPEERR

writing it to a hard disk. If you just turn off the machine, all that data is lost.

RRAATTII

• Must do a graceful shutdown so that all data is written to the hard drive and all II

NNGG

configuration changes have been written to the configuration files

SSYYSS

g

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LLIINN Shutdown CommandUUXX • shutdown –r - shuts down all services and

reboots the machineOOPPEERR

reboots the machine

• shutdown –h – shuts down all services and then powers off the machineRR

AATTII

powers off the machine

• shutdown now – shuts down immediatelyIINNGG

• shutdown command with a parameter telling it when to shut down the system

SSYYSS

shutdown -h 5 – shuts down in 5 minutes

• Can config CTL_ALT_DEL in the inittab file to

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determine what action to take

LLIINN SummaryUUXX • We saw how to prepare the computer for

installationOOPPEERR

installation• We covered the steps to install the

operating systemRRAATTII

operating system• We discussed testing the operating

t t k t i i kiIINNGG

system to make certain is was working properly

SSYYSS

• We discussed what to do if it doesn’t work• We talked about how to start Linux for the

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first time after completing the installation

LLIINN Lab 1UUXX

• Task 1: Setting up VMware for theOOPPEERR

Task 1: Setting up VMware for the Installation

• Task 2: Installing LinuxRRAATTII

• Task 2: Installing Linux • Task 3: Lab Questions

IINNGG

SSYYSS

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Unit 1 - Introduction to Linux - Donna Warren...L I N Topics for this Unit U X • Definition of an...

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Transcript of Unit 1 - Introduction to Linux - Donna Warren...L I N Topics for this Unit U X • Definition of an...