Unintentional POPs Emissions fBi dFilFlCbtifrom Biomass ...
Transcript of Unintentional POPs Emissions fBi dFilFlCbtifrom Biomass ...
Unintentional POPs Emissionsf Bi d F il F l C b tifrom Biomass and Fossil Fuel Combustion
(Toolkit Category 3)
Research project on behalf of the Federal Environment Agency of Germany
U. Karl, M. Haase
2nd Expert Meeting to Further Develop the Standardized Toolkit for p g p SIdentification and Quantification of Dioxin and Furan Releases
Geneva 5-7 December 2007Geneva, 5 7 December 2007
French-German Institute for Environmental Research, University of Karlsruhe 1
ContentsContents
The role of PCDD/PCDF emissions fromThe role of PCDD/PCDF emissions from Category 3 sourcesRecommendations from the 1st Expert MeetingRecommendations from the 1st Expert MeetingResults from a literature reviewProposals for the ToolkitOutlook on possible extensionsp
French-German Institute for Environmental Research, University of Karlsruhe 2
The German PCDD/PCDF Inventory 2004 (Air)The German PCDD/PCDF Inventory 2004 (Air)
7%6% 5%12%6%
17%44%
5%
13%
12%
44%
26%
Mi ll (i l di t i i ti )
70%
Coal/coke Wood
Fuel oil Natural gasMiscellaneous (including waste incineration)
Heat and power generation
Small scale combustionEmissions fromSmall Scale Combustion
ue o atu a gas
Open burning
Metallurgical industry (thermal processes)
Total: 127 (102-154) g TEQ
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Total: 127 (102 154) g TEQ
The PCDD/PCDF Inventory of KenyaThe PCDD/PCDF Inventory of Kenya
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Kenya Inventory: Releases from Category 3
Household heating and
Kenya Inventory: Releases from Category 3
cooking - Biomass2%
Landfill and biogas combustion
Domesting heating - Fossil fuels
appx 0%
appx 0%
Biomass Power Plants26%
Potential underestimationf l f h h ld
Fossil fuel power plants72%
of releases from householdheating and cooking
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Toolkit Emission Factors for Category 3Denotation of categories
Cat
Sub-cat.
Class Airµg TEQ/TJ
Residueµg TEQ/TJ
3 Heat and Power Generation3 Heat and Power Generation
a Fossil Fuel Power Plants
1234
Fossil fuel/waste co-fired power boilersCoal fired power boilersHeavy fuel fired power boilersSh l il fi d l t
35102,51 5
ND14NDND4
5Shale oil fired power plantsLight fuel oil/natural gas fired power boilers
1,50,5
NDND
b Biomass Power Plants
12
Mixed biomass fired power boilersCl d fi d b il
5000
ND12 Clean wood fired power boilers 50 15
c Landfill and biogas combustion
1 Biogas-/landfill gas fired boilers, motors/turbines and flaring
8 NA
d Household heating and cooking with µg TEQ/td Household heating and cooking with biomass
µg TEQ/t ash
12
Contaminated wood/biomass fired stovesVirgin wood/biomass fired stoves
1.500100
1.00010
e Domestic Heating with fossil fuels µg TEQ/t ash
1234
High-chlorine coal fired stovesCoal fired stovesOil fired stovesNatural gas fired stoves
15.000100101,5
30.0005.000NANA
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Questions for the Toolkit Review
Influence of fuel type
Questions for the Toolkit Review
Influence of fuel type– Coal (hard coal, lignite, ash content)– Biomass (wood one-year plants leafy )Biomass (wood, one year plants, leafy, …)– Chlorine, catalytic metal, sulphur, humidity
Physical parameters; e g solid (particle size) liquid– Physical parameters; e.g., solid (particle size), liquid, gaseous
Influence of combustion facility/processInfluence of combustion facility/process– Firing conditions (incl. temperature, oxygen)
Size geometry– Size, geometry– Flue gas cleaning
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Fig. 1: „Old stove“
Recommendations from theRecommendations from theExpert Group
Fig. 2: Modern manualwood stove
Further specification ofcurrent emission factors(Category 3) in terms of
- Toolkit Category 3 d: „Stoves“
(Category 3) in terms of- Facilities- Fuels
Residue types - EF(air) : 100 µg TEQ/TJ [1]- Residue types
Inclusion of information onresidue generation rates
Toolkit adjustment to the
Fig 3: Automatic pellet boiler Fig 4: Traditional cook stove
needs of developingcountries
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Fig. 3: Automatic pellet boiler Fig. 4: Traditional cook stove
Review of CurrentReview of Current Publications
- Tiled stove, year of manufacture: 1956
- Beech wood logs
EF (air): 4 500 µg TEQ/TJ
- Modern stove
- Birch wood
- EF (air): 200 µg TEQ/TJ H d l 2006
Focus on solid fuel combustion (fossil & biomass)I f ti f 60 bli ti
- EF (air): 4,500 µg TEQ/TJ Hübner et al., 2005
Hedmann et al., 2006
Information from ca. 60 publications evaluatedPCDD/PCDF, PCB and HCB
- Toolkit Category 3 d: „Stoves“- EF (air) : 100 µg TEQ/TJ
Air and residuesEF (air) : 100 µg TEQ/TJ
- Automatically chargedwood boiler
- Traditional cook stove
- No recent publications- Wood pellets
- EF (air): 2 µg TEQ/TJ
No recent publicationson PCDD/PCDF EF available
Hübner et al., 2005
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Further split of source categories for domesticFurther split of source categories for domesticheating
Split into stoves and boilers ?Split according to the shape of fuels?Further split according to fuel composition ?
