CLASS

VIUnit-4

River Indus

History

CBSE-i

STUDENTS' MANUAL

THE RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATION - II

Shiksha Kendra, 2, Community Centre, Preet Vihar, Delhi-110 092 India

CBSE-i

Shiksha Kendra, 2, Community Centre, Preet Vihar, Delhi-110 092 India

CLASS

VIUnit-4

River IndusSTUDENTS' MANUAL

THE RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATION - II

History

The CBSE-International is grateful for permission to reproduce and/or translate copyright material used in this publication. The acknowledgements have been included wherever appropriate and sources from where the material has been taken duly mentioned. In case anything has been missed out, the Board will be pleased to rectify the error at the earliest possible opportunity.

All Rights of these documents are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, printed or transmitted in any form without the prior permission of the CBSE-i. This material is meant for the use of schools who are a part of the CBSE-International only.

This International Curriculum initiated by Central Board of Secondary Education - (CBSE) is a progressive step in making the

educational content and methodology more sensitive and responsive to the global needs. It signifies the emergence of a fresh

thought process in imparting a curriculum which would restore the autonomy of the learner to pursue the learning process in

harmony with the existing personal, social and cultural ethos.

The Central Board of Secondary Education has been providing support to the academic needs of the learners worldwide. It has

about 12500 schools affiliated to it and over 158 schools situated in more than 23 countries. The Board has always been conscious

of the varying needs of the learners and has been working towards contextualizing certain elements of the learning process to the

physical, geographical, social and cultural environment in which they are engaged. The International Curriculum being

designed by CBSE-i, has been visualized and developed with these requirements in view.

The nucleus of the entire process of constructing the curricular structure is the learner. The objective of the curriculum is to

nurture learner autonomy, given the fact that every learner is unique. The learner has to understand, appreciate, protect and

build on values, beliefs and traditional wisdom, make the necessary modifications, improvisations and additions wherever and

whenever necessary.

The recent scientific and technological advances have thrown open the gateways of knowledge at an astonishing pace. The

speed and methods of assimilating knowledge have put forth many challenges to educators, forcing them to rethink their

approaches for knowledge processing by their learners. In this context, it has become imperative for them to incorporate those

skills which will enable young learners to become 'life long learners'. The ability to stay current, to upgrade skills with emerging

technologies, to understand the nuances involved in change management and the relevant life skills have to be a part of the

learning domains of the global learners. The CBSE-i curriculum has taken cognizance of these requirements.

The CBSE-i aims to carry forward the basic strength of the Indian system of education while promoting critical and creative

thinking skills, effective communication skills, interpersonal and collaborative skills along with information and media skills.

There is an inbuilt flexibility in the curriculum, as it provides a foundation and an extension curriculum, in all subject areas to

cater to the different pace of learners.

The CBSE introduced classes I and X in the session 2010-11 as a pilot project in schools. It was further extended to classes II, VI

and X in the session 2011-12. In the seesion 2012-13, CBSE-i is going to enter in third year with classes III, VII and XI. The focus of

CBSE-i is to ensure that the learner is stress-free and committed to active learning. The learner would be evaluated on a

continuous and comprehensive basis consequent to the mutual interactions between the teacher and the learner. There are some

non-evaluative components in the curriculum which would be commented upon by the teachers and the school. The objective of

this part or the core of the curriculum is to scaffold the learning experiences and to relate tacit knowledge with formal

knowledge. This would involve trans-disciplinary linkages that would form the core of the learning process. Perspectives,

SEWA (Social Empowerment through Work and Action), Life Skills and Research would be the constituents of this 'Core'. The

Core skills are the most significant aspects of a learner's holistic growth and learning curve.

The International Curriculum has been designed keeping in view the foundations of the National Curricular Framework (NCF

2005) NCERT and the experience gathered by the Board over the last seven decades in imparting effective learning to millions of

learners, many of whom are now global citizens.

The Board does not interpret this development as an alternative to other curricula existing at the international level, but as an

exercise in providing the much needed Indian leadership for global education at the school level. The International Curriculum

would evolve building on learning experiences inside the classroom over a period of time. The Board while addressing the

issues of empowerment with the help of the schools' administering this system strongly recommends that practicing teachers

become skillful learners on their own and also transfer their learning experiences to their peers through the interactive platforms

provided by the Board.

I profusely thank Shri G. Balasubramanian, former Director (Academics), CBSE, Dr. Sadhana Parashar, Director (Training)

CBSE, Dr. Srijata Das, Education Officer CBSE, CBSE along with all the Officers involved in the development and

implementation of this material.

