Unit 1
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Transcript of Unit 1
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UNIT 1The World
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CH. 1Using Geography Skills
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SECTION 1Thinking Like a Geographer
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Geography
History
decade
century
millennium
Prehistory
Ancient History
Middle Ages
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Modern History
Map information
Satellites
Global Positioning System (GPS)
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
Governments
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The Five Themes of Geography Geography
the study of the Earth and its people, and people who study geography are geographers
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Five Themes of Geography
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Absolute Location Relative Location
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The Five Themes of Geography*
1. Location the position of a place on the Earth’s surface
Absolute location the exact spot on Earth where a geographic
feature, such as a city or mountain, is found Relative location
describes where that feature is in relation to the features around it
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The Five Themes of Geography
2. Place describes the characteristics of a location that make it unique, or different
A place can be defined by physical features, such as landforms, plants, animals, and weather patterns.*
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The Five Themes of Geography
3. Human-environment interactiondescribes how people affect or change their environment, or natural surroundings, to meet their needs
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The Five Themes of Geography
4. Movement • explains how and why people, ideas, and
goods move from place to place5. Regions
• refers to areas of the Earth’s surface that have several common characteristics
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Physical Geographers
Human geographers
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A Geographer’s Tools* Physical Geographers
Study natural resources that are available in an area and the ways people use those resources
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A Geographer’s Tools Physical Geographers
study an area’s natural resources, such as water, forests, land, and wind, and help people decide how to manage the resources
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A Geographer’s Tools Human geographers
look at people’s religions, languages, and ways of life*
Help plan cities and aid in international businesses
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A Geographer’s Tools History
helps geographers understand how places appeared in the past and changed over time
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A Geographer’s Tools History
divided into blocks of time known as periods A period of 10 years is called a decade. A period of 100 years is known as a century. A period of 1,000 years is a millennium.
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A Geographer’s Tools Western societies
Group history into four long periods1. Prehistory- time before people developed
writing (5,500 years ago)2. Ancient History- 1,500 years ago3. Middle Ages (medieval)-1,000 years ago4. Modern History- began 500 years ago and
continues to the present
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A Geographer’s Tools Map information
Collected using modern technology, or tools and methods that help people perform tasks
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A Geographer’s Tools Satellites
provide information for maps in the form of detailed digital images, photographs, and measurements of temperatures and the amount of pollution in the air or land
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A Geographer’s Tools Global Positioning System (GPS)
a system using radio signals to determine the exact location of every place on Earth
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are computer hardware and software that
gather, store, and analyze geographic information and then display it on a screen
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A Geographer’s Tools• Governments
• hire geographers for different kinds of tasks, such as helping decide how land and resources might be used and for analyzing population trends
• Geographers often work as researchers and analysts
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SECTION 2The Earth in Space
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Solar System
Major Planets
Earth’s Movement
Orbits
revolution
leap year
axis
atmosphere
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Solstices and Equinoxes
Solstices and EquinoxesCont…Winter solstice
equinoxes
Effects of Latitude
Effects of Latitude cont…
Midlatitudes
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The Solar System Earth, seven other major planets,
thousands of smaller bodies, and the sun form our solar system.
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Major Planets– The inner planets—Mercury, Venus, Earth,
and Mars—are relatively small and solid. – The outer planets—Jupiter, Saturn,
Uranus, and Neptune—are larger and composed mostly or entirely of gases.
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Major Planets• Pluto
• once considered a major planet• Now called a minor planet
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Major Planets Each planet
follows its own path, or orbit, around the sun.
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Major planet Orbits
Vary from circular to elliptical, or oval shaped Mercury
Needs 88 days to orbit the sun Neptune
Takes 165 years to orbit the sun
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Earth’s Movement Earth
Takes almost 365¼ days, or one year, to make one revolution, or a complete circuit, around the sun.
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Earth’s Movement axis
an imaginary line that passes through the center of Earth from the North Pole to the South Pole
Earth rotates in an easterly direction, making one
complete rotation every 24 hours.
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Earth’s Movement• atmosphere
• the layer of oxygen and gases that surrounds Earth, moves with it• We do not feel Earth moving as it rotates
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Sun and Seasons Earth
tilted 23½ degrees on its axis Causes seasons to change as Earth makes its
year-long orbit around the sun*
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Sun and Seasons
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Sun and Seasons Solstices and Equinoxes
On or about June 21 North Pole is tilted toward the sun
On noon of this day, the sun appears directly overhead at the Tropic of Cancer. Northern Hemisphere
this day is the summer solstice—the day with the most hours of sunlight and the beginning of summer
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Sun and Seasons• December 22
• the situation is reversed.* – At noon, the sun’s direct rays strike the Tropic of
CapricornWinter solstice begins
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Sun and Seasons*• These days are the equinoxes
• when day and night are of identical length in both hemispheres• On or about March 21, the spring equinox
occurs. • On or about September 23, the fall equinox
occurs.
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Sun and Seasons On both days, the noon sun shines
directly over the Equator.
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Sun and Seasons Effects of Latitude*
The sun’s rays directly hit places in the Tropics, the low-
latitude areas near the Equator between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn.
result temperatures in the Tropics tend to be very warm
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Sun and Seasons• High latitudes
• North and South Poles • The sun’s rays hit indirectly, so temperatures in
these regions are always cool or cold
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Sun and Seasons Midlatitudes
Weather, temperatures, and seasons The areas between the Tropics of Cancer and
Capricorn and the polar regions vary greatly. Reason
Air masses from both the high latitudes and the Tropics affect these areas