11

AVIONICS-2401AVIONICS-24012008 regulations2008 regulationsVII Sem AEROVII Sem AERO

UNIT -1UNIT -1INTRODUCTION TO AVIONICSINTRODUCTION TO AVIONICS

22

SYLLABUSSYLLABUS

1. Need for Avionics in civil and military aircraft and space systems –

2. Typical avionics sub systems3. Integrated Avionics and Weapon system4. Design approaches and recent

advances5. Application Technologies.

33

Need for Avionics in civil and Need for Avionics in civil and military aircraft and space military aircraft and space

systemssystemsNeed of Avionics in Civil, Military Need of Avionics in Civil, Military

and Space systemsand Space systems

44

1. Need for avionics in Civil Aircraft 1. Need for avionics in Civil Aircraft systemssystems

1) For Flight Control – Computations and flight surfaces control (PWM)

2) For Mission and Management computation3) For Navigating the aircraft – full solution,

AHRS (Altitude and Head Reference System)

4) For getting the magnetic field thru Magnetometer

5) For various Payloads and Data-link Control through extended I/O

55

Need of Avionics in Civil Need of Avionics in Civil AircraftsAircrafts

1. Reduce the crew workload 2. By Avionics in Civil Aircrafts, aircraft

mission carried safely and efficiently.3. By All Weather operation thru avionics

reduce the maintenance cost of aircraft4. Thru Avionics, Air Datas obtained like

altitude, outside temp and pressure

66

Military AircraftsMilitary Aircrafts

• Stealth- F-117 Nighthawk (1980s-2008)• B-2 Spirit "Stealth Bomber,“• F-22 Raptor• F-35 Lightning • F18 Super-cruice Aircraft • A10 Thunderbolt Jet• (Brahmos Supersonic Cruice Missile)

77

NEED FOR AVIONICS FOR MILITARY NEED FOR AVIONICS FOR MILITARY AIR CRAFT-sAIR CRAFT-s

• Avionics in Military Aircrafts for Super cruise, for Reliability, Availability, and room for growth capacity

• Less expensive for a Single Seater fighter than 2 seater fighter with Avionics

• Improved Aircraft Performance• Secure Communication

88

F22 –Integrated Avionic Suite F22 –Integrated Avionic Suite (LOCKHEED MARTIN)(LOCKHEED MARTIN)

99

Need for Avionics in Space Need for Avionics in Space SystemsSystems

• Thru Avionics, Fly-by-wire control systems for vehicle attitude and translation control used

• Thru Avionics, excellent Sensors used around the spacefraft for data acquisition.

• Redundancy system and autopilot are the needs using Avionics in Space systems

• On board computers in satellites for processing.

1010

AVIONICSAVIONICS

Onboard and ground avionics, air Onboard and ground avionics, air traffic managementtraffic management

1111

AVIONICSAVIONICS

1. FLIGHT CONTROL for controlling the flight on its course

2. COCK PIT ELECTRONICS-various types of displays for facilitating the Pilot

3. COMMUNICATION-Pilot to Ground and Pilot to passengers

4. NAVIGATION using VOR and GPS5. RADAR using Transponder in Aircraft and

RADAR at the ground to find altitude, speed and bearing of Aircraft

1212

1313

AvionicsAvionics

Onboard –1. Flight Control Avionics 2. Cockpit avionics, 3. Communication and Navigation avionics, 4. Cabin Avionics and 5. Auxiliary & power systemsGround :1. Air traffic Management Electronics

(ATC)

14141414

Air traffic management from Air traffic management from Chennai toChennai toNew DelhiNew Delhi

1515

1616

Air Traffic ManagementAir Traffic Management

1717

Types of Aircrafts & Types of Aircrafts & MissilesMissiles

Avionic CompaniesAvionic Companies

1818

Avionic GiantsAvionic Giants

• Honeywell USA- for all avionic sub sustems• Bendix & King-US-Radar• Baker Electronics USA-VHF Radio, Cockpit

electronics• Allied Signal, -Radar and navigation system • Rockwell Collins, GE, Rolls Royce USA- for