The CBSE-i website enables all stakeholders to participate in this initiative through the discussion forums provided on the

portal. Any further suggestions for modifying any part of this document are welcome.

Vineet Joshi

Chairman , CBSE

PrefacePreface

Advisory Conceptual Framework

Ideators VI-VIII

Shri Vineet Joshi, Chairman, CBSE Shri G. Balasubramanian, Former Director (Acad), CBSE

Dr. Sadhana Parashar, Director (Training), CBSE Ms. Abha Adams, Consultant, Step by Step, School, Noida

Dr. Sadhana Parashar, Director (Training), CBSE

Ms. Aditi Mishra Ms. Preeti Hans Ms. Charu Maini Ms. Malini Sridhar

Ms. Guneet Ohri Ms. Neelima Sharma Dr. Usha Sharma Ms. Leela Raghavan

Ms. Sudha Ravi Ms. Gayatri Khanna Prof. Chand Kiran Saluja Dr. Rashmi Sethi

Ms. Himani Asija Ms. Urmila Guliani Dr. Meena Dhani Ms. Seema Rawat

Ms. Neerada Suresh Ms. Anuradha Joshi Ms. Vijay Laxmi Raman Ms. Suman Nath Bhalla

Dr. Rajesh Hassija Mrs. Sonali Sinha Mrs. Avanita Bir Prof. Om Vikas

English :

Core - Research

Ms. Neha Sharma

Ms. Dipinder Kaur

Ms. Sarita Ahuja

Ms. Gayatri Khanna

Ms. Preeti Hans

Ms. Rachna Pandit

Ms. Renu Anand

Ms. Sheena Chhabra

Ms. Veena Bhasin

Ms. Trishya Mukherjee

Ms. Neerada Suresh

Ms. Sudha Ravi

Ms. Ratna Lal

Ms. Ritu Badia Vashisth

Ms. Vijay Laxmi Raman

Ms. Renu Anand

Ms. Gayatri Khanna

Dr. N K Sehgal

Ms. Anita Sharma

Ms. Rashmi Kathuria

Ms. Neha Sharma

Ms. Neeta Rastogi

Ms. Manjushtha Bose

Ms. Varsha Manku

Dr. K L Chopra

Ms. Poonam Kumar Mendiratta

Ms. Rashmi Sharma

Ms. Kavita Kapoor

Ms. Divya Arora

Ms. Vidhu Narayanan

Ms. Meenambika Menon

Ms. Patarlekha Sarkar

Ms. Neelam Malik

Mr. Saroj Kumar

Ms. Rashmi Ramsinghaney

Ms. Prerna Gosain

Ms. Seema Kapoor

Mr. Manish Panwar

Ms. Vikram Yadav

Ms. Monika Chopra

Ms. Jaspreet Kaur

Ms. Preeti Mittal

Ms. Shipra Sarcar

Ms. Leela Raghavan

Chemistry

Physics :

Biology:

Mathematics :

Hindi:

CORE-SEWA

ICT

Dr. Ram Avtar

Mr. Mahendra Shankar

Ms. Deepa Gupta

Ms. Gayatri Chowhan

Ms. N Vidya

Ms. Mamta Goyal

Ms. Chhavi Raheja

Mr. Akshay Kumar Dixit

Ms. Veena Sharma

Ms. Nishi Dhanjal

Ms. Kiran Soni

Ms. Vandna

Ms. Nishtha Bharati

Ms. Seema Bhandari

Ms. Seema Chopra

Ms. Reema Arora

Ms. Neha Sharma

Mr. Yogesh Kumar

Ms. Nancy Sehgal

Ms. Purvi Srivastava

Ms. Babita Mahajan

Ms. Ritu Arora

Ms. Swati Panhani

Ms. Chanchal Chandna

Ms. Suparna Sharma

Ms. Aditi Babbar

Ms. Leeza Dutta

Ms. Kalpana Pant

Ms. Ruchi Mahajan

Ms. Kanu Chopra

Ms. Shilpi Anand

Ms. Leela Garewal

Ms. Anita Yadav

Ms. Madhuchhanda

Ms. Varsha Seth

Ms. Neha Sharma

Geography:

History :

Political Science:

Economics :

CORE-Perspectives

Material Production Groups: Classes VI-VIII

Coordinators:

Ms. Sugandh Sharma, EO

Mr. Navin Maini, RO (Tech)

Ms. Neelima Sharma, Consultant (English)

