Unfinished Business There are TWO classes this week –

tonight December 4 (to make up for Remembrance

Day) Test #3

webCT exam dates: Dec 8 (10:00) - Dec 13 (5:00)

change in room: E610, E620 and E630

Review Question 1 You meet a 36 year old man who is a

chain-smoker. What might Freud say about this person?

A. He is fixated at the anal stage.B. He is caught in an Oedipus complex.C. He has an oral personality.D. He has a phallic personality.

Answer: C

Review Question 2 Rotter’s theory of _____ focused on people’s

differing beliefs that their efforts will result in positive outcomes.

A. Personal controlB. Personal constructsC. The locus of controlD. The cognitive-affective personality

system

Answer: C

Personal Control

Internal Locus of ControlInternal Locus of ControlYou pretty much control your own destiny

External Locus of ControlExternal Locus of ControlLuck, fate and/or powerful others control your destiny

Methods of StudyMethods of Study• Correlate feelings of control with behaviorCorrelate feelings of control with behavior• Experiment by raising/lowering people’s sense ofExperiment by raising/lowering people’s sense ofcontrol and noting effectscontrol and noting effects

Review Question 3 How is the study of personality different from

the study of behaviour or biological processes?

A. One cannot use objective means to study personality.

B. The study of personality does not lend itself to explanation, only description.

C. Personality cannot be directly observed.

D. Personality is a false construct that has no place in science.

Answer: C

Review Question 4 Which of the following is related to a

higher degree of consistency in behaviour?

A. High self-monitoringB. Low self-monitoringC. ExtraversionD. Neuroticism

Answer: B

Review Question 5 The personality traits of shyness,

fearfulness and anxiousness have been associated with

a. The frontal lobesb. The amygdalac. The ponsd. The reticular system

Answer: b

Self-Concept

Is a cognitive knowledge structure schema (self-schema)

network of interconnected knowledge about oneself

cognitive aspect of self-concept integrated set of memories, beliefs and

generalizations about oneself

Self-Schema

W. W. Norton

Self-Concept

working self-concept varies as function of:

which memories you retrieve, which situation you are in, your role in that situation, people you are with etc.

Inter/Independent Self-Conceptssome cultures place greater

emphasis on the collective self than on the personal self

interdependent view self inherently connected to other

people self-concept defined more by social

roles and personal relationships

W. W. Norton

Inter/Independent Self-Conceptssome cultures place greater

emphasis on the personal self Independent

view self fundamentally separate from others

sense of self based on feelings of being distinct from others

W. W. Norton

Interdependent/Collective Self

Advantages Disadvantages

Independent/Personal Self

Advantages Disadvantages

Self-Esteem

Evaluative aspect of self-conceptemotional response as evaluate

different characteristics about themselves

internalize values and beliefs expressed by important people in their lives (“reflected appraisals”)

Self-Esteem

Sociometer theory (Leary et al) humans have need to belong self-esteem monitors the likelihood of

social exclusionacts as internal monitor of social

acceptance/rejection is research support

low self-esteem highly correlated with social anxiety

Sociometer Theory

W. W. Norton

Biological Basis of Self-Esteem

Twin studies - self-esteem moderately inheritable traits associated with self-esteem such

as extraversion and neuroticism have genetic components

serotonin levels affect self-esteem increased activity leads to increased

self-esteem/confidence

Maintaining Self-Esteem

Strategies self-evaluative maintenance

exaggerate or publicize connections to winnersminimize or hide relations to losersdistance self from someone who outperforms

them on task that is personally relevant

biased comparisonsevaluate self by contrasting actions, abilities and

beliefs with others to see where they stand

Biased Comparisons

downward comparison contrast self with people who are

“deficient” on relevant dimentionsupward comparison

contrast self with people who are superior

Downward Comparison with Past Self

W. W. Norton

Maintaining Self-Esteem

Strategies self-serving biases high achievers

take credit for successblame failure on outside factors

low achieversattribute success on outside factorsblame failure on personal factors

Attitudes

“Evaluation of objects or ideas to indicate like or dislike toward them”

Attitudes develop through:

direct experience/exposure “mere exposure effect”

classical conditioning advertising - pair positive image with

product

Attitudes develop through:

direct experience/exposure “mere exposure effect”

classical conditioning advertising - pair positive image with

productoperant conditioning

rewarded for behaviour

Attitudes develop through:

socialization Would you eat a worm?