Aircraft• Thales France-ATC Radar • Garmin-USA-GPS

1919

Aircrafts-CivilianAircrafts-Civilian

• Boeing-737 to 787-Seatle• Airbus-A320 to A380 Toules-France• DC-3,DC-10 (Dooughlas)-California

2020

Aircrafts, MissilesAircrafts, Missiles

• Sparrow by Raytheon USA• Thor Missile-IRBM from Douglas Aircraft

Co• AGM 86-Cruice Missile-Boeing• A-64 Apache-Boeing

2121

Thor Missile(IRBM)2400 KMThor Missile(IRBM)2400 KM

2222

Sparrow-Air to Air MissileSparrow-Air to Air Missile

2323

Avionic Sub SystemsAvionic Sub Systems

7 sub systems with brief 7 sub systems with brief explanationexplanation

2424

Avionic Sub SystemsAvionic Sub Systems

AVIONIC SUBSYSTEMS

3.NavigationSystem Communication2.Flight Control

System6.EngineControl

7.FMS system

1.Air DataSystem

4.CockpitSystem

For Pr. Mach No.

For AircraftStability

For position ofAircraft

LCD Displays Pilot to Grnd,Crew to Passenger

ControllingEngine tempPr.

For Flight planning

2525

Avionic SubsystemsAvionic Subsystems

1. Air Data System-indicating Pr,Altitude,Speed, Mach Number,Statc Air Temp etc

2. Flight Control System-indicating Signals for 3 axes Auto stabilization

3. Navigation System-using DME,VOR, GPS4. Display System-like HUD,HOTAS5. Cabin Inter-Communiication System6. Engine Control system for engine temp, pr.7. Flight Management System-FMS for flight path

2626

1.Air Data System1.Air Data System

1. Indicate Pr,2. Altitude,3. Speed,4. Mach Number,5. Statc Air Temp etc thru a computer

called ADC

2727

Air Data System for Total Air temp ,Air Data System for Total Air temp ,Dynamic Pr, True Air speedDynamic Pr, True Air speed

2828

Air Data ComputerAir Data Computer

2929

2. Flight Control System-Autopilot 2. Flight Control System-Autopilot SystemSystem

1. Means Fly by wire and Fly by Light –two methods in Flight Control system

2. Include automatically controlling flight using auto-pilots Scheme to control heading and altitude and for Autostablization-AFC

3. Limited authority on thrust and flight control surfaces

3030

Flight ControlFlight Control

3131

Flight Control System Flight Control System (Autopilot)(Autopilot)

3232

3. Navigation system3. Navigation system

A. By Very High Frequency Omni directional Range or Distance Measuring Equipment DME

B. By Satellite Based Navigation by MEO Satellites at 1575 MHz Satcom via the Inmarsat satellites using 4 Satellites centralized over the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean-East, and Atlantic Ocean-West for high altitudes

3333

NAVIGATION SYSTEMNAVIGATION SYSTEM

A. Ground Based Navigation using LOS by VOR/DME having B-Nav and P-nav where the track accuracy is within +/- 5 nm and +/-1nmUse VOR for getting the navigation track from many ground stations between Aircraft and ATC through VHF Freq. (108.1 through 117.95 MHz)

B. Satellite Based Navigation by GPS on 1575 MHz

3434

A. VORA. VOR

• A Radio Navigation system for Aircrafts sending VHF AM signal to the Aircraft

• Aircraft derive a Magnetic bearing from the station to the aircraft (direction from the VOR station in relation to Earths North at the time of installation)

• Providing OMNI (VOR) or LOCALIZER (LOC) information with built-in VOR/LOC Converter

• Used with other nav/comms

3535

A. VOR & DMEA. VOR & DME

3636

A. VOR/DME Ground StationA. VOR/DME Ground Station

3737

A. DME in the AircraftA. DME in the Aircraft

3838

A. Air band Receiver FOR VORA. Air band Receiver FOR VOR

3939

GPS NavigationGPS Navigation

• Offering an inexpensive and reliable Navigation to existing navigation techniques for aircraft.