Dr Rashmi Sethi, EO

Shri Al Hilal Ahmed, AEO

Sh. R. P. SharmaConsultant (Science)

Ms. S. Radha Mahalakshmi, E O

Shri R. P. Singh, AEO

Ms. Reema AroraConsultant (Chemistry)

Ms. Madhuchhanda, RO (Inn)

Ms. Anjali Chhabra, AEO

Mr. Sanjay Sachdeva, SO

Chief Co-ordinator : Dr. Srijata Das, EO

Contents

1. River valley civilization:

Origin

2. Urban Civilization:

Its unique urban features

3. Growth:

Development of society and the important occupations

4. Religious beliefs:

Nature worshippers

5. The exquisite artefacts:

Study of seals, pottery and toys

6. The architecture:

Lay out of the towns, the Great Bath,

The Granary and the drainage system

7. Downfall of the civilization:

The reasons behind the downfall of the River Valley Civilization.

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UNIT-IV

THE RIVER VALLEY CIVILIZATION – II

RIVER INDUS

INTRODUCTION

Indus valley civilization developed along the river Indus 3000 years ago. This civilization is

considered as one of the first known urban civilization of the world. The archaeological

excavations have shown that the inhabitants were well versed with agricultural practices,

rearing of animals, art of making jewellery and artefacts and had good knowledge of

architecture. The economy was well developed and the civilization had good trade relations

with other countries. About 5000 year ago once man had learnt to grow his own food he was

no longer a „nomad‟. He started to lead a settled life. This led to „Agriculture‟. The most

important requirement for man to grow food was fertile soil, good climate and plenty of

water he naturally preferred to settle near river valleys.

Indus Valley Civilization

The earliest River Valley Civilization to emerge was the ‘Indus Valley Civilization’

Source: Google Image

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The Indus region was home to the largest of the four ancient urban civilizations- Egypt,

Mesopotamia, South Asia and China. It was not discovered until the 1920's. Most of its ruins,

even its major cities, remain to be excavated. Their script has not been deciphered.

Many questions about who created this highly complex culture remain unanswered, but other

aspects of their society can be answered through various types of archaeological studies.

All great civilizations developed and flourished in the river valleys

River supplied a continuous flow of water for agriculture.

Flood waters enriched the soil and made it fertile. It was much easier to cultivate the

fertile land and grow a variety of crops. It not only helped the Harappan‟s to produce

enough food grains for themselves but also keep surplus. The main crops grown were

wheat, barley and peas and in some places rice was also grown.

Animals that came to the river beds to drink or bathe became a source of food.

Animals were domesticated for milk and meat. Some of them were also used for

carrying load.

Rivers were used for fishing and transportation of goods. This was the easiest and

cheapest form of transport which later helped in the development of trade. People

could go too far off places by using their crude boats.

Rivers also posed challenges. Farmers had to control floods and channelize water to

their crops. Dams, canals, dykes had to be built. Farmers worked together to build

dykes, dig canals, and carve out irrigation ditches. Such large scale projects required

leadership and an organized government.

Between 3000-2000 BCE River Valley civilizations were formed independently of

each other along four rivers in different parts of the world. It is remarkable that some

of them developed features and characteristics that were quite similar though they

were located far apart from each other.

The Harappan civilization grew and developed along the River Indus.

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The three main phases of the Indus Valley Civilization are:

Early Harappan

Mature Harappan

Late Harappan

The earliest sites to be discovered were Harappa and Mohenjodaro.

„The Harappan civilization is called an urban civilization’ as there was

Agriculture

Proper division of labour

An enigmatic script

Specialized crafts

Planned cities

Science

The people of Indus Valley were the first to develop a system of uniform weights and

measures.

Arts

Various sculptures, seals, pottery, gold jewellery and figurines in terracotta, bronze and

steatite, etc, have been excavated from the sites of the Ancient Indus Valley Civilization.

Trade Transportation

Trade seems to be the major occupation of the people of the Harappan Civilization. The

main forms of transport included bullock carts and boats. Archaeologists have also

discovered an enormous, dredged canal and docking facility at the coastal city of Lothal.

Religion

The large number of figurines found in the Indus Valley Civilization suggests that the

Harappan people worshipped a Mother Goddess, who symbolized fertility. Some of the

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seals of that time also have the swastikas engraved on them. Then, there are some others

in which a figure is seated in a yoga-like posture and is surrounded by animals. The figure

is quite similar to that of Lord Pashupati, the Lord of Creatures.