Heritability genetic predisposition attitudes towards death penalty, jazz,

censorship and apartheid have high heritability components but not coeduation and straightjackets

inherit physiological characteristics that lead to certain responses

Attitudes Predicting Behaviour

When more personally relevant the more specific the attitude is formed through direct experience in line with normative social values when expression does not lead to

embarrassment

W. W. Norton

Attitudes Predicting Behaviour

implicit attitudes influence behaviour and feelings at

unconscious level

Implicit Attitudes Test

https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/

People possess dual attitudes: one automatic and unconscious one explicit

Cognitive Dissonance (Festinger)

Contradiction between two attitudes or between an attitude and behaviour

creates anxiety and tensionshapes behaviour and perception to

maintain cognitive dissonance ignore behaviour that refutes/contradicts

our beliefs accept uncritically info that confirms them

Cognitive Dissonance: Cars

Should the government be allowed to restrict car sales based on their gas use?

P. 87 instructors manual

Cognitive Dissonance (Festinger)

motivated to reduce anxiety and tension change attitudes change behaviours rationalize or trivialize discrepancy

Which group experienced more dissonance?

Which group rated the task more highly?

W. W. Norton

Cognitive Dissonance Worksheet

Dissonance and Cars

Arguments for banning gas-guzzling cars by those who agree with this position -

Arguments for allowing gas-guzzlding cars by those who don’t agree with this position -

Confirmation-Hypercriticality Effect

If logical, would evaluate the sensible arguments from each side and discard those that were ludicrous or just wrong

Cognitive Dissonance theory predicts: will remember plausible arguments

supporting own position will remember ridiculous arguments

supporting opposing position

Pattern supported theory.

Changing Attitudes

Elaboration likelihood model to explain how persuasion leads to attitude change -

W. W. Norton

Persuasion in advertising

Advertising to childrenBotox Cosmetics radio/magazine Ad

Forming Attitudes about Others

Impression formationattributions

causal explanations for why events or actions occur

basic need for order and predictability in livesjust world hypothesis“blame the victim”

Attributional Dimensions

Personal attributions internal or dispositional attributions

situational attributions external attributions

other dimensions stable vs variable controllable vs uncontrollable etc.

Attributional Dimensions

Actor-observer discrepancy biased towards situational explanations

when explaining own behaviourthe bus was early; my roommate took too long

in the shower; the traffic was backed up on Whoop-up

biased towards dispositional/personal factors when explaining behaviour of othershe’s lazy

Stereotypes can be Self-Fulfilling

W. W. Norton

Interpersonal Processes

Chap 14

Fundamental Need to Belong

Theory says need to belong is a fundamental motive “that activates behaviour and influences cognition and emotion” (p. 452

supported by anxiety felt when exluded social exclusion theory

anxiety warns individuals may be facing rejection from group

Need to Belong

Social dilemna need to belong - cooperate which

maximizes long-term interests selfishness - maximizes short-term

interests“cheater detectors”

abilities in social relationships/situations

W. W. Norton

W. W. Norton

Impression Management

Self-presentation - how we exhibit our personal characteristics before an audience

differences in extent of self-presentation high in self-monitoring low in self-monitoring

Sycophant - groveling flatterer

Ingratiation

Groups Influencing Individuals

Social facilitation

W. W. Norton

Conformity

W. W. Norton

Two Influential Studies

Milgram’s obedience studyPrison Experiment

http://designweb.otago.ac.nz/grant/psyc/OBEDIANCE.HTML

http://home.swbell.net/revscat/perilsOfObedience.htm

W. W. Norton

http://www.prisonexp.org/

W. W. Norton

Bystander Apathy

Kitty Genovese 38 witnesses who watched it happen none called police/tried to intervene

Lethbridge

Bystander Intervention Effect

Diffusion of responsibilityambiguous situation (potential social

blunder)anonymous vs identifiablecost-benefit trade off

Relationships

Proximity familiarity/mere exposure effect

similarityadmirable personality characteristicsphysical attractiveness

METHODS

Participants: Seventeen (7 Male / 10 Female) right- handed neurologically normal volunteers who reported being intensely in love.Stimuli: Photograph of the beloved (Positive) Photograph of a familiar acquaintance (Neutral) Count-Back task (count back by 7 from…) (Counts) Interviews: one week before and immediately after scanInstructions: think about him/her, recall events related to the belovedQuestionnaires: Passionate Love Scale (Hatfield and Sprecher,1986)

Affect Intensity Measure (Larsen and Diener, 1987)

Imaging: 1.5T Marconi (Phillips) Edge MRI system

Voxels: 3.75 x 3.75 x 4.0 mm, 20 axial BOLD and T1 images

Design: Neutral (30 sec), Counts1(20 sec), Positive (30 sec), Counts2 (40 sec); 6 repetitions, 12 minutesData analysis: SPM99 for individual, group and correlation statistics.

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Early-stage romantic love is a specific and Early-stage romantic love is a specific and intensely orienting state, a cross-culturally intensely orienting state, a cross-culturally universal phenomenon, and possibly a universal phenomenon, and possibly a developed form of a mammalian drive to developed form of a mammalian drive to pursue preferred mates. pursue preferred mates.

QuestionQuestion: Is romantic love an emotion or a : Is romantic love an emotion or a motivation? Bartels and Zeki (2000) did a motivation? Bartels and Zeki (2000) did a similar study, although of longer-term, less-similar study, although of longer-term, less-intense romantic love. They regarded it as an intense romantic love. They regarded it as an emotion. We hypothesized that it was a emotion. We hypothesized that it was a motivation to acquire a goal, a specific mating motivation to acquire a goal, a specific mating partner (Aron and Aron, 1991).partner (Aron and Aron, 1991).

QuestionQuestion: Is romantic love associated with : Is romantic love associated with dopaminergic systems (Fisher, 1998), as is dopaminergic systems (Fisher, 1998), as is partner preference in prairie voles (Gingrich et partner preference in prairie voles (Gingrich et al., 2000)?al., 2000)?

CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS

•Early-stage intense romantic attraction is best categorized as a motivation Early-stage intense romantic attraction is best categorized as a motivation system associated with varied emotions.system associated with varied emotions.

•Dopamine-rich regions play a major role.Dopamine-rich regions play a major role.

• "Wanting" and "liking" may be mediated by different regions of the VTA, "Wanting" and "liking" may be mediated by different regions of the VTA, and also lateralized.and also lateralized.

•Women tend to show activation in regions associated with attention, Women tend to show activation in regions associated with attention, memory recall and emotion; men tend to show activation in regions memory recall and emotion; men tend to show activation in regions associated with integration of visual stimuli and sexual arousal.associated with integration of visual stimuli and sexual arousal.

•Romantic attraction is an excellent example of parallel system activation, Romantic attraction is an excellent example of parallel system activation, including convergence of corticostriatal and midbrain dopamine activity in including convergence of corticostriatal and midbrain dopamine activity in the dorsal caudate nucleus.the dorsal caudate nucleus.

•This research may shed light on several medical and psychological This research may shed light on several medical and psychological disorders, including stalking and other crimes of passion.  Romantic love disorders, including stalking and other crimes of passion.  Romantic love may also be a useful tool in future studies of human reward mechanismsmay also be a useful tool in future studies of human reward mechanisms and memory.and memory.

EARLY STAGE INTENSE ROMANTIC LOVE ACTIVATES CORTICAL-BASAL-GANGLIA REWARD/MOTIVATION, EMOTION AND ATTENTION SYSTEMS: AN FMRI STUDY OF A DYNAMIC

NETWORK THAT VARIES WITH RELATIONSHIP LENGTH, PASSION INTENSITY AND GENDER

EARLY STAGE INTENSE ROMANTIC LOVE ACTIVATES CORTICAL-BASAL-GANGLIA REWARD/MOTIVATION, EMOTION AND ATTENTION SYSTEMS: AN FMRI STUDY OF A DYNAMIC

NETWORK THAT VARIES WITH RELATIONSHIP LENGTH, PASSION INTENSITY AND GENDER

725.27725.27H. Fisher1, A. Aron2, D. Mashek2, G. Strong2, H. Li3 and L.L. Brown4

1Department of Anthropology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA2Department of Psychology/3Department of Radiology, SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY, USA

4Department of Neurology & Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA

C, caudate. VTA, ventral tegmental area. mPFC, medial prefrontal cortex. PC, posterior cingulate. p≤.002, uncorrected except VTA, p=.01

Specific group activations: Reward, attention and motivation (‘wanting’) systems Random effects analyses

Activity correlated with facial attractiveness (‘liking’) in the left VTA

Activity correlated with length of relationship

Contrasts:Contrasts: Positive

Positive

Neutral

8,421CountBack By 7

minus

minusOur study and the Bartels and Zeki study showed a common regional effect in the dorsal caudate (data not shown).

Our subjects in longer relationships showed a common effect with Bartels and Zeki (2000) in the cingulate and insular cortex. (Our study: mean 7.2 months; Bartels & Zeki, 28.8 mos p <.001)

Counts

11 22

33

44Men and women tended tobe different in a few areas

The VTA response shown in the time course resembles that of dopamine cell firing to a familiar reward and withdrawal of reward.

The nucleus accumbens was equally activated by the Positive and Neutral stimuli.

A working model of parallel systems activation during intense romantic

attraction

AC, anterior cingulate. PC, posterior cingulate. GP, globus pallidus. Inf fr, inferior frontal cortex.

C, posterior cingulate. CP, caudate. I, insula. OC, occipital. P, parietal. PF, prefrontal. S/F, septum/fornix. SP, superior parietal. T, temporal.

Parallel cortical systems converge on caudate (e.g. Brown, 1992, 1998) where activity is enhanced by dopamine, thus attaching behavioral significance to the image of the beloved. Dark circles show greatest convergence in dorsal caudate and tail. (Diagram after Saint-Cyr et al., 1990. Dotted lines= caudate)

Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love

Love made up of three components: passion intimacy commitment

see p. 480