UNIT 1 – EUROPEAN RENAISSANCE AND REFORMATION

MWH – 1.2, 1.4, 1.5, 3.1, 3.2

PRE-CRUSADES Europe was largely

isolated from Asian and African cultures after the fall of Rome The Fall of the Roman

Empire destroyed a government, economic, and society that had existed for 1000 years

Locked into ways of thinking by custom and the Church

Stagnant culture due to constant warfare and lack of stable government systems

THE CRUSADES Series of wars

between Christian kingdoms and the Islamic world between 1097 and the 1300s

First called by Pope Urban II

Led to back and forth control over the “Holy Land”

THE CRUSADES http://

www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=z-niTeTY7pw

View the video and think about whether or not the Crusades were an overall positive or negative for Europe and the Middle East.

LASTING LEGACY OF THE CRUSADES Cross culture interaction

From European perspective, wars were unsuccessful

BUT! Europe gained knowledge of Arab and Byzantine…

Medicine, Trade, Math, Architecture, Shipbuilding, Sailing, and Philosophy

New Goods, Old Knowledge Exposure to Muslim culture and goods spread through

Spain and Italy and to the rest of Europe Pasta, paper, colored glass, spices

Ancient philosophy is reintroduced to Europe Greek philosophical and scientific works change European

thought

LASTING LEGACY OF THE CRUSADES

Pre-Crusade philosophy that dominated European thought; focused upon knowledge in the fields of law, medicine, and religionFocused upon using logical reasoning to define the “truth”. Led to attempts to harmonize Christianity with ancient philosophy

Scholasticism

Post-Crusade philosophy that developed throughout the Renaissance; focused on literary and philosophical scholarship, being a well-rounded person, and on human achievementSpread through Italy as the rediscovery of Greek and Roman philosophy grew out of Christian and Islamic interactions during and after the Crusades

Humanism

INTERCONTINENTAL TRADE Growth of Trade

Italy’s Advantages Trade empires grow from

Northern Italian city-states Venice, Florence, Genoa

Hanseatic League forms Baltic Sea trade

agreement between kingdoms in Northern Europe

Overland and overseas trade begins to return to the forefront of European society

DIFFUSION OF GOODS

Make a prediction about some negative consequences that can come about from major cities being connected like this during the Middle Ages…

THE PLAGUE STRIKES EUROPEhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FZBRdTSgjjI

THE PLAGUE What caused the Black Death?

The Oriental Rat Flea carried the disease How did it spread?

THE PLAGUE Cures?

Medieval medicine did not understand germs or disease and thought “bad humors” affected the body

Noticed some people healed after sores burst so….

Tried to draw poison out by placing a paste made of figs and cooked onions mixed with yeast and butter on the swelling then lancing it with a knife

Put live frogs’ belly on sores until the frog burst… and repeat"They died by the hundreds, both day and night, and all were

thrown in ... ditches and covered with earth. And as soon as those ditches were filled, more were dug. And I, Agnolo di Tura … buried my five children with my own hands … And so many died that all believed it was the end of the world.“ – Agnolo di Tura of Sienna, Italy

THE PLAGUE

THE PLAGUEHow does this compare with the map of trade routes that we previously looked at?

TRANSITIONING SOCIETYThe move from the Middle Ages to Renaissance culture

THE DOWNFALL OF FEUDALISM

PRE-CRUSADES POST-CRUSADES/PLAGUE Kings – held control

over the kingdom’s warring and taxation powers Lords – held control over

a manor and knights Knights – held small parts

of manor and fought for the Lord & King

Serfs – owned little and were bound to work the manor by Feudal law

Social hierarchy totally disrupted Lords and Knights died on

Crusade and by plague Serfs died in great numbers

by the plague Result?

Kings had less power, money, food, workforce etc.

Society HAD to change to compensate for the losses

PRE VS. POST CRUSADES/PLAGUE SOCIAL STRUCTURE

PRE CRUSADES/PLAGUE POST CRUSADES/PLAGUEKingLords

Knights

Serfs

KingLords

KnightsSerfs

FEUDALISM FELL… SO WHAT? Feudalism was…

A form of government An economic system A social structure

Sounds a lot like what Rome meant to Europe right? So, what’s going to replace it?

A) Another “dark age” where the European world gets worse B) A massive movement towards new ways of doing

business, conducting government, and gaining knowledge

YOUR OPINION School should focus solely upon

preparing you for your career path.

School should focus upon turning you into a well rounded individual and citizen.

THE SPREAD OF HUMANISM Spread through Italy as an elitist movement

Took hold in the 14th century as (ancient) Greek revivalist thought became popular

Socrates, Plato, Aristotle Movement North and West

Next spread to Germany, England, and Spain

THE ITALIAN RENAISSANCE 1350(ish) to 1500’s Began in Italian cities

Florence, Milan, Naples, Rome, Venice

Educated merchants, bankers, and politicians lived there

Humanist Influence Humanists sought to

prepare soul for afterlife AND bring admiration for human achievement on earth

Created a drive to succeed

SPREAD OF BANKING Grew with trade

routes Organizations like the

Templar Knights set up banks in the Crusades

Became very important in Crusading and post-Crusading world…why?

Powerful banking families arose in Italy Played prominent role

in the Italian Renaissance

THE ITALIAN RENAISSANCE Merchants & the Medici

Wealthy merchant class develops through trade

Emphasis placed on individual achievement

Banking families arise in Italian city-states

The Medici rule Florence and become patrons of the arts

Ancient Inspiration Artists and scholars study

ancient Greece and Rome Scholars move to Rome

after fall of Constantinople in 1453