Harappa and Mohenjodaro

The first major excavations carried out from the year 1946 have shown Harappa to have a

large settlement supporting a population of 50,000 people.

Excavations also show that another large river the ancient Saraswati flowed parallel to the

west of river Indus.

Our only source for studying the Harappan civilization is „Archaeology‟. And the most

distinctive artefact is the „Seal‟. Much of what we know about the river valley

civilizations is based on artefacts dug out from under the ground.

Such “diggings” are called Excavations.

There are two kinds of „digs‟-Vertical and Horizontal.

Vertical digging is better than horizontal digging as it is

Cheaper

A lot more can be discovered as layers are unfolded

DO YOU KNOW?

Ornaments reportedly belonging to the Harappan period (2600-1900 B.C.) was discovered

by the villagers of Mandi in the Muzaffarnagar District of Uttar Pradesh state, 93 miles east

of New Delhi, is challenging previous notions about the geographic reach of the Indus

Valley civilization.

Scholars from the ASI and state's Department of Archaeology immediately visited the site

and declared the jewellery to be Harappan. Gold and silver bangles, gold beads, and agate

and onyx beads all resemble jewellery found at Indus Valley sites such as Harappa and

Mohenjo-Daro in Pakistan and at Lothal, Rakhigarhi, and Dholavira in India.

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Harappa and Mohenjodaro were the first two cities to be excavated and functioned as capitals

of this civilization. Later excavations reveal smaller cities such as Kot Diji in Sindh,

Kalibangan in Rajasthan, Ropar in Punjab and Lothal in Gujarat.

Harappa and Mohenjodaro show a surprising similarity despite being 350 miles apart

Important features of these two cities:-

Both cities consist of an acropolis and a lower city, each fortified separately.

The acropolis contains large assembly halls, granaries and edifices for religious

purposes.

There are large public baths built on highly scientific lines.

The lower cities are divided into rectangles by broad streets.

All the houses were connected directly to the well planned drainage system of covered

drains and soak pits.

Each house had a courtyard, private wells and bathrooms and was built with well

baked standardized bricks.

People of the Harappa Culture appear to have known the use of the potter‟s wheel.

They were fond of ornamentation as proved by a large number of necklaces, anklets,

rings, earning and nose studs

A CASE STUDY : THE HUMPED BULL

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The majestic zebu bull is perhaps the most impressive motif found on the Indus seals.

Generally carved on large seals with relatively short inscriptions, the zebu motif is found

almost exclusively at the largest cities of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa.

The zebu bull may symbolize the leader of the herd, or it stands for a sacrificial animal.

When carved in stone, the zebu bull probably represents the most powerful clan or top

officials of Mohenjo-Daro.

Seals

The Harappan seal is the most distinctive artefact and provides archeological evidence of the

Harappan civilization.

Seals were made of a stone called „Steatite‟.

Seals contained animal motives and signs.

Seal and Sealings were used to facilitate long distances communication.

Seals conveyed the identity of the sender.

Many seals have been discovered with motives of the humped bull, boat and

rhinoceros from Mohenjodaro.

Seals with pictographic script have been discovered at the Indus valley sites.

Seals have images of animals, people (perhaps gods), and other types of inscriptions.

Some of the seals were used to stamp clay on trade goods and most probably had

other uses as well.

PICTORIAL SEALS

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A CASE STUDY

1. Nandani and Rohini went for a trip to explore the magnificent ruins of the ancient city

of Mohenjodaro. Mesmerized by what they saw they decided to write an article for their

school magazine.

The citadel was the center of religion and government for Mohenjo-Daro‟s 35,000 people.

In the middle of the citadel was the Great Bath. It was a huge, deep bath with steps

leading into it. The people used it for religious purposes because they believed water to

be a great purifier.”

The grain was stored in the great granary in Mohenjodaro. It was a huge building made of

thousands of fired bricks and could hold enough food to feed the entire city for a long

time.”

Closing my eyes, I could see myself running through the wide main streets of Mohenjo-

Daro. The main streets ran from north to south. There were smaller streets that ran from

east to west and even narrower lanes that divided the houses.

I passed the many craft workshops not yet open for business and soon reached the

waterfront and saw beautiful pottery. Arranged on a colorful cotton cloth was kept the

seal of a horned bull.

Cities of the Indus Valley Civilizations

A sophisticated and technologically advanced urban culture is evident in the Indus Valley

Civilization making them the first urban centers in the region. The quality of municipal town

planning suggests the knowledge of urban planning and efficient municipal governments which

placed a high priority on hygiene, or, alternately, accessibility to the means of religious

ritual.