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Further split of source categories for residentialFurther split of source categories for residentialbiomass combustion
Further split of residues ?Additional types of biomass ?
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PCDD/PCDF Emission Factors (Air) for BiomassPCDD/PCDF Emission Factors (Air) for Biomass Combustion Appliances
Manual AutomaticEF
StovesEF
BoilerEF
Pellet Boiler
Manual Automatic
Hedmann, 2006µg WHO-TEQ/t fuel 3.5 – 5.9 1.2 – 12 2
Hübner 2005Hübner, 2005µg I-TEQ/t fuel 0.4 – 40.3
(Old stove: 83.7)0.04 – 35(Old boiler: 45.5)
0.04
Gullett, 2003µg WHO-TEQ/t fuel 0.24 – 2.4
Thanner 2002Thanner, 2002µg I-TEQ/t fuel 0.24-10.68
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PCDD/PCDF Release Factors for Different Types of R id (Cl W d C b ti )Residues (Clean Wood Combustion)
Ash SootMixed Ash
Ash Soot
UNEP Toolkit 3dµg TEQ/t residue 10 (ash)Hedmann, 2006µg WHO-TEQ/t residue 0.061 - 45 (ash)
Lavric 2004Lavric, 2004µg I-TEQ/t residue 0.03 - 215 (fly ash, bottom ash) 1438 - 3453 (chimney soot)
Thanner, 2002µg I-TEQ/t residue 0.13 - 1.56 (combustion
chamber ash)237.7 - 648.8 (chimney soot)
Launhardt, 2000µg I-TEQ/t residue 5 - 33 (combustion chamber
ash)23 - 3976(heat exchanger ash, chimney ash)
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Proposal of an Extended Matrix for PCDD/PCDF Emission Factors
F h di i i f i dCategory 3 d (Residential heating and cooking with Biomass)
Further distinction of size and technology of appliances (Automatic – Manual)
Specification of facilities Specification of fuels Specification of residues
Current Specifica Current Specification Curren Specific
Distinction of Mixed ash - Soot; Herbaceous biomass - WoodUnchanged categories for fuel
Current Specification
Current Specification Current
Specification
Facility type
Facility Type
Fuel type Fuel type
Contami-nation
Residue type
Residue type
Unchanged categories for fuel quality (Contamination)No distinction of combustion
Stoves Automa-tic furnaces
Contami-nated wood/
Herbaceous biomass
Mixed ash
Mixed ash
conditions biomass
Manual furnaces
Virgin wood/ biomass
Wood No Soot
biomass Yes
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PCDD/PCDF Emission Factors (Air) for BiomassPCDD/PCDF Emission Factors (Air) for Biomass Combustion Appliances (in μg TEQ/TJ fuel)
CurrentToolkit EFToolkit EF
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PCDD/PCDF Emission Factors (ashes) for BiomassPCDD/PCDF Emission Factors (ashes) for Biomass Combustion Appliances (in μg TEQ/t residue)
CurrentT lki EFToolkit EF
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PCDD/PCDF Emission Factors (soot) for BiomassPCDD/PCDF Emission Factors (soot) for Biomass Combustion Appliances (in μg TEQ/t residue)
No initialToolkit EF
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PCDD/PCDF Emission Factors (Air) for ResidentialPCDD/PCDF Emission Factors (Air) for Residential Coal Combustion Appliances (in μg TEQ/TJ fuel)
CurrentCurrentToolkit EF
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Further split of source categories for power plantsFurther split of source categories for power plants
Split into size categories ?Split into size categories ?Split into more fuel categories?Further split according to fuel composition ?Further split according to fuel composition ?
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PCDD/PCDF Emission Factors (Air) for BiomassPCDD/PCDF Emission Factors (Air) for Biomass Combustion Appliances (in μg TEQ/TJ fuel)
CurrentCurrentToolkit EF
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Proposed Revised Matrix for Category 3Release pathway
Fuel Facility Pollutant
Proposed Revised Matrix for Category 3
Residential -Manual furnace <1MW
- Automatic furnace < 1 MW
PCDD/PCDF(I-TE, WHO98-TE, total, TE not specified)
PCB (WHO98 TEAir
pathway
Automatic furnace < 1 MW PCB (WHO98-TE, WHO94-TE, total, sum of 6, TE not specified)
HCB (total)- Mixed ash
ResiduesCoal
- Coal
High chlorine coal
Non-residential- Boiler > 50 MW
- Boiler > 1MW
Ai
( )Mixed ash
- Soot- High chlorine coal
- Co-firing coal/waste/biomass
Residential -Manual furnace <1MW
PCDD/PCDF(I-TE, WHO98-TE, total, TE not specified)
Biomass
Air
Residues- Herbaceous
- Automatic furnace < 1 MW PCB (WHO98-TE, WHO94-TE, total, sum of 6, TE not specified)Non-residential
- Boiler > 50 MW
- Mixed ash
- Soot
- Herbaceous Biomass
- Clean wood
- Contaminated wood
HCB (total)- Boiler > 1MW
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Review of Category 6 Emission FactorsReview of Category 6 Emission FactorsRelease pathway
Fuel Pollutant
• No change of
Biomass
p y
Air
PCDD/PCDF(I-TE, WHO98-TE, total, TE not specified)
PCB (WHO98-TE,
• No change ofexisting sourcecategories Biomass
- Forest fires
- Grassland and moor
- Agricultural residues –impacted
Residues
( ,WHO94-TE, total, sum of 6, TE not specified)
HCB (total)
g
• Validation ofimpacted
- Agricultural residues –not impacted
Air
PCDD/PCDF(I-TE, WHO98-TE, total, TE not specified)
Toolkit EF
• Review of PCB Waste+accidental fires
Air
Residues
PCB (WHO98-TE, WHO94-TE, total, sum of 6, TE not specified)
HCB (total)- Landfill fires
A Fi
• Review of PCBand HCB EF
- Acc. - Fires houses/factories
- Domestic waste
-Acc fires – vehicles
- Wood (construction/demolition)
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(construction/demolition)
Category 6 Emission Factors (Air)Category 6 Emission Factors (Air)(in μg TEQ/t fuel)
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First Proposal of Emission Factors for PCB and HCB
PCB
AirCat. Subcat. Class Type APCD Type Contamination µg TEQ/TJ µg TEQ/t residue µg TEQ/t residue
3 Mixed ash Sootd
1 Furnaces < 1MW (manual and automatic) NA Biomass No 15 0.2 15
PCB Potential Release Route Residue
Heat and Power GenerationResidential heating and cooking with biomass
Facility Fuel
e1 Furnaces < 1MW (manual and automatic) NA Coal 100 0.3 18
NA Not applicableNew value proposed
Residential heating and cooking with fossil fuel
AirCat. Subcat. Class Type APCD Type Contamination µg/TJ µg/t residue µg/t residue
HCB Potential Release Route ResidueFacility Fuel
3 Mixed ash Soota
1 Combustion plants > 1 MW yes Coal 1500d
1 Furnaces < 1MW (manual and automatic) NA Clean wood No 1000Residential heating and cooking with biomass
Heat and Power GenerationNon-residential fossil fuel combustion
NA Not applicableNo data availableNew value proposed
French-German Institute for Environmental Research, University of Karlsruhe 24
ConclusionsConclusionsUp-to-date data in an appropriate format is now available for the ongoing review of the Toolkit.An extended source category split for Category 3 is proposed.The level of detail for the extended source category split is limited by and adapted to data availability.The current Toolkit emission factors are within the ranges set by the proposal.A first proposal of emission factors for HCB and PCB is now available as well.
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