• With GPS, an aircraft's computers can be programmed to fly a direct route to a destination

• GPS saves in fuel and time

4040

GPS NavigationGPS Navigation

                                        

         

4141

GPS Navigation GPS Navigation

• Aircraft position by signals from MEO Satellites high above the Earth

• 3 satellites for fixing aircrafts position• 3 segments; 1. space segment (SS), 2. a

control segment (CS), and 3.user segment• Space Segment for No.of Satellites (12)Control

Segment to track the position of Satellites, (3).User segment (GPS receiver)

4242

Space Segment (12 Visible Sat)Space Segment (12 Visible Sat)

4343

GPS at the cockpitGPS at the cockpit

4444

B. GPS at Aircraft B. GPS at Aircraft

GPS-400W

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

            

4545

3. Satellite Based Navigation using 3. Satellite Based Navigation using 12 Satellites( GPS)12 Satellites( GPS)

GPS-400W

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

            

4646

4.Display System4.Display System

1. Produce Pre-Flight info2. Giving Navigation Information3. Airframe Data4. Warning Information5. Head up Display and 6. Multifunction Display

4747

5.Communication 5.Communication

4848

5. COMMUNICATION 5. COMMUNICATION

• Communications connecting the flight deck to the ground, and the flight deck to the passengers

• Flight Deck to Ground work on the Air-band of 118.000 MHz to 136.975 MHz (Air band Receiver)

• On board communication for Public Address system to the passengers and Aircraft intercom to the crew .

4949

5.Communication system5.Communication system

1. Direct dialling to Aircraft thru INMARSAT or Iridium satellite

2. Voice Activated hands free intercom system with Transmit facility from Pilot to Passengers with PTT for Pilot and Co pilot

3. Music thru Satellite Radio, MP3 or CD player on Stereo

5050

5.Communication system5.Communication system

5151

5. Communication 5. Communication

• Communication system using AIR Band Receiver for contacting ATC and fellow pilots.

• Air band Receiver use 136.000 to 163.975 MHz with 720 COMM channels

• Air Band Radios available @ 14 volt or 28 volt

5252

Air band ReceiverAir band Receiver•118.000 MHz to 136.975 MHz

5353

Why Beacon Freq =108.1 MHz on Why Beacon Freq =108.1 MHz on FMFM

• Beacon use VHF thru LOS (line of Sight) using 108.1- 117.95 MHz

• Storms and other weather phenomena cause interference

• 108.1- 117.95 MHz free from Static and interference caused by storms or other weather phenomena

5454

6.Engine Control system6.Engine Control system

• Engine control for Air density, throttle lever position, engine temperature and engine pressure etc.

• providing optimum engine efficiency for a given flight condition with redundant digital panels for Safety.

5555

6. Engine Control System6. Engine Control System

5656

7. Flight Management System7. Flight Management System

5757

7.Flight Management System7.Flight Management System

• Flight Crew enter Flight Data such as Wind conditions, Runway Length, Cruice Altitude to FMS

• FMS computes power settings for various phases of the flight

5858

DescriptionDescription• Giving End-to-end flight planning• Inclue the aircraft track within an accuracy of

three wing-widths and within time of arrival to within 6 seconds in the flight plan.