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The cities of the Indus Valley Civilization were well-organized and solidly built out of

brick and stone.

Their drainage systems, wells and water storage systems were the most sophisticated

in the ancient world.

The city was divided into two sections.

The Citadel - was the smaller and higher section.

The Lower Town – was the larger and lower section.

The two were physically separated but both were walled cities.

Sundried bricks were used to build houses.

Roads and streets were carefully laid out intersecting at right angles.

Each city boosted of a planned drainage system.

The massive walls of Indus cities most likely protected the Harappans from floods and

may have dissuaded military conflicts.

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The Citadel: The Buildings were constructed on mud brick platforms and was

separated from the lower town. The Structures built were for Public use.

The Great Bath and the Granary.

The Great Bath

The Great Bath was a large rectangular tank in a courtyard surrounded by a corridor on all

four sides.

DO YOU KNOW?

Most scholars agree that this tank would have been used for special religious functions

where water was used to purify and renew the well-being of the bathers

There were two flights of steps on the North and South leading into the tank which was made

water tight by using mortar made of gypsum. There were rooms on three sides in one of which

was a large well. Water from the tank flowed in to a huge drain. There were bathrooms

connected to drains that ran along the corridor.

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The Great Granary

The „Granary‟ a massive building with solid brick foundations with sockets for a wooden super

structure and doorways. It was probably used to store grain.

The Lower Town

The lower town had residential buildings. Most houses were built with a courtyard in the

centre and rooms on all sides. These houses had no windows. Each house had a well.

Dress and Ornaments

We are not sure about the style of dress of the Harappan people, no fibre has survived and

our information is mainly based on two types of materials found there. Firstly, a large number

of spindles used to spin both cotton and woollen threads have been found. Secondly, the

dress seen on the seals found there indicates the same.

Leisure Activities

The most obvious indicator of a civilization that is mature & developed

is that inhabitants have time for leisure activities.

The people of the Indus Valley Civilization were peace loving and

indulged in a number of recreational activities.

The famous figurine of the dancing girl of Mohenjo-Daro shows

that the people were fond of Dancing.

DANCING GIRL

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A harp-like instrument depicted on an Indus seal indicates the use of stringed musical

instruments. People enjoyed singing.

The Harappans also made various toys using terracotta. They enjoyed playing Dice.

They were marvelous craftsmen, skilled in pottery weaving and metal work.

The Great Bath and smaller private pools showed that they enjoyed swimming.

Many clues tell us that the Indus Valley civilization had some relations with other

countries.

Seals which have been used for trade purposes have been found as far as

Mesopotamia.

Greek artistry could possibly have been copied by the sculptors of the Indus valley

civilizations.

Materials from distant regions were used in the cities for constructing beads, seals and

other artefacts.

The massive dockyards tell us that a flourishing trade relation existed between the

people of the Indus valley civilization and other countries like southern Turkmenistan

and northern Iran.

There was an extensive maritime trade network operating between the Harappan and

Mesopotamian civilizations.

Weights and measure and coins used by traders have been found in Egypt and

Mesopotamia,

Harappans used Omani copper.

Decline of the civilization

By about 1800 BCE the Harappan culture was on the decline,

Several explanations have been formulated like-- repeated flooding of towns located

on the river banks and due to ecological changes.

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Some historians do not rule out invasions by barbarian tribes and massacre in the

northwest as the cause of the decline of the Harappan civilization.

When the initial migrations of the Aryan people into India began about 1500 BC, the

developed Harappan culture had already been practically wiped out.

Mohenjo-Daro, Harappa and their civilization vanished from history until rediscovered

in the 1920‟s.

Our debt to the Harappan culture

The Harappan culture has given us its superior town planning, sanitary and drainage

arrangements, architecture and the development of arts and craft.

The use of baked bricks by the Harappan people is the greatest contribution to the world.

Modern Hinduism owes much to the religion of the Harappan people. Many forms of worship

among the Hindus such as tree worship, animal worship and idol worship existed during those

days.

A CASE STUDY ON BALAKOT

Today The Indus Valley is a barren desert, broken only by the River Indus. A long

time ago, when the land was first settled, the Indus Valley was a lush and fertile

jungle. It was the home of all kind of wild beasts.

This story tells of that time, many years ago, when the Indus Valley was fertile and

prosperous.

Meeru had been born and raised in the town of Mohenjodaro. When she was 12 her

father, who was a trader, moved his family to the coastal city of Balakot.

