UNFCCC Crashcourse
description
Transcript of UNFCCC Crashcourse
UNFCCC CrashcourseIntroduction to the Climate Regime
COY 6
Cancun, 26-28 Novembre 2010
Outline
The History The Convention The Kyoto Protocol The Institutions The Negotiations The Actors
COY 6
Cancun, 26-28 Novembre 2010
The History
QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
COY 6
Cancun, 26-28 Novembre 2010
The existing Climate Regime
Intergovernmental Cooperation on Science 1988: establishment of the IPCC by the UNEP & WMO
UNFCCC 1990: UN General Assembly Mandate 1991-1992: Intergovernmental Negotiations Committee 1992: Convention Signed 1994: Convention entered in forceMainly limited to an overall objective, a few key institutions
and the statements of key principles
COY 6
Cancun, 26-28 Novembre 2010
The existing Climate Regime
The Kyoto Protocol 1995: The Berlin Mandate (beginning of the negotiations) 1997: Protocol Signed 2005: Protocol entered in force 2008-2012: First Commitment Period
The Post-Kyoto Agreements (more detailed rules necessary to implement the KP) 2001: Marrakesh Accords
COY 6
Cancun, 26-28 Novembre 2010The Convention
COY 6
Cancun, 26-28 Novembre 2010
The Objective
The ultimate objective of this Convention and any related legal instruments that the COP may adopt is to achieve, …, stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous
anthropogenic interference with the climate system.
Such a level should be achieved within a time frame sufficient to allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change, to ensure that food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to
proceed in a sustainable manner.
Article 2
COY 6
Cancun, 26-28 Novembre 2010
The Principles
Precautionary Approach Sustainable Development Rights of Future Generations Cooperation Common but Differentiated Responsibility
Historical responsibility Respective Capacity(most debated principles, no consensus on what it concretely means)
Article 3
COY 6
Cancun, 26-28 Novembre 2010The main obligations
All: Develop inventories of GHGs
(Annex I pay for the costs of developing countries)
Only developed States: Stabilisation by 2000 at the 1990 level of Annex 1
Countries (Art. 4) Financial and technological transfers (not for Economies
In Transitions)
COY 6
Cancun, 26-28 Novembre 2010
The Kyoto Protocol
COY 6
Cancun, 26-28 Novembre 2010
The Kyoto Protocol
Ratification 55/55 requirement Entered into force: 2005 (with the ratification of Russia)
Scope: 6 GHGs concernedCO2, Methane, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6
COY 6
Cancun, 26-28 Novembre 2010
The Kyoto Protocol
COY 6
Cancun, 26-28 Novembre 2010
The Kyoto Protocol The main obligation only for Developed states:
Aggregate reduction of 5% of GHG in the commitment period based on 1990 levelsAustralia 108 Greece 92 Norway 101Austria 92 Hungary* 94 Poland* 94Belgium 92 Iceland 110 Portugal 92Bulgaria* 92 Ireland 92 Romania* 92Canada 94 Italy 92 Russian Federation* 100Croatia* 95 Japan 94 Slovakia* 92Czech R* 92 Latvia* 94 Slovenia* 92Denmark 92 Liechtenstein 92 Spain 92Estonia* 92 Lithuania* 92 Sweden 92E.U. 92 Luxembourg 92 Switzerland 92Finland 92 Monaco 92 Ukraine* 100France 92 Netherlands 92 UK, Northern Ireland 92Germany 92 New Zealand 100 United States† 93
Accompanying technical requirements
COY 6
Cancun, 26-28 Novembre 2010
The Kyoto Protocol
The Flexibility Mechanisms ETS: Emissions Trading (North-North)
Regional Carbon markets CDM: Clean Development Mechanisms (North-South)
For projects in developing countries JI: Joint Implementation (North-North)
For projects in another developed country
The Sinks LULUCF (forest activities in developed countries) - included CCS - excluded
COY 6
Cancun, 26-28 Novembre 2010The Institutions
COY 6
Cancun, 26-28 Novembre 2010The Institutions
The Institutions COPs (Conference Of the Parties): Main decision-making body for matters
under the convention CMPs (Meeting Of the Parties): same thing for matters related to the Kyoto Protocol
Secretariat, Facilitates the process and support parties in their implementation
Subsidiary Bodies, support the COP: SBI: Subsidiary Body for Implementation SBSTA: SB for Scientific and Technical Advice
The IPCC: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change The GEF: Global Environmental Facility
COY 6
Cancun, 26-28 Novembre 2010The Institutions
COP/MOP
SBSTA SBI
Secretariat
Bureau
BureauBureau
IPCCFinancial
Mechanism
CDM
JLG
JWG
COY 6
Cancun, 26-28 Novembre 2010The Negotiations
QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
COY 6
Cancun, 26-28 Novembre 2010
The On-going Negotiations
UNFCCC Timeframe COP 13, 2007: Bali Road Map, detailed plan on how to move forward COP 14, 2008: Poznan ”half way” COP 15, 2009: Copenhagen, foreseen as the conclusion of the negotiations under the AWGs,
failure COP16, 2010: Cancun, pragmatic/incremental approach
Other International Processes Major Economy Forum, G8, G20 Bilaterals and Regional Consultations REDD + Partnernship High-level Advisory Group on Climate Change Financing (AGF)Sometime more political momentum, but less transparency and inclusiveness
COY 6
Cancun, 26-28 Novembre 2010
The current negotiations process
AWG-LCA covering other issues under the Convention Created in 2007 Workplan: Four building blocks from the Bali Road Map:
1. Mitigation of Developed countries (“1b i”) Developing countries (“1b ii”) REDD: Reducing Deforestation in the Global South with financial
support from Global North2. Adaptation 3. Financial Transfers
Short Term (up to 2012) Long Term (up to 2020)
4. Technological Transfers
COY 6
Cancun, 26-28 Novembre 2010
The current negotiations process
AWG-KP looking at issues under the Kyoto Protocol Created in 2005 Two main issues
1. How to renew obligations from Annex 1 countries after the first commitment period (= after 2012) Kyoto Protocol planned to work with successive commitment
periods So far agreement only on the first one up to 2012 No expiration date, but necessity to include new targets after this
date
2. How to improve the functioning of the Kyoto Protocol in the future (forest accounting/LULUCF, Flexibility Mechanisms)
COY 6
Cancun, 26-28 Novembre 2010
Expectations towards COP16
1. Progress and COP decisions on specific policy areas where consensus is easier
2. Clear mandate to move the negotiations towards a fair, ambitious and binding deal in South Africa
COY 6
Cancun, 26-28 Novembre 2010
The current negotiations
COY 6
Cancun, 26-28 Novembre 2010
“The Brick”
The Process of Negotiations
QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
COY 6
Cancun, 26-28 Novembre 2010
The Actors
QuickTime™ and a decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
COY 6
Cancun, 26-28 Novembre 2010
The parties to the Convention
The developed Countries (Annex I) EU Umbrella JUSCANNZ
The developing countries (Non-Annex I) G77/China (130+ countries) LDCs: Least developed countries OPEC: oil producing and exporting countries… AOSIS (SIDS): Small Islands States Africa
One country might join more than 1 grouping: e.g. Algeria is a member of Africa, OPEC and G77/China
The Environmental Integrity Group, with both developed (Switzerland) and developing countries (Mexico, South Korea)
COY 6
Cancun, 26-28 Novembre 2010
Observers
Other States (US in the case of the KP) International Organizations (WTO, UNICEF…) Civil Society
Observer Organizations Organized within 9 constituencies
Environmental NGOs, Business and Industries, Research, Indigenous People, Gender, Trade Unions, Local Governments, Farmers, Youth
Press
COY 6
Cancun, 26-28 Novembre 2010
…
Questions ?
Comments
COY 6
Cancun, 26-28 Novembre 2010The UNFCCC
Key Articles of the Convention 2: Objective 3: Principles 4: Commitments 6: Education 7-10: Institutions
COY 6
Cancun, 26-28 Novembre 2010
The Kyoto Protocol
Key Provisions of the Convention 2: Political Actions 3: Reductions of emissions 4, 6, 12: Commitments 5: Inventory of emissions 7, 8: Sinks 10: Cooperation 11: Financial Transfers
COY 6
Cancun, 26-28 Novembre 2010
AGF High-level Advisory Group on Climate Change Financing (AGF)
AOSIS Alliance Of Small Island States
AWG-KP Ad Hoc Working Group on further commitment for Annex I Parties of the Kyoto Protocol
AWG-LCA Ad Hoc Working Group on Long Term Cooperative Action
CCS Carbon Capture and Storage
CDM Clean Development Mechanism
CMP Conference of Parties acting as Meeting of the Parties
COP Conference of Parties
ETS Emissions Trading Scheme
EU European Union
GEF Global Environmental Facility
GHGs GreenHouse Gases
List of Acronyms used in this presentation
INC Intergovermental Negotiations Committee
IPCC Intergovermental Panel on Climate Change
JI Joint Implementation
JLG Joint Liaison Group
JUSCANNZ Japon, US, Canada, Norway, New Zealand
LDCs Least Developed Countries
LULUCF Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry
MRV Measurable, Reportable and Verifiable
OPEC Oil Producing Exporting Countries (?)
SBI Subsidiary Body on Implementation
SBSTA Subsidiary Body on Scientific and Technical Advice
SIDS Small Island Developing States
UNEP UN Environmental Program
UNGA UN General Assembly
WMO World Meteorological Organization