• Navigation (integration of inertial, radio and GPS sensors)

• Trajectory prediction/optimization • Flight guidance interface (roll, pitch and thrust

commands) • Electronic map interface (horizontal and vertical

flight plan display)

5959

GPS System for GPS System for NavigationNavigation

Basic theory, Orbital positions, Basic theory, Orbital positions, GPS segments, Triangulation, GPS segments, Triangulation,

Advantages of GPSAdvantages of GPS

6060

Garmin GPS RXGarmin GPS RX

6161

Basic Theory Basic Theory • GPS navigation by 24 MEO satellites having

atomic clocks revolving in Polar orbits at an altitude of 20,000 km from earth, having 3 segments as space segment (SS), 2. a control segment (CS), and 3.user segment

• Control segment for controlling the orbit of satellites, Space segment for 24 satellites, 4 slots/satellites, inclined at 55* to the equator

• Some places on earth can see from 6 to 12 satellites

• GPS RX is User Segment

6262

GPS 24 MEO satellites-20,000 kmGPS 24 MEO satellites-20,000 kmin Polar Orbits-55* to Equatorin Polar Orbits-55* to Equator

6363

GPS componentsGPS components

6464

Principle of workingPrinciple of working

• GPS Satellites send signals containing satellites position and time.

• GPS RX receive signals from 4 satellites at any time, measuring the time difference from satellite to the receiver

• Distance to satellite = c x time difference• Knowing the distances of 4 satellites,

position of RX in Long and Lat computed by a process of Triangulation

6565

In DetailIn Detail1. MEO satellites emit high-frequency radio signals and

have atomic clocks set to Greenwich time called ZULU time

2. Received by GPS receiver at the Aircraft, measuring nearest 2 satellites called Acuisition.

3. These signals contain data about exact orbits of the satellites and the time of atomic clocks on the satellites

4. Time taken by the nearest 2 satellites and the aircraft creates a precise triangle informing the pilot his latitude and longitude to within one meter

5. Distance between satellite and RX is computed by Acquisition from the time difference between satellite and received signal d= (c/t) c= 300,000 km/sec

6666

GPS Data-sGPS Data-s

1. Direction of Heading2. Speed of Aircraft3. Aircraft Altitude4. A Map of current location and destination5. Traveled distance6. How long we are travelling7. Estimated time of Arrival

6767

GPS Navigation GPS Navigation

GPS-400W

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  

            

6868

GPS NavigationGPS Navigation

                                        

         

6969

Advantages of GPSAdvantages of GPS

1. Aircrafts can fly the most direct routes between 2 airports, thus saving fuel and time.

2. Enable the Pilot to keep the aircraft On course3. GPS also provide ground speed and wind4. GPS enable the aircraft for safe landing under

bad weather.5. Under poor visibility, GPS make the airacraft

for even touch down.

7070

Ground Based NavigationGround Based Navigation

• Ground Based System use VOR for getting the navigation track from many ground stations between Aircraft and ATC through VHF Freq. (108.1 through 117.95 MHz)

• Ground Based System give heading when the aircraft remains in the same track envelop

• Ground Based System use line-of-sight.

7171

3. FLIGHT CONTROL3. FLIGHT CONTROL

1. Autopilot scheme to control aircraft in flight consisting of connecting linkage by Mechanical, Hydraulic Electronic (Analog ,Digital)

2. Thunderstorms causes rapid changes in the three-dimensional wind velocity Causes of air disaster called low level windshear. just above ground level.

7272

3. Various Flight Control Schemes3. Various Flight Control Schemes( Honeywel-USA)( Honeywel-USA)

• Boeing 737-providing control and guidance in the pitch and roll axes, and performs warning functions, and automatic pitch trim.

• Boeing 747-Autopilot - Flight Director is an integrated automatic pilot/flight director (A/P - F/D) system in which the system computers are used for autopilot and flight director functions.

7373

Drivers for Civil Transport Drivers for Civil Transport AircraftAircraft

7474

Avionic Drivers in Civil Transport Avionic Drivers in Civil Transport AircraftsAircrafts

1. GPS Technology2. Cost and weight of on-board navigation

equipment-a potential breakthrough in air traffic management

3. integration of satellite positioning with digital map displays simplifies navigation

4. extensive radio navigation infrastructure like LORAN-C, DECCA and maritime radio and visual beacons.

7575

SurvivabilitySurvivability

• Defined as ability of a system or subsystem, equipment, process, or procedure to continue to function after or during a natural or man-made disturbance

7676

VulnerabilityVulnerability

1. Defined as the situation for attack or occurrence of a weak process

2. Vulnerability is inversely related to Survivability

3. Lower the Vulnerability-higher the survivability

7777

Avionic ArchitectureAvionic Architecture

Federated and Integrated Federated and Integrated Architecture, and their distinctionArchitecture, and their distinction

7878

TypesTypes

1. Federated Architecture- having stand alone systems- Hetero-genious system

2. Integrated Architecture- several avionics functionalities combined into a single computer system with different criticality levels-A380

7979

8080

Federated Architecture-Federated Architecture-FeaturesFeatures

1. Simple in architecture2. Loosely-coupled and heterogeneous

architecture as Isolated Black Boxes3. Every function executed independently,

independent of other function4. Minimum error 5. A major drawback of federated architectures

lies in the high risk of massive usage of computing resources

6. Airbus A330 and A340 adopt this kind of architecture.

8181

Federated ArchitectureFederated Architecture• Data conversion at the system leve• Data sent as digital form – called Digital Avionics

Information System-DIAS• Number of data processors required to perform

a variety of functions like navigation, having Low – Bandwidth, stores

• Flight Management and Flight control Systems connected in a Time – Shared Multiplex Highway.

• All these Resources shared at the last link in the information chain – via controls and displays.

8282

8383

Advantages & DisadvantagesAdvantages & Disadvantages• Each application in Federated Architecture have

separate Hardware/Software like Flight Control or Radar as independent black boxes

• Federated Architecture is Robust and Fault Tolerants

• All applications like Display, Flight Control or Radar are physically protected

• Failure in One application does not affect the other

• The Architecure is Costly, consuming high power and highly complex

8484

Integrated Avionic SystemIntegrated Avionic System

Features, Schematic and Features, Schematic and AdvantagesAdvantages

8585

FeaturesFeatures

1. Using Avionic Full Duplex Ethernet AFDX2. Simultaneous display of traffic, terrain,

airspace, airways, airports, navigation aids3. Common Hardware and Software are shared

by Hosted Applications4. Reconfiguration at ground and in flight5. Drop Down Menus & On-screen point and click

functionality

8686

Integrated ArchitectureIntegrated Architecture

AutoPilot DisplayFlight

Mgmt

Actuators Sensors

Open System Interface with 628

Common I/O

Avionics Computer

8787

IMA Architecture in Airbus A380IMA Architecture in Airbus A380

8888

Advantages of Integrated Avionic Advantages of Integrated Avionic SystemSystem

1. Advanced flight deck functions 2. Improved situational awareness to Pilot 3. Increased system flexibility for business and regional

aircrafts.4. Large Liquid Crystal Flat Panel Displays5. Integrated Navigation6. Quick Modification of Flight Plans for sudden change in

weather, Terrain and Air Traffic.7. Control of Cock Pit Info and Display Info8. Integration with subsystems in the aircraft

8989

Integrated Weapon SystemIntegrated Weapon System

• Consisting of AIM-9 air-to-air missile fired with F-22 maneuvering 60 degrees Rolling per second

• All 52 missile tests prior to IOT&E complete • First JDAM separation test complete • successful Gun system tests• Certified Chaff and flare countermeasures

9090

Other features of Integrated Other features of Integrated AvionicsAvionics

• Electronic Warfare• Stores Management System• Inertial Reference System with GPS• Software providing 1.7 million lines of code• Liquid flow through cooling lending to an mean

time between failures (MTBF) of 25,000 hours• Power Supply modules cooled with

polyalphaolefin (PAO) liquid coolant to carry away heat generated by the supplies' power-conversion process

9191

Distinction between IMA & Fed Distinction between IMA & Fed ArchitectureArchitecture

1. Open System2. Line Replacable

Modules3. Common Architecture

and sharing of Data with 628 and 429

4. Use Full Duplex Swithced Network

5. Technology Reuse6. Less Weight and Power7. All applications

accesseds to the Pilot thru 11” LCD display

1. Closed System2. Not Line Replaceble

Modules3. Stand alone

Architecture with ARINC 429 and no sharing of Data

4. Also Use Full Duplex5. No Technology Reuse6. More Weight & power

9292

Design approach and Design approach and Recent AdvancesRecent Advances

Types of approach, present day Types of approach, present day advances in architectureadvances in architecture

9393

Type of ApproachType of ApproachInclude1. Integrated Modular System approach2. Glass Cockpits3. Fault Tolerant System4. Federated & 5. Integrated Architecture

9494

1. Integrated Modular System 1. Integrated Modular System approachapproach

1. By using Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA) system increase the efficiency by reducing Space, Weight and Power (SWaP)

• Example:Boeing’s 787 Dreamliner and Airbus’ A380

2. Objective of IMA to combine a number of traditional, stand-alone federated systems into integrated common platforms.

3. IMA increase power efficiency and reduces processor boards, reducing bill of materials (BOM) and number of Line Replaceable Units (LRUs)

9595

Partioning between shedulingPartioning between sheduling

9696

2. Glass Cockpits2. Glass Cockpits

• Glass Cockpit avionics design providing prices often lower than the aggregate sum of all the analog gauges

• This shift allowing smaller aircraft to fly behind modern glass cockpit avionics available in airliners and business jets.

9797

3.Fault Tolerant System3.Fault Tolerant System

• Required to ensure safe operation of digital avionics systems performing flight-critical functions.

• FTS requirements must be documented in a specification of the intended behavior of a system, specifying the tolerances imposed on the various outputs from the system

9898

4.Federated Architecture4.Federated Architecture

9999

5 Integrated Architecture5 Integrated Architecture

• Proposing a system organization where several functions (even of di_erent criticality level) sharing now computing and communication resources. as integrated modular avionics

• MA enables resource savings, thus reasonably limits the global development costs.

• Airbus A380 and Boeing B777 are examples of aircrafts using IMA

100100

IMAIMA

101101

APPLICATION APPLICATION TECHNOLOGIESTECHNOLOGIES

TRENDSTRENDS

102102

RequirementRequirement

1. Flight Engineer should be Type E certified engineer to service and maintain the latest aricrafts

2. For future aircraft and retrofit applications Integrated Modular Architecture being offered.

103103

Application TechnologiesApplication Technologies

1. Use of IMA for future aircrafts, thereby cost, weight, and volume are reduced.

2. Integration of offensive & defensive communication

3. Using Optical Sensors for 3D Wind Profile msmt

4. Optical Fiber Bus 1773 B used for high speed-300 Mbps

5. Using Flat Panel AMLCD in Cockpits.

104104

APPLICATION TECHNOLOGIESAPPLICATION TECHNOLOGIES1. Aircraft Maintenance Engineer “E” for servcing

and maintaining latest avionic eqp2. Expert System Technology3. Integrated Modular Architecture: Making an

avionic Wind Tunnel4. Use Electro Optical Sensors to measure 3 D

wind profiles5. Using High speed Optical fiber for Avionic

applns6. Using AMLCD for glass Cockpit7. Flat Pannel

105105

VORVOR

AIR AND LAND EQUIPMENTAIR AND LAND EQUIPMENT

106106

A. VORA. VOR

• A Radio Navigation system for Aircrafts sending VHF AM signal to the Aircraft

• Aircraft derive a Magnetic bearing from the station to the aircraft (direction from the VOR station in relation to Earths North at the time of installation)

• Providing OMNI (VOR) or LOCALIZER (LOC) information with built-in VOR/LOC Converter

• Used with other nav/comms

107107

A. VOR & DMEA. VOR & DME

108108

A. VOR/DME Ground StationA. VOR/DME Ground Station

109109

1b. Ground Based Nagivation-VOR1b. Ground Based Nagivation-VOR

110110

3. Basic Principle of VOR3. Basic Principle of VOR• VOR work on 108.0 to 117.95 MHz Amplitude

modulated• A Reference Phase 30 Hz signal FM modulated

at 9.9 KHz sub carrier compared Rotating 30Hz AM signal thru an electronic tunable antenna

• Phase angle between the two signal = to the direction from the station to the aircraft, in degrees from local magnetic north-called the Radial

• VOR has Omni Bearing Radial OBR to set the desired course

111111

3. VOR 3. VOR

112112

3, VOR Display3, VOR Display

113113

3. VOR3. VOR• Has 4 parts, A,B,C & D• A= Rotating Course Card, calibrated from 0 to

360°indicating the VOR bearing as the reference to fly TO or FROM; 345° radial away FROM the station =aircraft is north of the Omni station

• B=Omni Bearing Selector to manually rotate the course card.

• C=CDI, or Course Deviation Indicator This needle swings left or right indicating the direction to turn to return to course

• D=The TO-FROM indicatorThis arrow will point up, or towards the nose of the aircraft, when flying TO the VOR station

114114

Typical VORTypical VOR

115115

3. VOR Indicator -Collins3. VOR Indicator -Collins

116116

5.RADAR-Types5.RADAR-Types

• Weather Radar and Search Radar • DME • Transponders • Radio Altimeters • Special Military Radar

117117

5. RADAR5. RADAR

1. Primary Surveillance Radar PSR-reporting Aircraft weather, flocks of birds, stationary objects in the range of 80 NM

2. PSR-transmitting radio pulses and listening for and timing the reflections from the skin or other metal components of aircraft

3. Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR) transmits an "interrogation beam" to an airplane transponder- emitting a signal when it is swept by the secondary radar. SSR responding in range of 250 NM

118118

5. PRIMARY SURVEILLANCE 5. PRIMARY SURVEILLANCE RADARRADAR

119119

5. Secondary Surveillance Radar-5. Secondary Surveillance Radar-ASR9ASR9

120120

What is meant by Radar What is meant by Radar StabilizationStabilization

Using an aircraft's vertical gyro (if equipped) to maintain the selected radar antenna beam relative to the horizon-called Radar StabilizationIn a turn, the radar will maintain the selected tilt angle instead of changing in relation to turn

121121

<>

                                      Bendix RDR-150 Radar System (Recon.)

5. BENDIX RADAR

122122

6. Traffic Collision Avoidance 6. Traffic Collision Avoidance Systems-TCASSystems-TCAS

• A System to reduce mid-air collisions between aircraft, monitoring the Air Space around an Aircraft with a Transponder, independent of ATC

• Working with a Transponder either at S or C Band

• TCAS-equipped aircraft "interrogating with all other aircraft in a determined range about their position thru 1.030 GHz and all other craft replying at 1.090 GHz

123123

Traffic Collision Avoidance Traffic Collision Avoidance Systems-TCASSystems-TCAS

• To supplement air traffic control, most large transport aircraft and many smaller ones use a TCAS (Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System), which can detect the location of nearby aircraft, and provide instructions for avoiding a midair collision.

• To help avoid collision with terrain, (CFIT) aircraft use systems such as ground-proximity warning systems (GPWS), radar altimeter being the key element in GPWS

124124

TCASTCAS

125125

Collision Avoidance SystemsCollision Avoidance Systems

• For supplementing air traffic control, large transport aircraft and many smaller ones using a TCAS (Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System),

• TCAS detect the location of nearby aircraft, and provide instructions for avoiding a midair collision.

• For avoiding collision with terrain, (CFIT) aircraft use systems - ground-proximity warning systems (GPWS), radar altimeter ( the key element in GPWS)

126126

TCAS (Honeywell)TCAS (Honeywell)

127127

TCAS-HoneywellTCAS-Honeywell

• Integrated Processor• Capable of upgrading for higher

surveillance• Superior bearing accuracy,• Improved reliability, and • Advanced communication data-link