Balakot was a port on the main trade route. Boats arrived there daily bringing

goods to the city from far off lands. Once unloaded the boats would be quickly

filled with cargo and ready to continue their journey.

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GLOSSARY

Seal: An embossed emblem, figure, symbol.

Artefact: An object produced or shaped by human craft especially a tool, weapon, or

ornament of archeological or historical interest.

Civilization: Advanced state of human society, in which a high level of culture, science,

industry, and government has been reached.

Faience: Glazed earthenware or pottery, especially a fine variety with highly coloured

designs.

Chronology: The science of arranging time in periods and ascertaining the dates and

historical order of past events.

Excavation: The scientific study of historic or prehistoric people and their cultures by

analysis of their artefacts, inscriptions, monuments and other such remains, especially

those that have been excavated.

Drainage: The system of drains and their operation, by which superfluous water is

removed.

Fortification: A defensive structure consisting of walls or mounds built around a

stronghold to strengthen it.

Pictograph: A record consisting of pictorial symbols, as a prehistoric cave drawing or a

graph or chart with symbolic figures.

Dockyard: A waterside area containing docks used for trade.

Kiln: Furnace or oven for burning, baking, or drying something, especially one for

firing pottery, calcining limestone, or baking bricks.

Massacre: Mass killings.

Aryans: Members of the peoples speaking Indo-European languages.

Granary: A place to store grain.

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WORKSHEET NO.1

Name____________________ Class ________ Section__________

1. Imagine that you have a time machine and travelled back to the time of the early

civilization……

Which civilization would you like to visit?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Why have you chosen this civilization for visit?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Which were the first two sites to be discovered during the excavations of the Indus Valley

civilization?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Which is the only source of studying the Harappan civilization? Why is this the only source?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

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______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

What was „Faience‟ used to make?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

What were the uses of copper and bronze during the Indus Valley Civilization?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

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WORK SHEET NO.2

Name____________________ Class ________ Section__________

Name any two important sources which help us to learn more about the Harappan

Civilization.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

What is digging of ancient sites called?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Who are the diggers? What are they called?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

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There are two kinds of „digs‟. What are they called?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Which kind of digging do you think is better? Give reasons.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Name some of the artefacts that have been unearthed during the excavations.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

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WORK SHEET NO.3

Name____________________ Class ________ Section__________

From the map given below – name the other Harappan cities and try to indentify the

modern states they fall in.

b) Study the picture of the seals given below carefully and describe them in your own words.

Seal A

_________________________________________

_________________________________________

_________________________________________

_________________________________________

_________________________________________

_________________________________________

_________________________________________

_________________________________________

_________________________________________

_______________________________________

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c) „The „Seal‟ was one of the most important artefacts‟ do you agree with the statement?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

Seal B

_______________________________________

_______________________________________

_______________________________________

_______________________________________

_______________________________________

_______________________________________

_______________________________________

_______________________________________

_______________________________________

_______________________________________

_______________________________________

Seal C

___________________________________________

___________________________________________

___________________________________________

___________________________________________

___________________________________________

___________________________________________

___________________________________________

___________________________________________

__________________________________________

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WORKSHEET NO.4

Name____________________ Class ________ Section__________

The cities of the Indus Valley Civilization were divided into two parts:

a) _________________________________________________________________________

b) _________________________________________________________________________

Why do you think the „Citadel‟ was built?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Find out how the „Lower City‟ was planned with reference to:

a) Roads_____________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

b) Houses____________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

c) Drains_____________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

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Describe the striking features of the „Great Bath‟ in about six sentences.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Did the Harappans believe in after life?

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Name any four luxury items used by the Harappans.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

Try to compare the leisure activities of people then and now.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

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WORKSHEET NO.5

Name____________________ Class ______________ Section_____________

List any three explanations put forward for the decline of Indus valley civilization.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

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Which according to you is the most plausible explanation and why?

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Was there an invasion by the Aryans?

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When and who discovered Harappan Civilization?

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24

WORKSHEET NO.6

Name____________________ Class _____________ Section_____________

Where was Balakot situated?

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What is a Port?

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Who was Meru and what was her father‟s occupation?

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What were the boats filled with when they left Balakot?

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25

Name any other two occupations that you think the people of Balakot practiced.

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26

RESOURCES

http://www.thenagain.info/webchron/india/harappa.html

http://www.archaeologyonline.net/artefacts/harappa-mohenjodaro.html

www.harappa.com/har/har0.html

www.thenagain.info/webchron/india/harappa.html

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CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATION