Tribute to Mr. Armoogum Parsuramen Secretary of UNESCO Executive Board
UNESCO Executive Summary of 2006 Education Study (Español)
Transcript of UNESCO Executive Summary of 2006 Education Study (Español)
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Ly cq~jmvcfjy j ly jywcmwjyj Co~ic Lcwmc { jl Ic~nj
^jyzojm Jfjizwkr` gjl Q~koj~ ^jq`~wj gj ^jyzlwcg`ygjl Yjhzmg` Jywzgk` ^jhk`mcl I`oqc~cwkr` { Juqlkicwkr`
`~hcmkvcikm gj lcy mcik`mjy zmkgcy qc~c lc jgzicikm, lc ikjmikc { lc izlwz~c
zmkwjg mcwk`my jgzicwk`mcl, yikjmwkbi cmg izlwz~cl ~hcmkvcwk`m
`~hcmkycwk`m gjy mcwk`my zmkjy q`z~ lgzicwk`m, lc yikjmij jw lc izlwz~j
@bikmc ^jhk`mcl gj Jgzicikm qc~c Co~kic Lcwkmc { jl Ic~knj
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Qznlkicg` q`~ lc @ikmc ^jhk`mcl gj Jgzicikm gj lc ZMJYI@ qc~c Co~kic Lcwkmc { jl Ic~knj @^JCLIZMJYI@ Ycmwkch`
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Jszkq` LLJIJ
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Gcmkjl N`h`{c, Ic~l`y Qc~g`-
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Gkyj` kmwj~k`~
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L`y czw`~jy y`m ~jyq`mycnljy q`~ lc yjljiikm { q~jyjmwcikm gj l`y ejie`y i`mwjmkg`y jm jywc qznlkicikm, cy i`o`gj lcy `qkmk`mjy juq~jycgcy jm jllc, szj m` y`m mjijyc~kcojmwj jl qjmycokjmw` gj ZMJYI@ { m` i`oq~`ojwjm c lc@~hcmkvcikm- Lcy gjm`okmcik`mjy joqljcgcy jm jywc qznlkicikm { lc q~jyjmwcikm gj l`y gcw`y szj jm jllc hz~cmm` koqlkicm, gj qc~wj gj lc ZMJYI@, mkmhzmc w`oc gj q`ykikm ~jyqjiw` cl jywcwzw` fz~gki` gj l`y qcyjy, ikzgcgjy,wj~~kw`~k`y ` v`mcy, ` gj yzy czw`~kgcgjy, mk ~jyqjiw` cl w~cvcg` gj yzy ~`mwj~cy ` lokwjy-
KYNM6 ;85/;:2/591>/;7/5Koq~jy` jm Ieklj q`~ Ycljykcm`y Koq~jyk`mjyYcmwkch`, Ieklj- Fzmk`, >115
Crj~wjmic
Jl zy` gj zm ljmhzcfj szj m` gkyi~kokmj mk ~jq~`gzvic jyszjocy gkyi~kokmcw`~k`y jmw~j e`on~jy { ozfj~jy jy
zmc gj lcy q~j`izqcik`mjy gj mzjyw~c @~hcmkvcikm- Ykm jonc~h`, m` ec{ cizj~g` jmw~j l`y lkmhkywcy cij~ic
gj lc ocmj~c gj ecij~l` jm jyqc`l-
Jm wcl yjmwkg`, { qc~c jrkwc~ lc y`n~jic~hc h~ic szj yzq`mg~c zwklkvc~ jm jyqc`l `c4 l`ylcy { `w~cy `~ocy
yjmyknljy cl hmj~` i`m jl m gj oc~ic~ lc q~jyjmikc gj con`y yju`y, ejo`y qwcg` q`~ zyc~ lc `~oc ocyizlkmc
jm yz w~cgkik`mcl cijqikm hjm~kic, jm jl jmwjmgkg` szj jy gj zwklkgcg qc~c ecij~ ~jj~jmikc wcmw` c e`on~jy
{ ozfj~jy ykm jrkwc~ lc q`wjmikcl conkhjgcg szj yj gj~krc~c gj lc `qikm gj zyc~ izcljyszkj~c gj lcy `~ocy
gj o`g` hjm~ki`-
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mgkij gj i`mwjmkg`y
Q^JYJMWCIKM 8
JL YJHZMG@ JYWZGK@ ^JHK@MCL I@OQC^CWKR@ [ JUQLKICWKR@ 5
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^jyzojm Jfjizwkr` :
Lc ZMJYI@, jyw llcocgc, gjygj yz icoq` jyqjii` gj ciikm, c hjmj~c~ lcy i`mgkik`mjy
qc~c szj w`gcy lcy i`ozmkgcgjy { qj~y`mcy h`ijm gj zmc czwmwkic qcv { gj l`y njmjik`y gjl
gjyc~~`ll`- Jm jywc ~jhkm, lc q`n~jvc { lcy gjykhzclgcgjy y`m l`y q~kmikqcljy ciw`~jy szj q`mjmjm ~kjyh` lc yjhz~kgcg { lc gkhmkgcg gj lcy qj~y`mcy- Lc i`ozmkgcg kmwj~mcik`mcl mjijykwc zmc
rkykm ezocmkvcgc gjl gjyc~~`ll` szj yj ncyj jm jl ~jyqjw` c l`y gj~jie`y ezocm`y, jm jl gkl`/h` kmwj~izlwz~cl, { jm lc q~`o`ikm gj lc fzywkikc- Jm jl onkw` gj lc jgzicikm lc ZMJYI@ yj ecq~`qzjyw` i`o` `nfjwkr`y ijmw~cljy lc q~`o`ikm gj lc jgzicikm i`o` gj~jie` zmgcojmwcl, jlojf`~cokjmw` gj lc iclkgcg { jl `ojmw` gj lc kmm`rcikm { lc hjmj~cikm gj i`m`ikokjmw`y qc~c
ojf`~c~ lcy q`lwkicy jgzicwkrcy-
Jm l`y lwko`y c`y, l`y qcyjy gj Co~kic Lcwkmc { jl Ic~knj ecm ~jclkvcg` koq`~wcmwjy crcm/
ijy jm jgzicikm6 yj ec coqlkcg` lc gz~cikm gj lc jgzicikm nlkhcw`~kc4 ec czojmwcg` lc i`nj~/
wz~c gjl ykywjoc4 yj ecm gkyjcg` mzjr`y iz~~izl`y4 yj ec ojf`~cg` lc g`wcikm gj ocwj~kcljy { lckm~cjyw~ziwz~c jyi`lc~, { yj ec kmrj~wkg` jm lc `~ocikm gj l`y g`ijmwjy- Ykm jonc~h`, qj~ykywjmq~`nljocy jm lc iclkgcg gj lc jgzicikm { jm yz fzywc gkyw~knzikm jm jl i`mfzmw` gj lc y`ikjgcg-
Gjygj zm jm`szj gj lc jgzicikm i`o` gj~jie` ezocm`, lc @ikmc ^jhk`mcl gj lc ZMJYI@qc~c Co~kic Lcwkmc { jl Ic~knj, qlcmwjc zm i`mijqw` gj iclkgcg szj kmilz{j ikmi` gkojmyk`mjygj ocmj~c kmwjh~cgc6 lc ~jljrcmikc, q~`o`rkjmg` cq~jmgkvcfjy szj i`mykgj~jm lcy mjijykgcgjy gjl
gjyc~~`ll` gj lcy qj~y`mcy { gj lcy y`ikjgcgjy4 lc qj~wkmjmikc, ecikjmg` szj jl cq~jmgkvcfj yjcykhmkicwkr` qc~c qj~y`mcy gj gkywkmw`y i`mwjuw`y y`ikcljy { izlwz~cy4 lc jszkgcg, q~`q`~ik`mcmgc icgc szkjm l`y ~jiz~y`y { c{zgcy szj mjijykwc qc~c jywc~ jm khzclgcg gj i`mgkik`mjy gj ciijgj~ c
lc jgzicikm, i`mwkmzc~ yzy jywzgk`y { gjyc~~`llc~ cl ouko` yzy icqcikgcgjy4 lc jbicikc, clicmvc/g` lcy ojwcy ~jlcik`mcgcy i`m lc ~jljrcmikc, lc qj~wkmjmikc { lc jszkgcg4 { lc jbikjmikc, cykhmcmg`{ zwklkvcmg` l`y ~jiz~y`y gj `~oc cgjizcgc qc~c l`h~c~ l`y `nfjwkr`y q~`qzjyw`y-
Zmc gj lcy q~kmikqcljy ciwkrkgcgjy gj lc @ikmc ^jhk`mcl jy lc hjmj~cikm { gkzykm gj i`/m`ikokjmw`y szj yk~rcm qc~c lc w`oc gj gjikyk`mjy gj q`lwkicy { q~iwkicy jgzicwkrcy ~kjmwcgcyc `~wcljij~ lc iclkgcg gj lc jgzicikm jm l`y qcyjy- Jm jywj oc~i`, jl Lcn`~cw`~k` Lcwkm`coj/
~kicm` gj Jrclzcikm gj lc Iclkgcg gj lc Jgzicikm %LLJIJ+, zmgcg` jm Ikzgcg gj Ouki` jm3;;7, { i``~gkmcg` q`~ lc @^JCLIZMJYI@ Ycmwkch`, i`mywkwz{j zmc ~jg ~jhk`mcl gj ykywjocy gjjrclzcikm jgzicwkrc szj n~kmgc cq`{` wimki` c l`y qcyjy- Jmw~j 3;;: { 3;;8 jl LLJIJ ~jclkv
jl Q~koj~ Jywzgk` ^jhk`mcl I`oqc~cwkr` { Juqlkicwkr` iz{`y ~jyzlwcg`y yj gkj~`m c i`m`ij~ jm
gkikjon~j gj 3;;5- Q`ywj~k`~ojmwj, i`m lc qc~wkikqcikm gj ykjwj qcyjy yj ~jclkv zmc kmrjy/wkhcikm izclkwcwkrc gj jyizjlcy i`m ~jyzlwcg`y gjywcicnljy jm jywj Q~koj~ Jywzgk`- Jmw~j l`yc`y >11> { >115, jl LLJIJ ec ~jclkvcg` jl Yjhzmg` Jywzgk` ^jhk`mcl I`oqc~cwkr` { Juqlkicwkr`
%YJ^IJ+, iz{`y q~kmikqcljy ~jyzlwcg`y yj q~jyjmwcm jm jywj km`~oj- Jyqj~co`y szj yz ljiwz~cyjc wkl qc~c lc w`oc gj gjikyk`mjy gj q`lwkicy { q~iwkicy jgzicwkrcy szj qj~okwcm crcmvc~ gj`~oc oy gjikgkgc ecikc zmc jgzicikm gj iclkgcg ykm juilzyk`mjy jm mzjyw~c ~jhkm-
^`yc Nlcmi`
Gk~jiw`~c, c-k-@ikmc ^jhk`mcl gj ZMJYI@ qc~c
Co~kic Lcwkmc { jl Ic~knjZMJYI@ Ycmwkch`
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^jyzojm Jfjizwkr` 8
Q~jyjmwcikm
Ojf`~c~ lc iclkgcg gj lc jgzicikm ykhzj ykjmg` jl h~cm gjyc` gj l`y ykywjocy jgzicwk/
r`y gj Co~kic Lcwkmc { jl Ic~knj- L`y h`nkj~m`y w~cncfcm jm koqljojmwc~ q`lwkicy szj
qj~okwcm `~jij~ zmc jgzicikm gj iclkgcg, gkyq`mknlj qc~c w`g`y { gkyw~knzkgc gj ocmj~c
jszkwcwkrc- Nzyicm cy ~`oqj~ l`y gjwj~okmkyo`y y`ikcljy szj ocmwkjmjm jm gjyrjmwcfc c
l`y yjiw`~jy oy q`n~jy { h~zq`y okm`~kwc~k y jm jllcy-
Lc jrclzcikm gj lc iclkgcg jgzicwkrc gj l`y ykywjocy jgzicwkr`y mcik`mcljy, ec qj~ok/
wkg` c lcy czw`~kgcgjy wimkicy { q`lwkicy ~jrkyc~ { cmclkvc~ sz { io` yj jyw jmyjcmg`
{ q`~ ikj~w`, sz jywm cq~jmgkjmg` l`y mk`y { mkcy szj iz~ycm Jgzicikm Q~koc~kc jm lcyjyizjlcy gj Co~kic Lcwkmc { jl Ic~knj-
Jm jywj oc~i`, c mcljy gj >11>, l`y qcyjy szj i`m`~ocm jl Lcn`~cw`~k` Lcwkm`/
coj~kicm` gj Jrclzcikm gj lc Iclkgcg Jgzicwkrc %LLJIJ+ gj lc @^JCLIZMJYI@ Ycmwkch`,
gjikgkj~`m gjyc~~`llc~ jl Yjhzmg` Jywzgk` ^jhk`mcl I`oqc~cwkr` { Juqlkicwkr` %YJ^IJ+,
szj icqkwclkvc~c l` ejie` { cq~jmgkg` i`m jl q~koj~` %QJ^IJ, 3;;5+, qj~` szj gkj~c qcy`y
~jljrcmwjy jm izcmw` c coqlkc~ jl cmlkyky c oy qcyjy, h~cg`y { ~jcy jrclzcgcy-
Gkyq`mj~ gj ~jyzlwcg`y rlkg`y, q~jiky`y { i`mcnljy y`n~j l` szj l`y jywzgkcmwjy gj
Q~koc~kc jywm cq~jmgkjmg`, cy i`o` gj km`~ocikm ~jljrcmwj y`n~j l`y q~kmikqcljy ci/
w`~jy cy`ikcg`y c jyw`y, yj i`mywkwz{j jm jl q~`qykw` ijmw~cl gjl YJ^IJ, iz{` ukw` gjnj~
~jbjfc~yj jm lc gkyizykm { zy` gj gkie`y ~jyzlwcg`y jm lcy ciik`mjy { q`lwkicy y`ikcljy
{ jgzicwkrcy szj nzyszjm ojf`~c~ { `~wcljij~ lc iclkgcg gj lc jgzicikm qnlkic jm l`y
qcyjy qc~wkikqcmwjy-
Jl q~jyjmwj wjuw` jy jl ~jyzojm gjl q~`ijy`, cqlkicikm, ~jyzlwcg`y { ecllcvh`y gjl
YJ^IJ- ^ji`~~j cy yzy q~`qykw`y, qj~yqjiwkrc i`mijqwzcl zwklkvcgc qc~c lc jrclzcikm
gjl ~jmgkokjmw`, l`y ~jyzlwcg`y gjl gjyjoqj` jm Ocwjowkic, Ljiwz~c { Ikjmikcy gj l`y
jywzgkcmwjy szj iz~ycncm 9j~ { 2 h~cg`y gj Jgzicikm Q~koc~kc jm >11: >1123, { l`y
q~kmikqcljy ciw`~jy szj cqc~jijm cy`ikcg`y c gkie`y ~jyzlwcg`y, cy i`o` koqlkicmikcy {~ji`ojmgcik`mjy qc~c lcy q`lwkicy y`ikcljy { jgzicwkrcy-
Jl YJ^IJ jy q~`gziw` gjl jyzj~v` { i`oq~`oky` gj olwkqljy jszkq`y, `~hcmkvcik mjy
{ czw`~kgcgjy ~jhk`mcljy { mcik`mcljy- Jyqjikcljy ch~cgjikokjmw`y c szkjmjy ecm jywcg` jm
lc gk~jiikm gj lc @^JCLIZMJYI@ gz~cmwj lcy gkywkmwcy jwcqcy gjl YJ^IJ6 Cmc Lzkvc
Ociecg` { `yc Nlcmi`, ciwzcl gk~jiw`~c c-k-4 cl Ncmi` Ozmgkcl, jl Ncmi` Kmwj~coj~kicm` gj
Gjyc~~`ll` { lc Bzmgcikm B`~g, q~kmikqcljy g`mcmwjy, q`~ lc i`mcmvc { cq`{` n~kmgcg` jm
icgc zmc gj lcy cyjy gjl jywzgk`, c l`y i``~gkmcg`~jy gjl LLJIJ jm l`y gkywkmw`y qcyjy, cy
i`o` c l`y gjljhcg`y mcik`mcljy { c yzy jszkq`y- Mzjyw~`y oy ykmij~`y ch~cgjikokjmw`y cl`y gk~jiw`~jy, g`ijmwjy, qcg~jy { ocg~jy, mk`y { mkcy gj lcy jyizjlcy qc~wkikqcmwjy jm jl
jywzgk`- Ykm yz i`lcn`~cikm { i`oq~`oky` jywc kmrjywkhcikm m` eznkj~c ykg` q`yknlj-
3 Yjhm jl icljmgc~k` jyi`lc~ gj l`y qcyjy gjl jywzgk`-
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L`y Cq~jmgkvcfjy gj l`y Jywzgkcmwjy gj Co~kic Lcwkmc { jl Ic~knj5
Jl Yjhzmg` Jywzgk` ^jhk`mcl I`oqc~cwkr` { Juqlkicwkr` %YJ^IJ+ jy lc jrclzcikm gjl
gjyjoqj` gj l`y jywzgkcmwjy oy koq`~wcmwj { conkik`yc gj lcy gjyc~~`llcgcy jm Co/
~kic Lcwkmc { jl Ic~knj- Jy `~hcmkvcg` { i``~gkmcg` q`~ jl Lcn`~cw`~k` Lcwkm`coj~kicm`
gj Jrclzcikm gj lc Iclkgcg gj lc Jgzicikm %LLJIJ+ { yj jmoc~ic gjmw~` gj lcy ciik`mjy
hl`ncljy gj lc @ikmc ^jhk`mcl gj Jgzicikm gj lc ZMJYI@ qc~c Co~kic Lcwkmc { jl Ic~knj
%@^JCLIZMJYI@ Ycmwkch`+ wjmgkjmwjy c cyjhz~c~ jl gj~jie` gj w`g`y l`y jywzgkcmwjy
lcwkm`coj~kicm`y { ic~knj`y c ~jiknk~ zmc jgzicikm gj iclkgcg-Yz `nfjwkr` jy lc hjmj~cikm gj i`m`ikokjmw` cij~ic gj l`y cq~jmgkvcfjy gj Ocwjowk/
ic, Ljmhzcfj %Ljiwz~c { Jyi~kwz~c+ { Ikjmikcy gj lc Mcwz~cljvc szj l`y jywzgkcmwjy gj 9j~ { 2
h~cg`y gj Jgzicikm Q~koc~kc ecm q`gkg` l`h~c~ c yz qcy` q`~ lcy kmywkwzik`mjy jgzicwkrcy
gj Co~kic Lcwkmc { jl Ic~knj-
Jl Yjhm Jyw ^jhmclIoqc~cwr { Juqlicwr
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^jyzojm Jfjizwkr` ;
Cgjoy gj kgjmwkic~ sz ycnjm l`y mk`y { lcy mkcy, yj ecij zm cmlkyky gj l`y
~jyzlwcg`y { yj juqlkicm c qc~wk~ gj l`y ciw`~jy gj l`y jywzgkcmwjy, gj lcy czlcy { gj lcy
jyizjlcy4 i`l`icmg` zm mcyky jyqjikcl jm cszjll`y ciw`~jy yzyijqwknljy gj yj~ o`gkic/g`y i`m q~`h~cocy { q`lwkicy-
Jl YJ^IJ yj i`mywkwz{j, jmw`mijy, jm zm jyzj~v` i`ljiwkr` gj l`y qcyjy qc~wkikqcmwjy,
gjnkgcojmwj i``~gkmcg`y q`~ jl jszkq` ijmw~cl gjl LLJIJ { cq`{cg`y q`~ zm I`okw Wimk/
i` I`myzlwkr` { qcmjljy gj juqj~w`y jm icgc wjoc- Yzy q~kmikqcljy cyjy yj ecm gjyc~~`llc/
g` gjygj jn~j~` gj >117 { yj juwjmgj~m ecywc jl yjhzmg` yjojyw~j gj >115-
H^kI` 3 JMWKGCGJY QC^WKIKQCMWJY JM JL YJ^IJ
Jm jl YJ^IJ qc~wkikqc~`m 32 qcyjy oy jl jywcg` ojukicm` gj Mzjr` Ljm- Jm w`g`y
jll`y yj jrclzc~`m l`y cq~jmgkvcfjy gj l`y jywzgkcmwjy gj 9 j~ { 2 h~cg`y gj Q~koc~kc jm
Ljmhzcfj { Ocwjowkic, okjmw~cy szj lc jrclzcikm gj Ikjmikcy gj lc Mcwz~cljvc yj lljr c
icn` jm jywzgkcmwjy gj 2 h~cg` gj mzjrj qcyjy, oy jl jywcg` gj Mzjr` Ljm- Jm w`wcl
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L`y Cq~jmgkvcfjy gj l`y Jywzgkcmwjy gj Co~kic Lcwkmc { jl Ic~knj31
zj~`m jywzgkcgcy 9-12: jyizjlcy, szj jmhl`ncm 7-2>8 czlcy gj 9j~ h~cg` { 7->>8 czlcy gj
2 h~cg`- Jm jywcy jyizjlcy { czlcy yj jrclzc~`m 311-8:> jywzgkcmwjy gj 9j~ h~cg` { ;:->55
gj 2 h~cg` gj Q~koc~kc>- Lc ozjyw~c ~jq~jyjmwc c ij~ic gj `mij okll`mjy gj jywzgkcmwjy gj9j~ h~cg` gj Q~koc~kc { gkjv okll`mjy gj jywzgkcmwjy gj 2 h~cg` gj Q~koc~kc gj lc ~jhkm-
Qc~c lc jrclzcikm gj l`y gjyjoqj`y, cy i`o` qc~c jl jywzgk` gj ciw`~jy cy`ikcg`y,
jl YJ^IJ zwklkvc zm i`mfzmw` gj kmyw~zojmw`y gkyjcg`y jyqjiicojmwj qc~c wcljy mjy-
Icgc zm` gj l`y jywzgkcmwjy jrclzcg`y ~jyq`mgk lcy q~zjncy gj Ocwjowkic, Ljiwz~c {
Ikjmikcy joqljcmg` gcy gkj~jmwjy { zm wkjoq` szj gjqjmgk gj lc q~zjnc ~jmgkgc-
Lc km`~ocikm gj i`mwjuw`, y`ik`gjo`h~ic, coklkc~ { qj~y`mcl, cgjoy gj q~`ijy`y
{ gkmokic jyi`lc~, yj ~ji`hk c w~cry gj izjywk`mc~k`y cqlkicg`y c l`y q~`qk`y jywzgkcm/
wjy, g`ijmwjy, gk~jiw`~jy { qcg~jy gj coklkc gj lcy jyizjlcy gj lc ozjyw~c- L`y `nfjwkr`ygj icgc zm` gj jyw`y kmyw~zojmw`y yj ~jyzojm jm jl izcg~` ykhzkjmwj-
IzCg^` 3 YMWJYKY GJ L@Y KMYW^ZOJMW@Y GJ ^JI@LJIIKM GJ KMB@^OCIKM GJL YJ^IJ
Ciw~ kmyw~ojmw `nfjwr
Jywzgkcmwj Izjywk`mc~k` gjl jywzgkcmwj
Kmgchc~ y`n~j jl jmw`~m` coklkc~ { y`ik`izlwz~cl, cgjoygj lc gkmokic j kmwj~ciikm jm jl czlc { lc ycwkyciikmi`m lc jyizjlc, i`oqcj~`y { g`ijmwjy, jmw~j `w~`y wjocy-
G`ijmwjy Izjywk`mc~k` gjl g`ijmwj
Kmgchc~ y`n~j cyqjiw`y y`ik`gjo`h~i`y, `~ocikmq~`jyk`mcl, i`mgkik`mjy lcn`~cljy, juqj~kjmikc g`ijmwj {ycwkyciikm i`m lc jyizjlc, jmw~j w~`y-
Izjywk`mc~k y y`n~jlc jmyjcmvc
Q~`zmgkvc~ y`n~j lcy q~iwkicy qjgchhkicy jm jl h~cg`{ ~jc i`~~jyq`mgkjmwj, wcljy i`o` hjywkm gjl wkjoq`,gkyq`mknklkgcg gj ~jiz~y`y jgzicwkr`y, juqjiwcwkrcy i`myzy jywzgkcmwjy, wkq` gj ciwkrkgcgjy, koqljojmwcikmiz~~kizlc~, jyw~cwjhkcy gj jrclzcikm, jmw~j `w~`y-
Gk~jiw`~jy Izjywk`mc~k` gj
gk~jiw`~jy
^ji`hj~ km`~ocikm ~jj~kgc c yzy ic~ciwj~ywkicy
qj~y`mcljy, `~ocikm { juqj~kjmikc q~`jyk`mcl, o`gjl`gj hjywkm zwklkvcg` jm lc gk~jiikm, juqjiwcwkrcy, ycwky/ciikm i`m lc jyizjlc { yzy okjon~`y, cgjoy gj `w~`ycyqjiw`y gj lc rkgc jyi`lc~-
Bkiec gjjoqcg~`mcokjmw`
^ji`qklc~ km`~ocikm y`n~j l`iclkvcikm, jszkqcokjmw` jkm~cjyw~ziwz~c gj lc jyizjlc-
Qcg~jy gjBcoklkc
Izjywk`mc~k` gjcoklkc
Kmgchc~ y`n~j lcy ic~ciwj~ywkicy y`ik`gjo`h~icy gjlc coklkc, cgjoy gj lc gkyq`mknklkgcg gj yj~rkik`y {~jiz~y`y ocwj~kcljy jm jl e`hc~, qc~wkikqcikm { cq`{` jmjl q~`ijy` gj jgzicikm gj l`y ekf`y { ycwkyciikm i`m lc
jyizjlc, jmw~j w~`y cyqjiw`y-
> L`y gcw`y gj lc ozjyw~c gj jywzgkcmwjy i`~~jyq`mgj cl w`wcl gj jywzgkcmwjy szj cl ojm`y ~kmgkj~`m zmc gj lcyq~zjncy gjl YJ^IJ, { jywj w`wcl jy gkj~jmwj cl w`wcl gj jywzgkcmwjy jrclzcg`y jm icgc ~jc-
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^jyzojm Jfjizwkr` 33
Jl jywzgk` q~jyjmwc l`y ~jyzlwcg`y gjl gjyjoqj` gj l`y jywzgkcmwjy gj g`y `~ocy
gkj~jmwjy-
Q`~ zm lcg`, ozjyw~c lcy qzmwzcik`mjy ojgkcy gj l`y jywzgkcmwjy { yz rc~kcnklkgcgq`~ qcy, yjhm ~jcy { h~cg`y- Cgjoy gj o`yw~c~, qc~c icgc qcy, lcy ~jlcik`mjy
jmw~j jl q~`ojgk` gj qzmwcfjy i`m jl kmh~jy` mcik`mcl qj~ iqkwc { i`m jl mgkij gj
gjykhzclgcg gj Hkmk-
Jm yjhzmg` w~okm` yj q~jyjmwcm l`y ~jyzlwcg`y c qc~wk~ gj lc gkyw~knzikm gj jy/
wzgkcmwjy jm l`y mkrjljy gj gjyjoqj` jm icgc qcy- Jywc km`~ocikm `~jij kgjcy
ilc~cy y`n~j jl q`~ijmwcfj gj jywzgkcmwjy i`m qj~ljy gj ~jmgkokjmw` ykoklc~ jm
icgc qcy-
Jl Q~koj~ ^jq`~wj gj ^jyzlwcg`y gjl YJ^IJ kmilz{j zm crcmij gjl jywzgk` gj ciw`~jycy`ikcg`y cl ~jmgkokjmw`, szj c~~`fc lcy q~koj~cy lzijy y`n~j lcy rc~kcnljy szj kmbz{jm jm
jl cq~jmgkvcfj gj l`y jywzgkcmwjy-
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L`y Cq~jmgkvcfjy gj l`y Jywzgkcmwjy gj Co~kic Lcwkmc { jl Ic~knj3>
L`y jm`szjy gj lc Jrclzcikm gj Cq~jmgkvcfjy
Qc~c lc jrclzcikm gj l`y gjyjoqj`y gj l`y jywzgkcmwjy, jl YJ^IJ zwklkv q~zjncy ~jj~k/
gcy c jljojmw`y i`ozmjy gj l`y iz~~izl`y gjmw~` gj lc ~jhkm, jyw~ziwz~cgcy c qc~wk~ gjl
jm`szj gj ecnklkgcgjy qc~c lc rkgc q~`o`rkg` q`~ lc ZMJYI@-
Jywcnljij~ { ci`~gc~ jl oc~i` iz~~kizlc~ i`om gj l`y qcyjy gj Co~kic Lcwkmc { jlIc~knj yzqzy` lc ~jrkykm, ykywjocwkvcikm { cmlkyky ~jyqjiw` gj sz jy l` szj q~jyi~knjm
l`y iz~~izl`y jm lcy gkywkmwcy ~jcy c jrclzc~ jm lc ~jhkm, c m gj lljhc~ c jywcnljij~
Ly lh~yj ly jywcmwjy
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^jyzojm Jfjizwkr` 39
g`okmk`y i`mijqwzcljy i`ozmjy c l`y jywzgkcmwjy gj Jgzicikm Q~koc~kc gj w`g`y l`y
qcyjy qc~wkikqcmwjy9-
Lc kgjmwkicikm gj l`y i`mwjmkg`y i`ozmjy, l`y jm`szjy c qc~wk~ gj l`y izcljy l`yqcyjy jrclcm jl gjyjoqj` gj l`y jywzgkcmwjy { lc `~oc jm szj yw`y yj `~hcmkvcm, zj/
~`m l`y i~kwj~k`y szj hzkc~`m jl cmlkyky iz~~kizlc~, szj yk~rk gj ncyj qc~c lc jlcn`~cikm
gj lcy q~zjncy-
Q`~ `w~` lcg`, jl jm`szj gj ecnklkgcgjy qc~c lc rkgc jywcnljij cszjllcy gjyw~jvcy,
q~kmikqk`y, rcl`~jy { ciwkwzgjy szj l`y clzom`y lcwkm`coj~kicm`y gjnj~cm cq~jmgj~ { gj/
yc~~`llc~, qc~c ciwzc~ { qc~wkikqc~ qljmc { ciwkrcojmwj jm lc y`ikjgcg, i`o` kmgkrkgz`y {
ikzgcgcm`y- Jyw` jy, ecij~ ~jmwj c ykwzcik`mjy, w`oc~ gjikyk`mjy zwklkvcmg` lc km`~ocikm
gkyq`mknlj, ~jy`lrj~ q~`nljocy, cy i`o` gjjmgj~ { c~hzojmwc~ yzy qzmw`y gj rkywc, jmw~j`w~`y-
Gkyjc~ lcy q~zjncy i`mykgj~cmg` jl oc~i` iz~~kizlc~ i`om { q`mkjmg` mcyky jm lcy
ecnklkgcgjy qc~c lc rkgc, gjycc lc jmyjcmvc c k~ oy cll gj lc nyszjgc gjl ukw` jm lc
jyizjlc { `~jij~ cy jyqcik`y { cq~jmgkvcfjy szj q~`ozjrcm { cyjhz~jm zmc ojf`~ iclkgcg
gj rkgc qj~y`mcl { y`ikcl c l`y jywzgkcmwjy-
Lcy q~zjncy gjl YJ^IJ jrclcm m` yl` l`y ycnj~jy cq~jmgkg`y q`~ l`y jywzgkcmwjy gj
9j~ { 2 h~cg`y gj Jgzicikm Q~koc~kc, ykm` wconkm jl zy` ` cqlkicikm szj l`y jywzgkcmwjy
ecijm ` qzjgjm ecij~ gj gkie`y ycnj~jy, qc~c i`oq~jmgj~ j kmwj~q~jwc~ jl ozmg` jm zmc
rc~kjgcg gj ykwzcik`mjy { i`mwjuw`y gj lc rkgc gj w`g`y l`y gcy-
Lcy q~jhzmwcy gj lcy q~zjncy yj `~hcmkvc~`m jm yjky izcgj~mkll`y gkj~jmwjy, l` szj
jm yz i`mfzmw` qj~okwk izn~k~ jl w`wcl gj l`y g`okmk`y gjl oc~i` gj ~jj~jmikc gj lcy
q~zjncy-
Lc kmilzykm gj q~jhzmwcy cnkj~wcy, qj~okwk cl jywzgkcmwj i`myw~zk~ yz ~jyqzjywc, { c
qc~wk~ gj jywc i`myw~ziikm, zj q`yknlj cmclkvc~ lcy jyw~cwjhkcy yjhzkgcy q`~ jl jywzgkcmwj
qc~c ~jyq`mgj~ c lc q~jhzmwc- Cy i`o` jl h~cg` jm szj jl jywzgkcmwj yj ec cq~`qkcg` gj
ciwkwzgjy, q~`ijgkokjmw`y { rcl`~jy, wcmw` i`o` jl gjyc~~`ll` gj o`g`y gj qjmycokjmw`-
Lcy q~jhzmwcy kmilzkgcy y`m oz{ gkrj~ycy jm izcmw` c lc ocmj~c gj q~jyjmwc~ lc km/`~ocikm6
Q`~ zm lcg`, yj izjmwc i`m q~jhzmwcy g`mgj yj jmw~jhc km`~ocikm jm wjuw`y jy/
i~kw`y, { q`~ `w~`, lcy q~jhzmwcy q~jyjmwcm km`~ocikm jm izcg~`y, ~jlcw`y, h~icy
` gknzf`y-
Cgjoy, yj q~jyjmwcm l`y i`mwjmkg`y jm ykwzcik`mjy i`wkgkcmcy q~ukocy c l`y jywz/
gkcmwjy, qc~c q`mj~ gj ocmkjyw` lc zmik`mclkgcg { zwklkgcg gj l`y cq~jmgkvcfjy-
Q`~ `w~` lcg`, qc~c jrclzc~ sz ycnjm l`y jywzgkcmwjy gj Co~kic Lcwkmc { jl Ic~knj yji`miknkj~`m g`y gkojmyk`mjy6 l`y g`okmk`y i`mijqwzcljy ` ycnj~jy jyqjii`y gj icgc ~jc {
9 Hzcwjoclc yj kmi`~q`~ cl jywzgk` gjyqzy gj i`milzkg` jl cmlkyky iz~~kizlc~, q`~ jyc ~cvm m` yj hc~cmwkvc szjec{c zmc i`mi`~gcmikc w`wcl jmw~j l`y i`mwjmkg`y iz~~kizlc~jy gj jywj qcy i`m cszjll`y yjljiik`mcg`y qc~c lcyq~zjncy-
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L`y Cq~jmgkvcfjy gj l`y Jywzgkcmwjy gj Co~kic Lcwkmc { jl Ic~knj37
l`y q~`ijy`y i`hmkwkr`y, jmwjmgkg`y i`o` lcy `qj~cik`mjy ojmwcljy szj jl jywzgkcmwj ~jclkvc
qc~c jywcnljij~ ~jlcik`mjy i`m { jmw~j l`y nfjw`y, lcy ykwzcik`mjy { l`y jmojm`y-
IzCg^` > G@OKMK@Y I@MIJQWZCLJY [ Q^@IJY@Y KOQLKICG@Y JM ICGC Q^ZJNC GJL
YJ^IJ
~jc gomy Imijqwcljy Q~ijyy
Ocwjowkic Mzo~ki` ji`m`ikokjmw` gj nfjw`y { jljojmw`y Y`lzikm gj q~`nljocy ykoqljy Y`lzikm gj q~`nljocy i`oqljf`y
Hj`ow~ki`
Gj lc OjgkikmW~cwcokjmw` gj lckm`~ocikm
Rc~kcik`mcl
Ljiwz~c Juwjmykm gjl wjuw` ljg` Q~`ijy`y hjmj~cljy Q~`ijy`y ~jlcwkr`y c wjuw`y jyqjii`y Q~`ijy`y ojwclkmhywki`yIlcyj { hmj~` gjl wjuw`
Ikjmikcy gj lcMcwz~cljvc
Yj~jy rkr`y { yclzg ji`m`ikokjmw` gj i`mijqw`y Kmwj~q~jwcikm { cqlkicikm gj i`mijqw`y Y`lzikm gj q~`nljocy
Wkj~~c { conkjmwj
Ocwj~kc { jmj~hc
Clhzm`y jfjoql`y gj l`y wjoy zwklkvcg`y y`m l`y szj ykhzjm6
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^jyzojm Jfjizwkr` 3:
Mrjl k- Ocwjowic 9j~h~c
Jfjoql 3- Lkn~`y rjmgkg`y q`~ ojy
iec jfjoql 3H~cg` 9j~ h~cg` gj Q~koc~kc
Mkrjl gj Gjyjoqj` K
G`okmk` i`mijqwzcl W~cwcokjmw` gj lc km`~ocikm
Q~`ijy` ^ji`m`ikokjmw` gj nfjw`y { jljojmw`y
Ciikm wc~jc Kmwj~q~jwc~ km`~ocikm gk~jiwc q~jyjmwcgc jmzm h~i` gj nc~~cy
^jyqzjywc i`~~jiwc C6 Jmj~`
Gkizlwcg 73>,1>Q`~ijmwcfj gj ~jyqzjywcy i`~~jiwcy 8:,27*
Q`~ijmwcfj gj ~jyqzjywcy gj l`y gkyw~ciw ~jy N6 ;,13*I6 2,32*G6 2,1>*
Q`~ijmwcfj gj ~jyqzjywcy kmrlkgcy 9,38*
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L`y Cq~jmgkvcfjy gj l`y Jywzgkcmwjy gj Co~kic Lcwkmc { jl Ic~knj32
Mrjl kR- Ocwjowic 9j~h~c
Jfjoql >- Yjizjmikc mzo~kic
iec jfjoql 7H~cg` 9j~ h~cg` gj Q~koc~kc
Mkrjl gj Gjyjoqj` KR
G`okmk` i`mijqwzcl Rc~kcik`mcl
Q~`ijy` Y`lzikm gj q~`nljocy i`oqljf`y
Ciikm wc~jc c ~jclkvc~ Kgjmwkic~ lc ~jhlc gj `~ocikm gj zmc yj/izjmikc mzo~kic cgkwkrc q`~ yz jmzmikcg`
^jyqzjywc i`~~jiwc I6 Yj ch~jhc~`m 911 zmkgcgjy icgc rjv
Gkizlwcg 2>;,12
Q`~ijmwcfj gj ~jyqzjywcy i`~~jiwcy 91,7:*
Q`~ijmwcfj gj ~jyqzjywcy gj l`y gkyw~ciw ~jy C6 >7,;:*N6 >3,3;*G6 3:,;5*
Q`~ijmwcfj gj ~jyqzjywcy kmrlkgcy 8,79*
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^jyzojm Jfjizwkr` 38
Mrjl kk- Ljiw~c 2 h~c
Jfjoql 9- Icncll` yjizmgc~k`
iec jl jfjoql 9H~cg` 2 h~cg` gj Q~koc~kc
Mkrjl gj gjyjoqj` KK
G`okmk`y Juwjmykm6 Wjuw` i`oqljw`
Ilcyj gj wjuw` { hmj~`6 Mc~~cikm4 izjmw` wkq`kmw~`gziikm/mzg`/gjyjmlcij
Q~`ijy`y Hjmj~cl6 Kgjmwkic~ km`~ocikm yjizmgc~kcJyqjii`6 Gkj~jmikc~ r`ijy jm lc mc~~cikmOjwclkmhywki`6 Mkmhzm`
Ciikm wc~jc ^ji`m`ij~ jl cw~knzw` gj zm qj~y`mcfj yjhm l` gkie` q`~`w~`
^jyqzjywc i`~~jiwc N6 kmwjlkhjmwj
Gkizlwcg 792,2;
Q`~ijmwcfj gj ~jyqzjywcy i`~~jiwcy 87,;:*
Q`~ijmwcfj gj ~jyqzjywcy gj l`y
gkyw~ciw`~jy
C6 :,7:*
I6 2,1;*G6 33,>5*
Q`~ijmwcfj gj ~jyqzjywcy kmrlkgcy >,>9*
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L`y Cq~jmgkvcfjy gj l`y Jywzgkcmwjy gj Co~kic Lcwkmc { jl Ic~knj35
Mrjl kR- Ljiw~c 2 h~c
Jfjoql 7- Wwzl` { qc~wjy gj lc mc~~cikm
iec jl jfjoql 7H~cg` 2 h~cg` gj Q~koc~kc
Mkrjl gj gjyjoqj` KR
G`okmk`y Juwjmykm6 Wjuw` ~jlcwkrcojmwj juwjmy`
Ilcyj gj wjuw` { hmj~`6 Juqlkicikm { mc~~cikm6 lj{jmgcQ~`ijy`y Hjmj~cl6 Cy`ikc~ zmc ymwjyky i`m l` ykmwjwkvcg`
Jyqjii`6 Kgjmwkic~ sz qc~wj gjl wjuw` mc~~cwkr` jyykmwjwkvcgc q`~ jl wwzl`Ojwclkmhywki`6 I`m`ij~ jl ykhmkicg` gj wwzl` { gj l`ym`on~jy gj lcy qc~wjy gj lc mc~~cikm
Ciikm wc~jc Kgjmwkic~ sz qc~wj gjl wjuw` jy ykmwjwkvcgc q`~ jl wwzl`,gkyi~kokmmg lc gj lcy `w~cy qc~wjy, m`on~cgcy w`gcy i`mzy` gj ojwcljmhzcfj
^jyqzjywc i`~~jiwc N6 Jl i`mbkiw`
Gkizlwcg :;;,2>9
Q`~ijmwcfj gj ~jyqzjywcy i`~~jiwcy 9:,88*Q`~ijmwcfj gj ~jyqzjywcy gj l`ygkyw~ciw`~jy
C6 >>,;;*
I6 35,28*
G6 35,;:*
Q`~ijmwcfj gj ~jyqzjywcy kmrlkgcy 9,2>*
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^jyzojm Jfjizwkr` 3;
Mrjl kk- Ijmicy 2 h~c
Jfjoql :- Gjyc{zm` jszklkn~cg`
iec jfjoql >H~cg` 2 h~cg` gj Q~koc~kc
Mkrjl gj gjyjoqj` KK
G`okmk` i`mijqwzcl Yj~jy rkr`y { yclzg
Q~`ijy` ^ji`m`ikokjmw` { cqlkicikm gj i`mijqw`y
Ciikm wc~jc c ~jclkvc~ Jl clzom` gjnj yj~ icqcv gj ~ji`m`ij~ i`mijqw`y kmr`lzi~c/g`y { cqlkic~ c zmc ykwzcikm coklkc~ { i`wkgkcmc
^jyqzjywc i`~~jiwc C6 B~zwc, ljiej { qcm
Gkizlwcg 7;:,21
Q`~ijmwcfj gj ~jyqzjywcy i ~~jiwcy :2,35*
Q`~ijmwcfj gj ~jyqzjywcy gj l`ygkyw~ciw`~jy
N6 93,>;*
I6 :,89*
G6 :,88*
Q`~ijmwcfj gj ~jyqzjywcy kmrlkgcy 3,19*
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L`y Cq~jmgkvcfjy gj l`y Jywzgkcmwjy gj Co~kic Lcwkmc { jl Ic~knj>1
Mrjl kR- Ijmicy 2 h~c
Jfjoql 2- Lc Lzmc
iec jfjoql 2H~cg` 2 h~cg` gj Q~koc~kc
Mkrjl gj gjyjoqj` KR
G`okmk` i`mijqwzcl Wkj~~c { conkjmwj
Q~`ijy` Y`lzikm gj Q~`nljocy
Ciikm wc~jc c ~jclkvc~ Ocmjfc~ i`mijqw`y ~jj~kg`y c lc zj~vc gj h~crjgcg { zwk/lkvc~l`y cgjizcgcojmwj qc~c ~jy`lrj~ lc ykwzcikm q~`nljocq~jyjmwcgc
^jyqzjywc i`~~jiwc G6 ec{ q`ic zj~vc gj h~crjgcg
Gkizlwcg 5>>,7:Q`~ijmwcfj gj ~jyqzjywcy i`~~jiwcy 35,98*
Q`~ijmwcfj gj ~jyqzjywcy gj l`ygkyw~ciw`~jy
C6 91,9;*
N6 39,;9*
I6 99,;8*
Q`~ijmwcfj gj ~jyqzjywcy kmrlkgcy 9,97*
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^jyzojm Jfjizwkr` >3
Q~jyjmwcim j ^jylwcy
L`y ~jyzlwcg`y yj q~jyjmwcm, q`~ icgc h~cg` { ~jc, gj lcy ykhzkjmwjy `~ocy6
Qzmwzcik`mjy q~`ojgk` { rc~kcnklkgcg qc~c icgc zm` gj l`y qcyjy, i`m zmc jyiclcc~nkw~c~kc gj ojgkc :11 { 311 gj gjyrkcikm jywmgc~- ywc m` wkjmj mkmhm ykhmk/
icg` jm w~okm`y gj cq~`nc~ ` m` cq~`nc~-
Mkrjljy gj gjyjoqj , szj ilcykicm c l`y jywzgkcmwjy gj cizj~g` c l` szj y`m
icqcijy gj ecij~-
I`oqc~cik`mjy gj jywzgkcmwjy jm i`mwjuw`y z~ncm` { ~z~cl, cgjoy gj cmlkyky q`~
hmj~`-
Lc ~jlcikm jmw~j l`y ~jyzlwcg`y gj cq~jmgkvcfj { jl q~`gziw` kmwj~m` n~zw` qj~
iqkwc gj icgc qcy { lc gkyw~knzikm gjl kmh~jy`, zycmg` jl mgkij gj Hkmk-
L`y Cq~jmgkvcfjy jm 9j~ h~cg` gj Q~koc~kc
Ocwjowic
Jm l`y ~jyzlwcg`y gj Ocwjowkic qc~c jywzgkcmwjy gj 9j~ h~cg` yj nyj~rcm koq`~wcmwjy
gkj~jmikcy jmw~j l`y qcyjy- Jm jjiw`, jukywj zmc gkj~jmikc oc{`~ c >:1 qzmw`y jmw~j
lcy mcik`mjy szj yj jmizjmw~cm jm jl juw~jo` yzqj~k`~ j kmj~k`~ gj ~jmgkokjmw`, l` szj
jszkrclj c oy gj >,: gjyrkcik`mjy jywmgc~- Ykm jonc~h`, cl i`oqc~c~ jmw~j jl yjhzmg` {
jl qjmlwko` qcy, lc gkj~jmikc jy cl~jgjg`~ gj zmc gjyrkcikm jywmgc~- Jyw` koqlkic szj
ec{ oc{`~ e`o`hjmjkgcg jmw~j l`y qcyjy szj m` jywm jm l`y juw~jo`y gj ~jmgkokjmw`-
Jl cmlkyky hl`ncl gj l`y ~jyzlwcg`y ecij q`yknlj ilcykic~ c l`y qcyjy jm ikmi` h~zq`y,
gj cizj~g` c yz gkj~jmikc i`m jl q~`ojgk` gj l`y qcyjy6
Qcyjy i`m zmc ojgkc gj qzmwzcik`mjy jm Ocwjowkic oz{ yzqj~k`~ cl q~`ojgk`
%i`m zmc gkywcmikc gj oy gj zmc gjyrkcikm jywmgc~+4 yj w~cwc, y`lcojmwj, gjl
icy` gj Iznc-
Qcyjy i`m qzmwzcik`mjy ojgkcy yzqj~k`~jy cl q~`ojgk` gj lc ~jhkm, qj~` ojm`~jyszj zmc gjyrkcikm jywmgc~6 Ieklj, I`ywc ^kic, Ouki` { Z~zhzc{, fzmw` i`m jl
jywcg` ojukicm` gj Mzjr` Ljm-
Qcyjy khzcljy cl q~`ojgk`, jy gjik~, ykm gkj~jmikcy jywcgywkicojmwj ykhmkicwkrcy
i`m l6 C~hjmwkmc, N~cykl { I`l`onkc `~ocm jywj h~zq`-
Qcyjy iz{c qzmwzcikm ojgkc jm Ocwjowkic, 9j~ h~cg`, jy kmj~k`~ cl q~`ojgk`
%i`m zmc gkywcmikc gj ojm`y gj zmc gjyrkcikm jywmgc~+6 Hzcwjoclc, Jizcg`~, Jl
Yclrcg`~, Mkic~chzc, Qcmco, Qc~chzc{, Qj~ { ^jqnlkic G`okmkicmc7&-
C mkrjl ~jhk`mcl, jm Ocwjowkic gj 9j~
h~cg` lcy gkj~jmikcy gj gjyjoqj` jmw~j l`yqj~ijmwkljy 31 { ;1, clicmvc l`y >73 qzmw`y, i`m ik~cy szj bziwcm jmw~j l`y 32: { l`y 973
qzmw`y jm Mkic~chzc { Iznc, ~jyqjiwkrcojmwj-
& Gkj~jmikcy ykhmkicwkrcy i`m :* gj j~~`~, gj cizj~g` i`m zmcq~zjncwgj i`oqc~cikm gj ojgkcy-
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L`y Cq~jmgkvcfjy gj l`y Jywzgkcmwjy gj Co~kic Lcwkmc { jl Ic~knj>>
H^kI` > Q^@OJGK@ [ RC^KCNKLKGCG GJ LCY QZMWZCIK@MJY JM OCWJOWKIC GJ L@Y
JYWZGKCMWJY GJ 9j~ H^CG@ GJ Q^KOC^KC JM ICGC QCY
LKKI6 Lokwj Kmj~k`~ gjl Kmwj~rcl` gj I`mcmvc i`m zm c? 1,1:-LYKI6 Lokwj Yzqj~k`~ gjl Kmwj~rcl` gj I`mcmvc i`m zm c? 1,1:-Lcy nc~~cy ~jq~jyjmwcm l`y ~jyzlwcg`y gjl 51* gj l`y jywzgkcmwjy gj icgc qcy szj yj jmizjmw~cmjmw~j jl qj~ijmwkl 31 { jl qj~ijmwkl ;1- Jy gjik~, jl juw~jo` gj~jie` gj icgc nc~~c ~jq~jyjmwc jlqzmwcfj gj l`y jywzgkcmwjy szj yj znkicm jm jl qj~ijmwkl ;1 { jl juw~jo` kvszkj~g`, jl gj l`y szjjywm jm jl 31- C oc{`~ gkywcmikc jmw~j jyw`y g`y qzmw`y, oc{`~ rc~kcnklkgcg jm l`y gjyjoqj`ygj l`y jywzgkcmwjy-Lc ojgkc yj kgjmwkic i`m lc lmjc nlcmic ijmw~cl- Jl kmwj~rcl` gj i`mcmvc, i`~~jyq`mgj c lclmjc oy `yiz~c szj ~`gjc lc ojgkc { juq~jyc l`y rcl`~jy q`yknljy gj jywc-
Fzmw` i`m Iznc, l`y qcyjy szj q~jyjmwcm oc{`~jy gkj~jmikcy jmw~j yzy qj~ijmwkljy 31
{ ;1 y`m Qc~chzc{ { N~cykl i`m >:5 { >7: qzmw`y gj gkj~jmikc, ~jyqjiwkrcojmwj-
Q`~ `w~` lcg`, qcyjy szj ozjyw~cm lcy ojm`~jy gkj~jmikcy jmw~j yzy qj~ijmwkljy 31 {
;1 y`m, Qcmco, Jl Yclrcg`~ { Hzcwjoclc szj ~`mgcm l`y 351 qzmw`y-
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^jyzojm Jfjizwkr` >9
IzCg^` 9 GJYI^KQIKM GJ L@Y MKRJLJY GJ GJYJOQJ@ GJ L@Y JYWZGKCMWJY GJ
9j~ H^CG@ GJ Q^KOC^KC JM OCWJOWKIC [ Q@^IJMWCFJ GJ JYWZGKCMWJY JM
ICGC ZM@ GJ JLL@Y
MrjlQmwy
j i~wj
* jJywcmwjy gjyi~qim
KR
2>3,25
33,>9* ji`m ijm lc ~jhlc gj `~ocikm gj zmc yjizjmikc mzo~kic jkgjmwkicm yz jmzmikcg`-
jyzjlrjm ykwzcik`mjy q~`nljowkicy jm jl icoq` ozlwkqlkicwkr`szj kmr`lzi~cm zmc kmihmkwc jm zm` gj l`y ciw`~jy ` szj ~jszkj/~jm cqlkic~ jszkrcljmikc jmw~j ojgkgcy zyzcljy gj l`mhkwzg-
L`y jywzgkcmwjy kgjmwkicm zm jljojmw` jm zm qlcm` nkgkojmyk`/
mcl { lcy q~`qkjgcgjy gj l`y lcg`y gj zm izcg~cg` ` ~jiwmhzl`qc~c ~jy`lrj~ zm q~`nljoc-
KKK
::5,:7
37,91* jyzjlrjm q~ nljocy jm jl icoq` ozlwkqlkicwkr` ` szj kmilz{jmzmc jizcikm cgkwkrc ` szj ~jszkj~jm g`y `qj~cik`mjy-
^jyzjlrjm q~`nljocy jm jl icoq` cgkwkr` i`m zmkgcgjy gj ojgkgc{ yzy jszkrcljmikcy szj kmilz{jm ~ciik`mjy zyzcljy-
^ji`m`ijm lc ~jhlc gj `~ocikm gj zmc yjizjmikc h~ic `mzo~kic cgkwkrc qc~c q`gj~ i`mwkmzc~lc-
L`y clzom`y kgjmwkicm jljojmw`y gj hz~cy hj`ow~kicy m`zyzcljy j kmwj~q~jwcm gkywkmw`y wkq`y gj h~i`y qc~c juw~cj~ km/`~ocikm { ~jy`lrj~ q~`nljocy szj koqlkicm qj~c~ i`m l`y gcw`y-
KK
75;,13
>5,>2* L y jywzgkcmwjy ~ji`m`ijm lc ~hcmkvcikm gjikocl { q`ykik`mcl gjlykywjoc gj mzoj~cikm { l`y jljojmw`y gj hz~cy hj`ow~kicy-
Kgjmwkicm zm ~ji`~~kg` jm zm qlcm` { lc zmkgcg gj ojgkgc ` jlkmyw~zojmw` oy cq~`qkcg` qc~c ojgk~ zm cw~knzw` gj zm `nfjw`i`m`ikg`-
Kmwj~q~jwcm wcnlcy { izcg~`y qc~c juw~cj~ km`~ocikm { i`oqc~c~gcw`y-
jyzjlrjm q~`nljocy jm jl icoq` cgkwkr` szj ~jszkj~jm zmcozlwkqlkicikm i`m yjmwkg` gj q~`q`~ik`mclkgcg jm jl icoq` gj l`ymoj~`y mcwz~cljy-
K
9;3,:1
92,19* L`y clzom y ~ji`m`ijm lc ~jlcikm gj `~gjm jmw~j moj~ y
mcwz~cljy { lcy hz~cy hj`ow~kicy zyzcljy gj g`y gkojmyk`mjy jmgknzf`y ykoqljy- L`iclkvcm q`ykik`mjy ~jlcwkrcy gj zm nfjw` jm zmc ~jq~jyjmwcikm
jyqcikcl- Kmwj~q~jwcm wcnlcy { h~i`y qc~c juw~cj~ km`~ocikm gk~jiwc-
Gjncf`gj K
31,3;* L`y jywzgkcmwjy jm jywj mkrjl m` y`m icqcijy gj l h~c~ lcy ecnklk/gcgjy jukhkgcy q`~ jl mkrjl K
Wcl i`o` yj `nyj~rc jm jl izcg~` 9 zm 31,>* gj jywzgkcmwjy m` l`h~c ~jclkvc~ lcy wc/
~jcy i`~~jyq`mgkjmwjy cl mkrjl oy ncf`- Jywj h~zq` gj mk`y { mkcy szj, jm jl i`mfzmw`
gj qcyjy cmclkvcg`y yzqj~c jl okllm gj jywzgkcmwjy, ~jszkj~j lc oy z~hjmwj { cgjizcgccwjmikm q`~ yzy ncf`y mkrjljy gj cq~jmgkvcfj- Jm jl izcg~` 7 yj gjyi~knj lc gkyw~knzikm gj
l`y jywzgkcmwjy q`~ mkrjl gj gjyjoqj` jm icgc qcy-
Iznc jy jl qcy i`m ojf`~jy gjyjoqj`y, {c szj jl :7,92* gj yzy jywzgkcmwjy clicmvcm
jl Mkrjl KR-
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L`y Cq~jmgkvcfjy gj l`y Jywzgkcmwjy gj Co~kic Lcwkmc { jl Ic~knj>7
Jm Ieklj, I`ywc ^kic, Ouki`, Z~zhzc{ { Mzjr` Ljm, oy gj zm wj~ik` gj yzy clzom`y
yj znkic jm l`y Mkrjljy KKK { KR-
Zmc izc~wc qc~wj gj l`y jywzgkcmwjy gj N~cykl { C~hjmwkmc yj znkicm jm l`y mkrjljy KKK{ KR- Jm jl ~jyw` gj l`y qcyjy ojm`y gj lc izc~wc qc~wj gj l`y jywzgkcmwjy clicmvcm l`y
mkrjljy KKK { KR-
Gjncf` gjl mkrjl K yj ykwc jl 73,>5* gj l`y jywzgkcmwjy gj ^jqnlkic G`okmkicmc, {
jmw~j 37* { 38* gj l`y jywzgkcmwjy jm Jizcg`~, Hzcwjoclc, Qcmco, Qc~chzc{ { Qj~-
IzCg^` 7 Q@^IJMWCFJ GJ JYWZGKCMWJY GJ 9j~ H^CG@ GJ Q^KOC^KC Q@^ MKRJL GJ
GJYJOQJ@ JM OCWJOWKIC JM ICGC QCY
Qcy gjncf j k k kk kkk kRC~hjmwkmc 31,72 9>,88 93,39 3:,38 31,78
N~cykl 31,9> 92,:: >2,87 37,9> 3>,18
Ieklj :,31 >8,;1 99,21 3;,98 37,1>
I`l`onkc 5,:8 95,21 99,3; 3>,;8 2,28
I`ywc kic >,2> >7,77 98,11 >>,91 39,2:
Iznc 3,1; 31,3; 32,;: 38,73 :7,92
Jizcg`~ 37,97 7:,75 >5,3> 8,;3 7,37
Jl Yclrcg`~ 31,93 7:,11 93,51 ;,>: 9,27Hzcwjoclc 38,97 :1,12 >:,18 :,72 >,15
Ouki` :,3: >5,5: 91,81 3;,83 3:,:;
Mkic~chzc 3>,31 78,;: 91,:1 8,7; 3,;8
Qcmco 3:,;5 7;,2; >:,3: 2,7> >,8:
Qc~chzc{ 3:,58 98,55 >:,:1 33,:2 ;,>1
Qj~ 3:,>7 7:,7> >:,;: 5,23 7,88
^- G`okmkicmc 73,>5 7;,>8 5,7; 1,57 1,39
Z~zhzc{ :,85 >:,;: 91,19 3;,>; 35,;:
Mzjr` Ljm >,97 35,7: 93,2; >7,73 >9,33
Wwcl CL { I 31,3; 92,19 >5,>2 37,91 33,>9
M`wc6 L`y jywzgkcmwjy gjncf` gj K y`m cszjll`y szj m` l`h~cm lljhc~ cl mkrjl K-
Lc znkicikm gj lc jyizjlc hjmj~c wconkm gkj~jmikcy jm jl gjyjoqj` gj l`y jywz/
gkcmwjy gj lc ~jhkm- Cy, wcl i`o` yj nyj~rc jm jl izcg~ :, l`y mk`y { mkcy szj cykywjm
c jyizjlcy ~z~cljy jm Co~kic Lcwkmc { jl Ic~knj `nwkjmjm gjyjoqj`y oy ncf`y szj l`y
szj i`miz~~jm c jyizjlcy joqlcvcgcy jm jl onkw` z~ncm`:7-
7 Lcy gjmkik mjy gj v`mc ~z~cl m y`m jyw~kiwcojmwj i`oqc~cnljy jmw~j qcyjy- Qc~c kgjmwkic~ lcy jyizjlcy i`o`~z~cljy yj zy lc gjmkikm rkhjmwj jm icgc qcy- Q`~ l` wcmw`, l`y gcw`y gjl w`wcl gj Co~kic Lcwkmc { jl Ic~knjy`m zmc cq~`ukocikm hjmj~cl szj gjnj w`oc~yj i`m lcy gjnkgcy ~jyj~rcy gcgcy lcy gkj~jmwjy gjmkik`mjy gj~z~clkgcg-
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^jyzojm Jfjizwkr` >:
L`y qcyjy i`m oc{`~jy gkyqc~kgcgjy z~ncm`/~z~cljy y`m Qj~, N~cykl { Ouki`- Iznc,
Mkic~chzc { Qc~chzc{ m` ozjyw~cm gkj~jmikcy jywcgywkicojmwj ykhmkicwkrcy jm jl q~`oj/
gk` szj `nwkjmjm l`y jywzgkcmwjy ~z~cljy { z~ncm`y-
IzCg^` : GKBJ^JMIKC GJ QZMWCFJY Q^@OJGK@ JMW^J JYIZJLCY Z^NCMCY [ ^Z^CLJY
[ YJHM HMJ^@- OCWJOWKIC 9j~ H^CG@
Qcy gj~jmic z~ncm ~cl gj~jmic Mc MC~hjmwkmc 71,1;& /3,7>
N~cykl 2>,38& 3,;3
Ieklj 99,>;& /39,98&I`l`onkc >2,>;& /5,>2&
I`ywc ^kic >;,>:& /31,51&
Iznc 8,8; 7,78
Jizcg`~ >1,81& 1,::
Jl Yclrcg`~ 9;,;>& /31,;1&
Hzcwjoclc 71,18& /2,;5&
Ouki` 79,13& 1,1;
Mkic~chzc /3,3: /3>,8>&
Qcmco >>,73& :,:9
Qc~chzc{ 38,;3 >,93Qj~ 2;,55& /;,>1&
^- G`okmkicmc 38,21& 3>,22&
Z~zhzc{ 93,8>& 1,>5
Mzjr` Ljm >5,25& /9,;>
Wwcl CL { I / /3,>:
& Ykhmkicwkrc c zm mkrjl gj i`mcmvc gj :*-
Jm w~okm`y gjhmj~`, c mkrjl ~jhk`mcl, m` yj `nyj~rcm gkj~jmikcy ykhmkicwkrcy jm lcojgkc gj lcy qzmwzcik`mjy jm Ocwjowkic gj l`y jywzgkcmwjy gj 9j~ h~cg` gj Q~koc~kc- Jywj
~jyzlwcg` hl`ncl, ykm jonc~h`, `izlwc koq`~wcmwjy gkj~jmikcy jmw~j qcyjy6
Jm C~hjmwkmc, N~cykl, Iznc, Jizcg`~, Ouki`, Qcmco, Qc~chzc{, Z~zhzc{ { jl jywc/
g` ojukicm` gj Mzjr` Ljm, lcy gkj~jmikcy q`~ hmj~` m` y`m ykhmkicwkrcy-
Ieklj, I`l`onkc, I`ywc kic, Jl Yclrcg`~, Hzcwjoclc, Mkic~chzc { Qj~ q~jyjmwcm gk/
j~jmikcy ykhmkicwkrcy { ywcy kmgkicm szj y`m l`y mk`y szkjmjy clicmvcm oc{`~jy
gjyjoqj`y szj lcy mkcy jm Ocwjowkic-
I`o` icy` juijqik`mcl, jm ^jqnlkic G`okmkicmc lcy mkcy `nwkjmjm oy clwcyqzmwzcik`mjy szj l`y mk`y-
L`y cmlkyky gj lc ~jlcikm gjl ~jmgkokjmw` i`m lcq~`gziikm gj icgc qcy { i`m lcy
gjykhzclgcgjy jm lc gkyw~knzikm gjl kmh~jy` qj~okwjm rj~ lcy gkj~jmikcy jmw~j qcyjy-
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L`y Cq~jmgkvcfjy gj l`y Jywzgkcmwjy gj Co~kic Lcwkmc { jl Ic~knj>2
Jukywj zmc i`~~jlcikm jmw~j jl q~`ojgk` gj lcy qzmwzcik`mjy jm Ocwjowkic gj l`y
clzom`y gj 9j~ h~cg` gj zm qcy { yz QKN qj~ iqkwc- Jm i`mi~jw`, >5,98* gj lc rc~kcmvc
gjl ~jmgkokjmw` q~`ojgk` gj l`y qcyjy jy juqlkicg` q`~ jywj kmgkicg`~ ji`moki`-Lc ~jlcikm jmw~j l`y ~jyzlwcg`y { jl mgkij gj Hkmk i`o` kmgkicg`~ gj gkyw~knzikm gjl
kmh~jy` jy khzclojmwj ykhmkicwkrc, czmszj kmrj~yc, jy gjik~ szj c oc{`~ gjykhzclgcg
gj l`y qcyjy yj jmizjmw~c ~jyzlwcg`y oy ncf`y jm lc q~zjnc gj Ocwjowkic gj 9j~ h~cg`
gj Q~koc~kc- Jl i`jikjmwj gj Hkmk l`h~c juqlkic~ 38,12* gj lc rc~kcmvc gjl gjyjoqj`
q~`ojgk` jm Ocwjowkic gj l`y qcyjy-
Ljiw~c
Cl khzcl szj jm Ocwjowkic, jukywjm koq`~wcmwjy gkj~jmikcy jm l`y ~jyzlwcg`y gj l`yqcyjy- Cy, lc gkj~jmikc jmw~j jl qcy i`m oc{`~jy ~jmgkokjmw`y { cszjl szj clicmvc l`y
~jyzlwcg`y oy ncf`y, lljhc c >,9 gjyrkcik`mjy jywmgc~, jy gjik~ c zm`y >91 qzmw`y- Ykm
jonc~h`, lc gkj~jmikc jmw~j jl yjhzmg` { jl qjmlwko` qcy jy gj 3,3: gjyrkcik`mjy jywm/
gc~, l` szj ~jq~jyjmwc zmc gkyw~knzikm clh` oy e`o`hmjc gj l`y ~jyzlwcg`y-
Gcgc lc h~cm gkyqc~kgcg szj yj `nyj~rc wcmw` jm l`y q~`ojgk`y gj lcy mcik`mjy i`o` jm
yz gkyqj~ykm kmwj~mc, yj kgjmwkic~`m ikmi` h~zq`y gj qcyjy, jm zmikm gjl ~jmgkokjmw`
q~`ojgk` gj yzy jywzgkcmwjy-
Qcyjy iz{` gjyjoqj` q~`ojgk` jy oz{ yzqj~k`~ c lc ojgkc gj l`y qc~wkikqcmwjy
jm jl YJ^IJ { i`m zmc gkywcmikc gj oy gj zmc gjyrkcikm jywmgc~- Yj w~cwc gjl
icy` gj Iznc-
Qcyjy i`m gjyjoqj`y yzqj~k`~jy cl q~`ojgk` gj l`y qc~wkikqcmwjy gjl YJ^IJ {
iz{c gkywcmikc jy gj ojm`y gj zmc gjyrkcikm jywmgc~- Jl h~zq` jyw `~ocg` q`~
C~hjmwkmc, Ieklj, I`l`onkc, I`ywc ^kic, Ouki` { Z~zhzc{, cy i`o` q`~ jl jywcg`
ojukicm` gj Mzjr` Ljm-
Qcyjy i`m gjyjoqj`y i`m zmc qzmwzcikm ojgkc jywcgywkicojmwj khzcl cl q~`/
ojgk` ~jhk`mcl6 N~cykl { Jl Yclrcg`~-
Qcyjy i`m gjyjoqj`y iz{cy qzmwzcik`mjy y`m kmj~k`~jy cl q~`ojgk` gj l`y qc~wk/ikqcmwjy gjl YJ^IJ, { i`m zmc gkywcmikc gj zmc gjyrkcikm jywmgc~ ojm`y gj jywj-
Csz yj jmizjmw~cm znkicg`y Jizcg`~, Hzcwjoclc, Mkic~chzc, Qcmco, Qc~chzc{,
Qj~ { ^jqnlkic G`okmkicmc2&-
& Gkj~jmikcy ykhmkicwkrcy i`m :* gj j~~`~, gj cizj~g` i`m zmcq~zjncwgj i`oqc~cikm gj ojgkcy-
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^jyzojm Jfjizwkr` >8
H^kI` 9 Q^@OJGK@ [ RC^KCNKLKGCG GJ LCY QZMWZCIK@MJY JM LJIWZ^C GJ L@Y
JYWZGKCMWJY GJ 9j~ H^CG@ GJ Q^KOC^KC JM ICGC QCY
LKKI6 Lokwj kmj~k`~ gjl kmwj~rcl` gj i`mcmvc i`m zm c? 1,1:-LYKI6 Lokwj yzqj~k`~ gjl kmwj~rcl` gj i`mcmvc i`m zm c ? 1,1:-Lcy nc~~cy ~jq~jyjmwcm l`y ~jyzlwcg`y gjl 51* gj l`y jywzgkcmwjy gj icgc qcy szj yj jmizjmw~cmjmw~j jl qj~ijmwkl 31 { jl qj~ijmwkl ;1- Jy gjik~, jl juw~jo` gj~jie` gj icgc nc~~c ~jq~jyjmwc jlqzmwcfj gj l`y jywzgkcmwjy szj yj znkicm jm jl qj~ijmwkl ;1 { jl juw~jo` kvszkj~g`, jl gj l`y szjjywm jm jl 31- C oc{`~ gkywcmikc jmw~j jyw`y g`y qzmw`y, oc{`~ rc~kcnklkgcg jm l`y gjyjoqj`ygj l`y jywzgkcmwjy-Lc ojgkc yj kgjmwkic i`m lc lmjc nlcmic ijmw~cl- Jl kmwj~rcl` gj i`mcmvc, i`~~jyq`mgj c lclmjc oy `yiz~c szj ~`gjc lc ojgkc { juq~jyc l`y rcl`~jy q`yknljy gj jywc-
Jm lc q~zjnc gj Ljiwz~c gj 9j~ h~cg` gj Q~koc~kc, lcy gkj~jmikcy jm jl gjyjoqj` jmw~j
l`y jywzgkcmwjy gjl qj~ijmwkl 31 { jl qj~ijmwkl ;1 gj ~jmgkokjmw` jm icgc qcy `yiklcm jmw~j
l`y >15 { >7> qzmw`y, c juijqikm gj l`y icy`y gj Iznc { Mkic~chzc-
Iznc q~jyjmwc lc oc{`~ gkyqj~ykm gj ~jyzlwcg`y, qzjy lc gkywcmikc jmw~j l`y jy/
wzgkcmwjy gj l`y qj~ijmwkljy yzfjw`y c i`oqc~cikm jy gj >;: qzmw`y, czmszj l`y
clzom`y gj ojm`~ gjyjoqj` jm Iznc `nwkjmjm qzmwzcik`mjy ykoklc~jy cl q~`oj/
gk` gj l`y qcyjy-
Mkic~chzc, q`~ yz qc~wj q~jyjmwc zmc ncfc gkyqj~ykm gj ~jyzlwcg`y i`m gkj~jmikcy
jmw~j l`y clzom`y gj l`y juw~jo`y, szj cqjmcy yzqj~cm l`y 359 qzmw`y- Hzcwjoclc, Qj~ { Jl Yclrcg`~, ozjyw~cm zmc gkyqj~ykm o`gj~cgc, {c szj lcy gkj/
~jmikcy jmw~j yzy juw~jo`y bziwcm jmw~j l`y >15 { l`y >>1 qzmw`y-
L`y g`ij qcyjy ~jywcmwjy q~jyjmwcm gkj~jmikcy jmw~j yz q~koj~ { lwko` gjikl szj
rcm gjygj l`y >>7 c l`y >73 qzmw`y-
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L`y Cq~jmgkvcfjy gj l`y Jywzgkcmwjy gj Co~kic Lcwkmc { jl Ic~knj>5
IzCg^` 2 GJYI^KQIKM GJ L@Y MKRJLJY GJ GJYJOQJ@ JM LJIWZ^C GJ L@Y
JYWZGKCMWJY GJ 9j~ H^CG@ GJ Q^KOC^KC
MrjlQmwy
j i~wj
* jJywcmwjy gjyi~qim
KR
298,7;
5,73* Kmwjh~c~ { hjmj~clkvc~ km ~ocikm gkyw~knzkgc jm zm q~~c ` jml`y igkh`y rj~ncl { h~i`4
jq`mj~ km`~ocikm m` juqlikwc4 Q~`yjhzk~ jl wjuw` znkicmg` jm l km`~ocikm mzjrc4 I`oq~jmgj~ w~cgziik`mjy gj zm igkh` c `w~` %mzo~ki` c rj~ncl,
rj~ncl c h~i`+
KKK
::>,37
>3,29* L`iclkvc~ km ~ocikm yjqc~mg lc gj w~c, ij~icmc4
Kmwj~q~jwc~ ~j`~ozlcik`mjy szj ykmwjwkvcm clhzm`y gcw`y4 Kmj~k~ km`~ocikm cq`{mg`yj jm jl i`m`ikokjmw` gjl ozmg`4 Gkyi~kokmc~ zm ykhmkicg` jm qclcn~cy szj wkjmjm rc~k`y, ncymg`/
yj jm jl wjuw`
KK
723,9>
98,87* L`iclkvc~ km ~ocikm jm ojgk gj zm wjuw` n~jrj { szj m gjnjyj~ gkywkmhzkgc gj `w~cy km`~ocik`mjy i`mijqwzclojmwj ij~icmcy4
Gkyi~kokmc~ qclcn~cy gj zm y`l` ykhmkicg`4 ji`m ij~ ~j`~ozlcik`mjy ykoqljy gj ~cyjy4 ^ji`m`ij~ ~jgzmgcmikcy jmw~j l`y igkh`y h~i` { rj~ncl
K
928,92
>:,:3* L`iclkvc~ km ~ocikm i`m zm y`l` ykhmkicg , jm zm lzhc~ gjy/wcicg` gjl wjuw`, ~jqjwkgc lkwj~clojmwj ` ojgkcmwj ykmmko`y, {ckylcgc gj `w~cy km`~ocik`mjy-
Gjncf`gj K
2,83* L`y jywzgkcmwjy jm jywj mkrjl m y`m icqcijy gj l`h~c~ lcy ecnklk/gcgjy jukhkgcy q`~ jl mkrjl K
Zm 2,8* gjl w`wcl gj jywzgkcmwjy gj 9j~ h~cg` gj Jgzicikm Q~koc~kc jm lc ~jhkm jywm
q`~ gjncf` gjl Mkrjl K gj l`h~` jm Ljiwz~c- Jyw` koqlkic szj m` l`h~cm l`iclkvc~ km`~ocikm
i`m zm yl` ykhmkicg`, ~jqjwkgc jm jl wjuw` { ckylcgc gj `w~cy km`~ocik`mjy- Jm jl izcg~`
8 yj jmizjmw~cm l`y gjyjoqj`y q`~ qcy { yj i`mywcwc szj6 77,9* gj l`y jywzgkcmwjy izncm`y gj 9j~ h~cg` gj Jgzicikm Q~koc~kc clicmvcm jl
Mkrjl oy clw` jm Ljiwz~c, yjhzkg`y q`~ l`y jywzgkcmwjy gj Mzjr` Ljm %35,7*+,
I`ywc ^kic %35,>*+ { Ieklj %38,5*+-
93,7* gj l`y clzom`y gj ^jqnlkic G`okmkicmc yj ykwcm q`~ gjncf` gjl Mkrjl K,
cl khzcl szj oy gjl 37* gj l`y jywzgkcmwjy gj Jizcg`~ { Hzcwjoclc, { cq~`ukoc/
gcojmwj zm 33* gj l`y jywzgkcmwjy gj Qcmco { Qc~chzc{-
Jm Ljiwz~c, l`y jywzgkcmwjy gj jyizjlcy ~z~cljy qc~wkikqcmwjy jm jl YJ^IJ `nwkjmjm
l`h~`y oy ncf`y szj l`y szj cykywjm c jyizjlcy jm jl onkw` z~ncm`8:- Wcl i`o` yj `nyj~rc
: Lcy gjmkik mjy gj v`mc ~z~cl m y`m jyw~kiwcojmwj i`oqc~cnljy jmw~j qcyjy- Qc~c kgjmwkic~ lcy jyizjlcy i`o`~z~cljy yj zy lc gjmkikm rkhjmwj jm icgc qcy- Q`~ l` wcmw`, l`y gcw`y gjl w`wcl gj Co~kic Lcwkmc { jl Ic~knjy`m zmc cq~`ukocikm hjmj~cl szj gjnj w`oc~yj i`m lcy gjnkgcy ~jyj~rcy gcgcy lcy gkj~jmwjy gjmkik`mjy gj~z~clkgcg-
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^jyzojm Jfjizwkr` >;
jm jl izcg~` 5 g`mgj yj gjyi~knjm lcy gkj~jmikcy jm l`y ~jyzlwcg`y jmw~j l`y jywzgkcmwjy
gj jyizjlcy z~ncmcy { l`y gj jyizjlcy ~z~cljy-
IzCg^` 8 Q@^IJMWCFJ GJ JYWZGKCMWJY GJ 9j~ H^CG@ GJ Q^KOC^KC Q@^ MKRJL GJ
GJYJOQJ@ JM LJIWZ^C JM ICGC QCY
Qcy gjncf j k k kk kkk kRC~hjmwkmc 2,>2 >>,13 9;,89 >9,29 5,98
N~cykl 2,>; >:,>: 9;,57 >3,:7 8,18
Ieklj 3,21 ;,;8 97,72 92,>> 38,82
I`l`onkc 7,;7 >9,23 73,85 >3,32 5,:>I`ywc kic 3,72 31,71 97,>1 9:,89 35,>>
Iznc 1,:2 2,75 >3,1; >8,23 77,>8
Jizcg`~ 37,2> 98,78 97,>1 33,23 >,31
Jl Yclrcg`~ :,97 >;,1: 73,1: 3;,3: :,71
Hzcwjoclc 37,98 79,35 9>,17 5,:3 3,;3
Ouki` 9,2: 3;,27 98,1; >8,:> 3>,1;
Mkic~chzc 2,;: 98,>; 79,95 31,2; 3,81
Qcmco 33,>3 98,>7 9:,>; 3>,9: 9,;3
Qc~chzc{ 33,78 98,5: 9>,>8 3>,;> :,7;
Qj~ ;,>7 92,35 9:,8; 3:,39 9,2:^- G`okmkicmc 93,95 72,89 35,17 9,>; 1,:2
Z~zhzc{ 7,2; 3;,;2 9;,1> >7,;7 33,9;
Mzjr` Ljm 3,81 3>,83 97,5> 9>,71 35,95
Wwcl CL { I 2,83 >:,:3 98,87 >3,29 5,73
Co~kic Lcwkmc { jl Ic~knj q~jyjmwc gkj~jmikcy ykhmkicwkrcy jm l`y ~jyzlwcg`y gj
Ljiwz~c szj i`mykhzjm l`y jywzgkcmwjy gj 9j~ h~cg` gj Q~koc~kc jm jyizjlcy z~ncmcy { l`y
szj cykywjm c jyizjlcy ~z~cljy- Qj~ jy jl qcy szj q~jyjmwc oc{`~jy gkj~jmikcy jm l`y ~jyzlwcg`y gj yzy jyizjlcy
~z~cljy { z~ncmcy, yzqj~cmg` l`y 8; qzmw`y gj gkj~jmikc- L` ykhzjm Hzcwjoclc,
N~cykl { Ouki` i`m gkj~jmikcy szj rcm jmw~j l`y 2> { l`y 27 qzmw`y, ~jyqjiwkrc/
ojmwj-
Iznc { ^jqnlkic G`okmkicmc y`m l`y qcyjy szj ozjyw~cm ojm`~jy gkj~jmikcy
jmw~j lcy jyizjlcy ~z~cljy { z~ncmcy, i`m 32 { 3; qzmw`y ~jyqjiwkrcojmwj-
Wconkm yj cq~jikcm gkj~jmikcy gj hmj~` jm l`y ~jyzlwcg`y jm Ljiwz~c- Jm jl YJ^IJ,
jm w~okm`y hl`ncljy, y`m lcy mkcy lcy szj `nwkjmjm ojf`~jy ~jyzlwcg`y jm Ljiwz~c jm 9j~
h~cg` gj Q~koc~kc- Jm jjiw`, jllcy crjmwcfcm c l`y mk`y jm 3>,8 qzmw`y, jm q~`ojgk`-
C~hjmwkmc, N~cykl, Iznc, Ouki`, Qcmco, Qc~chzc{, ^jqnlkic G`okmkicmc, Z~z/
hzc{ { jl jywcg` ojukicm` gj Mzjr` Ljm q~jyjmwcm gkj~jmikcy ykhmkicwkrcy jmw~j
l`y qzmwcfjy `nwjmkg y q`~ mkcy { mk`y jm Ljiwz~c-
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L`y Cq~jmgkvcfjy gj l`y Jywzgkcmwjy gj Co~kic Lcwkmc { jl Ic~knj91
L`y qcyjy ~jywcmwjy m` q~jyjmwcm gkj~jmikcy jywcgywkicojmwj ykhmkicwkrcy cl
ecij~ lc i`oqc~cikm yjhmhmj~`-
Jl gjyjoqj` gj l`y clzom`y jm Ljiwz~c gj 9j~ h~cg` gj Q~koc~kc ozjyw~c zmc i`~~jlc/
ikm gk~jiwc i`m lcq~`gziikm kmwj~mc gj icgc qcy- Jm qc~wkizlc~, zm wj~ik` gj lc rc~kcnk/
lkgcg gj l`y q~`ojgk`y mcik`mcljy gj ~jmgkokjmw` jm Ljiwz~c yj juqlkic q`~ lcy gkj~jmikcy
jm QKN qj~ iqkwc jmw~j l`y qcyjy-
Izcmw` oc{`~ jy lc gjykhzclgcg jm lc gkyw~knzikm gjl kmh~jy`, ojm`~ jy jl ~jmgkokjmw`
q~`ojgk` jm Ljiwz~c jmw~j l`y jywzgkcmwjy gj 9j~ h~cg` gj Jgzicikm Q~koc~kc- Jl 3>,2*
gj lcy rc~kcik`mjy jm lcy ojgkcy mcik`mcljy gj ~jmgkokjmw` jm Ljiwz~c, yj juqlkicm q`~ lcy
gkj~jmikcy gjl mgkij gj Hkmk jm l`y qcyjy-
IzCg^` 5 GKBJ^JMIKC GJ QZMWCFJY Q^@OJGK@ JMW^J JYIZJLCY Z^NCMCY [ ^Z^CLJY
[ YJHM HMJ^@- LJIWZ^C 9j~ H^CG@
Qcy gj~jmic z~ncm ~cl gj~jmic Mc MC~hjmwkmc 97,:9& 38,87
N~cykl 2>,28& 35,:8
Ieklj 97,25& >,72
I`l`onkc :1,;>& 7,27I`ywc ^kic 73,>7& 7,2;
Iznc 3:,;7& 39,97
Jizcg`~ 7>,59& ;,1>
Jl Yclrcg`~ :8,>;& 3,9;
Hzcwjoclc 27,18& 3,28
Ouki` 2>,78& 39,>1
Mkic~chzc >;,7>& 3,88
Qcmco :7,81& 37,;7
Qc~chzc{ 92,7:& 3:,2;
Qj~ 8;,91& 1,82
^- G`okmkicmc 3;,7:& 39,1:
Z~zhzc{ >5,:2& 3>,89
Mzjr` Ljm 98,>7& ;,1:
Wwcl CL { I / 3>,87
& Ykhmkicwkrc c zm mkrjl gj i`mcmvc gj :*
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^jyzojm Jfjizwkr` 93
L`y Cq~jmgkvcfjy jm 2 h~cg` gj Q~koc~kc
OcwjowicJl cmlkyky gj lcy qzmwzcik`mjy ojgkcy jm Ocwjowkic gj l`y jywzgkcmwjy gj 2 gj
Q~koc~kc jrkgjmikc gkyqc~kgcgjy jm l`y ~jyzlwcg`y- Lc gkj~jmikc gjl q~`ojgk` clicmvcg`
q`~ l`y qcyjy gj ojf`~ { oy ncf` gjyjoqj` %Iznc { ^jqnlkic G`okmkicmc, ~jyqjiwk/
rcojmwj+, clicmvc l`y >>1 qzmw`y4 jyw` jy oy gj > gjyrkcik`mjy jywmgc~- Ykm jonc~h`,
lc gkj~jmikc jmw~j jl yjhzmg` { qjmlwko` qcy gj lc gkyw~knzikm jy gj 3,>2 gjyrkcik`mjy
jywmgc~-
H^kI` 7 Q^@OJGK@ [ RC^KCNKLKGCG GJ LCY QZMWZCIK@MJY OJGKCY JM OCWJOWKIC
GJ L@Y JYWZGKCMWJY GJ 2 H^CG@ GJ Q^KOC^KC JM ICGC QCY
LKKI6 Lokwj kmj~k`~ gjl kmwj~rcl` gj i`mcmvc i`m zm c ? 1,1:-LYKI6 Lokwj yzqj~k`~ gjl kmwj~rcl` gj i`mcmvc i`m zm c? 1,1:-Lcy nc~~cy ~jq~jyjmwcm l`y ~jyzlwcg`y gjl 51* gj l`y jywzgkcmwjy gj icgc qcy szj yj jmizjmw~cmjmw~j jl qj~ijmwkl 31 { jl qj~ijmwkl ;1- Jy gjik~, jl juw~jo` gj~jie` gj icgc nc~~c ~jq~jyjmwc jlqzmwcfj gj l`y jywzgkcmwjy szj yj znkicm jm jl qj~ijmwkl ;1 { jl juw~jo` kvszkj~g`, jl gj l`y szjjywm jm jl 31- C oc{`~ gkywcmikc jmw~j jyw`y g`y qzmw`y, oc{`~ rc~kcnklkgcg jm l`y gjyjoqj`ygj l`y jywzgkcmwjy-
Lc ojgkc yj kgjmwkic i`m lc lmjc nlcmic ijmw~cl- Jl kmwj~rcl` gj i`mcmvc, i`~~jyq`mgj c lclmjc oy `yiz~c szj ~`gjc lc ojgkc { juq~jyc l`y rcl`~jy q`yknljy gj jywc-
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L`y Cq~jmgkvcfjy gj l`y Jywzgkcmwjy gj Co~kic Lcwkmc { jl Ic~knj9>
Jl cmlkyky hl`ncl gj l`y ~jyzlwcg`y, m`y qj~okwj ch~zqc~ c l`y qcyjy jm izcw~` h~zq`y,
gj cizj~g` c yz gkj~jmikc i`m lc ojgkc gj l`y qcyjy6
Qcyjy iz{`y clzom`y gj 2 h~cg` gj Q~koc~kc jueknjm jm Ocwjowkic zm gjyjo/qj` q~`ojgk` yzqj~k`~ cl q~`ojgk` ~jhk`mcl, znkimg`yj c oy gj zmc gjyrkcikm
jywmgc~ q`~ y`n~j jllc- Iznc kmwjh~c jywj q~koj~ h~zq` i`m zm q~`ojgk` gj 298
qzmw`y-
Qcyjy i`m qzmwzcik`mjy ojgkcy yzqj~k`~jy cl q~`ojgk` ~jhk`mcl, qj~` ykwzcgcy
c ojm`y gj zmc gjyrkcikm jywmgc~- Jm jywj h~zq` yj znkicm Z~zhzc{, jl jywcg`
ojukicm` gj Mzjr` Ljm, C~hjmwkmc, Ieklj, I`ywc ^kic { Ouki`-
Qcyjy iz{` gjyjoqj` q~`ojgk` jy khzcl cl q~`ojgk` gjl i`mfzmw` gj l`y qcyjy4
jy gjik~, ykm gkj~jmikcy jywcgywkicojmwj ykhmkicwkrcy i`m l- Jm jywj h~zq` yjjmizjmw~cm N~cykl, I`l`onkc { Qj~-
Qcyjy iz{c qzmwzcikm ojgkc jy kmj~k`~ cl q~`ojgk` gj l`y qcyjy %ojm`y gj zmc
gjyrkcikm jywmgc~+6 Jizcg`~, Jl Yclrcg`~, Hzcwjoclc, Mkic~chzc, Qcmco, Qc~c/
hzc{ { ^jqnlkic G`okmkicmc5&-
Lc gjykhzclgcg jgzicwkrc qzjgj rj~yj c w~cry gjl cmlkyky gj lc rc~kcnklkgcg szj jueknj
jl gjyjoqj` gj l`y jywzgkcmwjy-
Jm lc ~jhkm lc gkj~jmikc jmw~j l`y qzmwcfjy q~`ojgk`y gj l`y qj~ijmwkljy 31 { ;1,
clicmvc l`y >7>,2 qzmw`y-
Gjych~jhcmg` q`~ qcyjy, jmi`mw~co`y gkj~jmikcy szj rcm gj l`y 35> c l`y 95: qzm/
w`y, jmw~j l`y qj~ijmwkljy 31 { ;1- Cy jy q`yknlj jywcnljij~ izcw~` h~zq`y gj mcik`mjy6
^jqnlkic G`okmkicmc, Mkic~chzc, Jl Yclrcg`~, Qcmco { Hzcwjoclc, y`m qcyjy
iz{` ~cmh` gj gkyqj~ykm jmw~j l`y qj~ijmwkljy i`oqc~cg`y jy kmj~k`~ c l`y >11
qzmw`y-
I`l`onkc, Qc~chzc{, N~cykl, I`ywc ^kic, C~hjmwkmc, Jizcg`~, Ieklj { jl jywcg` ojuk/
icm` gj Mzjr` Ljm, y`m mcik`mjy iz{c rc~kcnklkgcg jmw~j l`y qj~ijmwkljy 31 { ;1,bziwc jmw~j >11 { >:1 qzmw`y-
Ouki`, Qj~ { Z~zhzc{ q~jyjmwcm zm ~cmh` gj gkyqj~ykm gj yzy gjyjoqj`y yz/
qj~k`~ c >:1 qzmw`y, qj~` kmj~k`~ c 911-
Iznc q~jyjmwc zmc rc~kcnklkgcg kmwj~mc yzqj~k`~ c l`y 911 qzmw`y-
& Gkj~jmikcy ykhmkicwkrcy i`m :* gj j~~`~, gj cizj~g` i`m zmcq~zjncwgj i`oqc~cikm gj ojgkcy-
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^jyzojm Jfjizwkr` 99
IzCg^` ; GJYI^KQIKM GJ L@Y MKRJLJY GJ GJYJOQJ@ GJ L@Y JYWZGKCMWJY GJ
2 H^CG@ GJ Q^KOC^KC JM OCWJOWKIC
MrjlQmwy
j i~wj
* jJywcmwjy gjyi~qim
KR
2>7,21
33,77* L`y jywzgkcmwjy jmizjmw~cm q~`ojgk`y { ~jyzjlrjm ilizl`y, i`onkmcmg`lcy izcw~` `qj~cik`mjy nykicy jm jl icoq` gj l`y moj~`y mcwz~cljy-
Kgjmwkicm qc~cljlkyo` { qj~qjmgkizlc~kgcg jm zmc ykwzcikm ~jcl {i`mi~jwc { lc ~jq~jyjmwcikm h~ic gj zm q`~ijmwcfj-
^jyzjlrjm q~`nljocy szj kmr`lzi~cm q~`qkjgcgjy gj l`y mhzl`y gjw~kmhzl`y { izcg~klwj~`y, szj kmwjh~cm ~jcy gj gkj~jmwjy hz~cy g`y `qj~cik`mjy jmw~j moj~`y gjikocljy-
jyzjlrjm q~`nljocy szj kmr`lzi~cm jl i`mijqw` gj ~ciikm-
Ecijm hjmj~clkvcik`mjy qc~c i`mwkmzc~ zmc yjizjmikc h~ic szj~jyq`mgj c zm qcw~m gj `~ocikm i`oqljf`-
KKK
:37,73
9>,9:* L`y clzom`y i`oqc~cm ~ciik`mjy, zycm jl i`mijqw` gj q`~ijmwcfjjm jl cmlkyky gj lc km`~ocikm { jm lc ~jy`lzikm gj q~`nljocy szj~jszkj~jm iclizlc~l`-
Kgjmwkicm qj~qjmgkizlc~kgcg { qc~cljlkyo` jm jl qlcm`, i`o` cywconkm, izj~q`y { yzy jljojmw`y ykm zm cq`{` h~i`-
jyzjlrjm q~`nljocy szj ~jszkj~jm kmwj~q~jwc~ l`y jljojmw`y gj zmcgkrkykm ` jszkrcljmikc gj ojgkgcy-
ji`m`ijm mhzl`y ijmw~cljy { hz~cy hj`ow~kicy gj zy` ~jizjmwj,kmilzkg` jl i~izl`, { ~jiz~~jm c yzy q~`qkjgcgjy qc~c ~jy`lrj~ q~`nljocy-
^jyzjlrjm q~`nljocy gj ~jcy { qj~ojw~`y gj w~kmhzl`y { izcg~klwj~`y- Ecijm hjmj~clkvcik`mjy szj ljy qj~okwjm i`mwkmzc~ zmc yjizjmikc
h~ic ` ecllc~ lc ~jhlc gj `~ocikm gj zmc yjizjmikc mzo~kic szj~jyq`mgj c zm qcw~m clh` i`oqljf`-
KK
739,:5
71,5>* L`y jywzgkcmwjy cmclkvcm j kgjmwkicm lc `~hcmkvcikm gjl ykywjoc gjmzoj~cikm gjikocl q`ykik`mcl, jywkocm qjy`y %ocycy+ juq~jymg`l`yjm lc zmkgcg gj ojgkgc qj~wkmjmwj cl cw~knzw` c ojgk~-
ji`m`ijm hz~cy hj`ow~kicy gj zy` ~jizjmwj { yzy q~`qkjgcgjyqc~c ~jy`lrj~ q~`nljocy-
Kmwj~q~jwcm, i`oqc~cm { `qj~cm i`m km`~ocikm q~jyjmwcgc jmgkj~jmwjy ~jq~jyjmwcik`mjy h~icy-
Kgjmwkicm lc ~jhzlc~kgcg gj zmc yjizjmikc szj ~jyq`mgj c zm qcw~mykoqlj- jyzjlrjm q~`nljocy ~jj~kg`y cl icoq` cgkwkr`, jm gkj~jmwjy
icoq`y mzo~ki`y %mcwz~cljy { juq~jyk`mjy gjikocljy+, kmilzkgcy~ciik`mjy jm yzy zy`y ~jizjmwjy ` jszkrcljmikc gj ojgkgcy-
jyzjlrjm q~`nljocy szj ~jszkj~jm ozlwkqlkicikm gkrkykm, g`y`qj~cik`mjy i`m moj~`y mcwz~cljy ` szj kmilz{jm ~jlcik`mjy gjq~`q`~ik`mclkgcg gk~jiwc-
K
91;,27
39,;3* L`y clzom`y ~gjmcm moj~`y mcwz~cljy gj ecywc ikmi` ik~cy {juq~jyk`mjy gjikocljy gj ecywc oklyko`y-
ji`m ijm izj~q`y hj`ow~ki`y zyzcljy { lc zmkgcg gj ojgkgc qj~wk/mjmwj cl cw~knzw` c ojgk~-
Kmwj~q~jwcm km`~ocikm jm ~jq~jyjmwcik`mjy h~icy qc~c i`oqc~c~/lc { w~cgzik~lc c `w~c `~oc gj ~jq~jyjmwcikm-
jyzjlrjm q~`nljocy szj ~jszkj~jm zmc y`lc qj~cikm, jm jl icoq`cgkwkr` { jm jl icoq` gj l`y moj~`y mcwz~cljy-
Gjncf`gj K
3,75* L`y jywzgkcmwjy jm jywj mkrjl m` y`m icqcijy gj l`h~c~ lcy ecnklkgc/gjy jukhkgcy q`~ jl mkrjl K
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L`y Cq~jmgkvcfjy gj l`y Jywzgkcmwjy gj Co~kic Lcwkmc { jl Ic~knj97
Jm jl izcg~` 31, yj `nyj~rc szj jm Iznc { Z~zhzc{, cl~jgjg`~ gjl 8:* gj l`y jywzgkcmwjy
yj znkic jm l`y mkrjljy KKK { KR, clicmvcmg` l`y oy clw`y ~jmgkokjmw`y jm jywc q~zjnc-
Mzjr` Ljm, I`ywc ^kic, Ouki` { Ieklj, l`h~cm znkic~ c oy gjl :1* gj yzy jywzgkcm/wjy gj 2 h~cg`, jm l`y mkrjljy yzqj~k`~jy gj gjyjoqj` jm Ocwjowkic-
Q`~ `w~` lcg`, C~hjmwkmc, N~cykl, Qj~, I`l`onkc { Qc~chzc{ wkjmjm jmw~j jl :1* { jl
21* gj yzy jywzgkcmwjy jm l`y mkrjljy gj gjyjoqj` K { KK-
Jizcg`~, Jl Yclrcg`~, Hzcwjoclc, Mkic~chzc, Qcmco { ^jqnlkic G`okmkicmc, wkjmjm
oy gjl 81* gj yzy jywzgkcmwjy jm l`y mkrjljy K { KK-
IzCg^` 31 Q@^IJMWCFJ GJ JYWZGKCMWJY GJ 2 H^CG@ GJ Q^KOC^KC Q@^ MKRJL GJGJYJOQJ@ JM OCWJOWKIC JM ICGC QCY
Qcy gjncf j k k kk kkk kRC~hjmwkmc 3,:9 33,5; 98,;; 92,>2 3>,97
N~cykl 3,72 37,11 77,1; 93,2: 5,51
Ieklj 3,71 ;,57 98,5: 98,9; 39,:>
I`l`onkc 3,1> 39,>; 78,27 9>,21 :,72
I`ywc kic 1,1; 7,:: 9>,83 79,81 35,;:
Iznc 1,3; 7,79 38,;9 >2,99 :3,39
Jizcg`~ 7,>7 >7,52 7:,3: >3,73 7,97Jl Yclrcg`~ 3,;: 3;,35 :3,23 >9,53 9,7:
Hzcwjoclc >,85 >7,;7 :1,51 3;,:> 3,;2
Ouki` 1,:3 5,95 9>,73 9;,31 3;,21
Mkic~chzc >,>: >9,55 :>,2; 3;,73 3,82
Qcmco 9,9> >8,32 7;,:: 38,27 >,99
Qc~chzc{ 9,5: >3,11 72,:1 >9,;3 7,87
Qj~ >,73 3;,:5 9;,5> >5,;1 ;,>;
^- G`okmkicmc :,2; 73,8; 7:,79 2,5: 1,>7
Z~zhzc{ 1,28 7,>2 >>,92 71,73 9>,93
Mzjr` Ljm 1,97 2,>; >;,9: 71,22 >9,92
Wwcl CL { I 3,75 39,;3 71,5> 9>,9: 33,77
Jm Ocwjowkic, l`y jywzgkcmwjy gj 2 h~cg` gj jyizjlcy ~z~cljy qc~wkikqcmwjy jm jl
YJ^IJ nwkjmjm gjyjoqj`y oy ncf`y szj l`y szj cykywjm c jyizjlcy jm jl onkw` z~ncm`,
wcl i`o` yj qzjgj rj~ jm jl izcg~` 33-
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^jyzojm Jfjizwkr` 9:
IzCg^` 33 GKBJ^JMIKC GJ QZMWCFJY Q^@OJGK@ JMW^J JYIZJLCY Z^NCMCY [ ^Z^CLJY
[ YJHM HMJ^@- OCWJOWKIC 2 H^CG@
Qcy gj~jmic z~ncm ~cl gj~jmic Mc MC~hjmwkmc 71,>3& /:,8;
N~cykl 7>,87& /31,1>&
Ieklj 92,:3& /2,57&
I`l`onkc >;,19& /37,:9&
I`ywc ^kic >9,97& />1,28&
Iznc 7,;5 5,>7&
Jizcg`~ 7>,53& 1,>;
Jl Yclrcg`~ 77,82& /;,75&
Hzcwjoclc 95,9;& /2,;3&Ouki` :3,7>& 2,9:
Mkic~chzc 31,>7& /31,32&
Qcmco 98,99& >,53
Qc~chzc{ 93,35& /1,:;
Qj~ 58,19& /35,;7&
^- G`okmkicmc ;,13& 1,;2
Z~zhzc{ :>,7:& 1,35
Mzjr` Ljm 9:,8;& 1,>8
Wwcl CL { I / /2,38&
& Ykhmkicwkrc c zm mkrjl gj i`mcmvc gj :*-
L`y jywzgkcmwjy gj Co~kic Lcwkmc { jl Ic~knj szj iz~ycm 2 h~cg` jm jyizjlcy ~z~cljy
l`h~cm oy ncf`y ~jyzlwcg`y jm Ocwjowkic szj szkjmjy l` ecijm jm jyizjlcy z~ncmcy-
Qj~ jy jl qcy szj q~jyjmwc oc{`~jy gkj~jmikcy jm l`y ~jyzlwcg`y gj yzy jyizjlcy
~z~cljy { z~ncmcy, yzqj~cmg` l`y 58 qzmw`y gj gkj~jmikc, jm q~`ojgk`- L` ykhzjm
Z~zhzc{ { Ouki` i`m gkj~jmikcy szj n`~gjcm l`y :> qzmw`y- Cl i`mw~c~k`, Iznc { ^jqnlkic G`okmkicmc y`m l`y qcyjy szj ozjyw~cm ojm`~jy
gkj~jmikcy jmw~j lcy jyizjlcy ~z~cljy { z~ncmcy, i`m : { ; qzmw`y ~jyqjiwkrcojmwj-
Jl cmlkyky q`~hmj~` gjl YJ^IJ kmgkic szj c mkrjl ~jhk`mcl l`y mk`y `nwkjmjm zm`y 2
qzmw`y oy szj lcy mkcy, jm lc q~zjnc gj Ocwjowkic gj 2 h~cg`- Cgjoy, yj i`mywcwcm
koq`~wcmwjy gkj~jmikcy jmw~j qcyjy, jyw` m`y qj~okwj lc i`m`~ocikm gj w~jy h~zq`y6
Jm q~koj~ lzhc~, jyw C~hjmwkmc, Jizcg`~, Ouki`, Qcmco, Qc~chzc{, jqnlkic G`/
okmkicmc { Z~zhzc{, cy i`o` jl jywcg` ojukicm` gj Mzjr` Ljm szj m` q~jyjmwcm
gkj~jmikcy jywcgywkicojmwj ykhmkicwkrcy jm jl gjyjoqj` jmw~j mk`y { mkcy-
Zm yjhzmg` h~zq`, `~ocg` q`~ Iznc g`mgj lcy mkcy `nwkjmjm ykhmkicwkrcojmwj
ojf`~jy qzmwzcik`mjy szj l`y mk`y-
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L`y Cq~jmgkvcfjy gj l`y Jywzgkcmwjy gj Co~kic Lcwkmc { jl Ic~knj92
Bkmclojmwj, zm h~zq` gj qcyjy jm l`y szj jl q~`ojgk` gjl ~jmgkokjmw` gj l`y
mk`y jy yzqj~k`~ cl gj lcy mkcy6 N~cykl, Ieklj, I`l`onkc, I`ywc ^kic, Jl Yclrcg`~,
Hzcwjoclc, Mkic~chzc { Qj~-
Q`~ `w~c qc~wj, jlkmh~jy` mcik`mcl qj~ iqkwc jyw zj~wjojmwj cy`ikcg` cl gjyjoqj`
gj l`y jywzgkcmwjy jm jl ~jc gj Ocwjowkic- Lcy gkj~jmikcy jm jl QKN qj~ iqkwc lljhcm c
juqlkic~ 73* gj lc rc~kcikm jm lcy qzmwzcik`mjy q~`ojgk` gj l`y qcyjy jm lc q~zjnc gj
Ocwjowkic qc~c 2 h~cg` gj q~koc~kc-
L`y ~jyzlwcg`y ozjyw~cm szj izcmw` oy gjykhzcl jy zm qcy ojm`~ jy yz ~jmgkokjmw`
q~`ojgk`- Gj jywc ocmj~c, 9>* gj lc rc~kcmvc jm lcy qzmwzcik`mjy q~`ojgk` gj l`y qcyjy
jy juqlkicgc q`~ gkj~jmikcy jm jli`jbikjmwj gjHkmkjmw~j qcyjy-
Ljiw~c
Jl cmlkyky hjmj~cl gj lcy qzmwzcik`mjy q~`ojgk` jm Ljiwz~c gj l`y jywzgkcmwjy gj
2 h~cg` gj Jgzicikm Q~koc~kc { yz gkyw~knzikm qj~okwj `nyj~rc~ gkyqc~kgcgjy jmw~j
mcik`mjy { cl kmwj~k`~ gj jllcy- Lcy gkj~jmikcy jmw~j l`y qcyjy juw~jo`y cyikjmgjm c 3,8:
gjyrkcik`mjy jywmgc~- Ykm jonc~h`, lcy gkyqc~kgcgjy jmw~j jl yjhzmg` { qjmlwko` qcy
lljhcm c 3,32 gjyrkcik`mjy jywmgc~-
Jm jywj yjmwkg`, l`y qcyjy qzjgjm ilcykic~yj jm ikmi` h~zq`y gj cizj~g` cl ~jmgk/
okjmw` q~`ojgk` gj l`y jywzgkcmwjy6
3- Qcyjy iz{`y clzom`y wkjmjm qzmwzcik`mjy yzqj~k`~jy cl q~`ojgk` gj l`y qcyjy
qc~wkikqcmwjy gjl YJ^IJ, { i`m zmc gkywcmikc gj ojm`y gj zmc gjyrkcikm jywmgc~-
Jm jl h~zq` yj jmizjmw~cm Iznc, I`ywc ^kic, N~cykl, Ieklj, I`l`onkc, Ouki , Z~z/
hzc{ { jl jywcg` ojukicm` gj Mzjr` Ljm-
>- Qcyjy iz{`y jywzgkcmwjy wkjmjm qzmwzcikm ojgkc khzcl cl q~`ojgk` ~jhk`mcl, g`m/
gj yl` yj znkic C~hjmwkmc-
9- Qcyjy jm l`y szj l`y clzom`y wkjmjm qzmwzcik`mjy kmj~k`~jy cl q~`ojgk` ~jhk`mcl
gjl YJ^IJ, i`m zmc gkywcmikc gj ojm`y gj zmc gjyrkcikm jywmgc~- Jm jywj h~zq`jywm Jizcg`~, Jl Yclrcg`~, Hzcwjoclc, Mkic~chzc, Qcmco, Qc~chzc{, Qj~ { ^jq/
nlkic G`okmkicmc;&-
&Gkj~jmikcy ykhmkicwkrcy i`m :* gj j~~`~, gj cizj~g` i`m zmcq~zjnc wgj i`oqc~cikm gj ojgkcy-
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^jyzojm Jfjizwkr` 98
H^kI` : Q^@OJGK@ [ RC^KCNKLKGCG GJ LCY QZMWZCIK@MJY JM LJIWZ^C GJ L@Y
JYWZGKCMWJY GJ 2 H^CG@ GJ Q^KOC^KC JM ICGC QCY
LKKI6 Lokwj kmj~k`~ gjl kmwj~rcl` gj i`mcmvc i`m zm c ? 1,1:-LYKI6 Lokwj yzqj~k`~ gjl kmwj~rcl` gj i`mcmvc i`m zm c ? 1,1:-Lcy nc~~cy ~jq~jyjmwcm l`y ~jyzlwcg`y gjl 51* gj l`y jywzgkcmwjy gj icgc qcy szj yj jmizjmw~cmjmw~j jl qj~ijmwkl 31 { jl qj~ijmwkl ;1- Jy gjik~, jl juw~jo` gj~jie` gj icgc nc~~c ~jq~jyjmwc jlqzmwcfj gj l`y jywzgkcmwjy szj yj znkicm jm jl qj~ijmwkl ;1 { jl juw~jo` kvszkj~g`, jl gj l`y szjjywm jm jl 31- C oc{`~ gkywcmikc jmw~j jyw`y g`y qzmw`y, oc{`~ rc~kcnklkgcg jm l`y gjyjoqj`ygj l`y jywzgkcmwjy-Lc ojgkc yj kgjmwkic i`m lc lmjc nlcmic ijmw~cl- Jl kmwj~rcl` gj i`mcmvc, i`~~jyq`mgj c lclmjc oy `yiz~c szj ~`gjc lc ojgkc { juq~jyc l`y rcl`~jy q`yknljy gj jywc-
Lc rc~kcnklkgcg jm jl gjyjoqj` gj l`y jywzgkcmwjy qj~okwj cmclkvc~ lcy gjykhzclgcgjy
gj cq~jmgkvcfj jm icgc mcikm- Lcy gkyqc~kgcgjy jm ~jmgkokjmw` jmw~j l`y clzom`y znk/
icg`y jmw~j l`y qj~ijmwkljy 31 { ;1 jm l`y gkywkmw`y qcyjy rcm jm zm ~cmh` gj 35> c >;7
qzmw`y { clicmvcm c mkrjl ~jhk`mcl l`y >77 qzmw`y-
Jl Yclrcg`~, Mkic~chzc { ^jqnlkic G`okmkicmc wkjmjm zmc gkywcmikc ojm`~ c l`y >11
qzmw`y jmw~j l`y jywzgkcmwjy gj l`y qj~ijmwkljy yzfjw`y c i`oqc~cikm-
Jm wcmw`, lcy gjykhzclgcgjy gj cq~jmgkvcfj jmw~j jywzgkcmwjy jm l`y qj~ijmwkljy 31 {
;1 jm C~hjmwkmc, N~cykl, Ieklj, I`l`onkc, I`ywc ^kic, Jizcg`~, Hzcwjoclc, Ouki`, Qcmco,
Qc~chzc{, Qj~, Z~zhzc{ { jl jywcg` ojukicm` gj Mzjr` Ljm jywm jm zm ~cmh` szj rc gj
>12 c >:; qzmw`y-
Q`~ lwko`, Iznc jy jl qcy g`mgj ec{ zmc oc{`~ gkywcmikc jm l`y qzmwcfjy, i`m >;7
qzmw`y jmw~j l`y jywzgkcmwjy gjl qj~ijmwkl 31 { gjl qj~ijmwkl ;1-
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L`y Cq~jmgkvcfjy gj l`y Jywzgkcmwjy gj Co~kic Lcwkmc { jl Ic~knj95
IzCg^` 3> GJYI^KQIKM GJ L@Y MKRJLJY GJ GJYJOQJ@ JM LJIWZ^C GJ L@Y
JYWZGKCMWJY GJ 2 H^CG@ GJ Q^KOC^KC
MrjlQmwy
j i~wj
* jJywcmwjy gjyi~qim
KR
:;9,:;
>1,91* Kmwjh~c~, fj~c~szkvc~ { hjmj~clkvc~ km`~ocikm gkyw~knzkgc jm w`g` jlwjuw`4
Jywcnljij~ jszkrcljmikcy jmw~j oy gj g`y igkh`y %rj~ncl, mzo~ki`{ h~i`+4
jq`mj~ km`~ocikm koqlikwc i`~~jyq`mgkjmwj cl wjuw` i`oqljw`4 ji`m ij~ l`y ykhmkicg`y q`yknljy gj wjimkikyo`y { zy`y hz~cg`y
gjl ljmhzcfj4 Gkywkmhzk~ gkj~jmwjy r`ijy jm zm okyo` wjuw`, { ocwkijy gj jmzmikc/
ikm %ij~wjvc { gzgc+
KKK
:39,22
>2,8;* L iclkvc~ km`~ocikm gkyi~kokmmg lc gj w~cy km`~ocik`mjy ij~icmcy4 Kmwj~q~jwc~ ~j`~ozlcik mjy { ymwjyky4 Kmwjh~c~ gcw`y gkyw~knzkg`y jm zm q~~c`4 jq`mj~ km`~ocikm koqlikwc jm jl q~~c`4 ^jljj~ jm nzyic gj gcw`y jyqjii`y4 Gkyi~kokmc~ zm ykhmkicg` jm qclcn~cy szj wkjmjm rc~k`y4 ji`m ij~ jl ykhmkicg` gj qc~wjy gj qclcn~cy %cf`y+, ncymg`yj jm
jl wjuw`4
KK
7>7,:7
9:,72* L`iclkvc~ km ~ocikm jm ojgk gjl wjuw` { szj gjnj yj~ gkywkmhzkgc
gj `w~c, czmszj znkicgc jm zm yjhojmw` gkj~jmwj4 Kmwjh~c~ km`~ocikm y`n~j l` gkie` oy l` klzyw~cg`4 Gkyi~kokmc~ qclcn~cy gj zm y`l` ykhmkicg`
K
>;;,:;
32,:3* L`iclkvc~ km ~ocikm i`m zm y l` ykhmkicg , jm zm lzhc~ ijmw~cl `gjywcicg` gjl wjuw` %jl i`okjmv` ` jl mcl+, ~jqjwkgc lkwj~clojmwj `ojgkcmwj ykmmko`y, { ckylcgc gj `w~cy km`~ocik`mjy-
Gjncf`gj K
1,;9* L`y jywzgkcmwjy jm jywj mkrjl m` y`m icqcijy gj l`h~c~ lcy ecnklkgcgjyjukhkgcy q`~ jl mkrjl K
Jm jl izcg~` 39 yj gjyi~knj lc gkyw~knzikm gj l`y jywzgkcmwjy gj icgc qcy jm l`y gky/wkmw`y mkrjljy gj gjyjoqj`- Jm l yj i`mywcwc szj jm Iznc, lc okwcg gj l`y jywzgkcmwjy
gj 2 h~cg`, yj jmizjmw~c jm jl Mkrjl KR gj gjyjoqj` jm Ljiwz~c, yjhzkg` q`~ I`ywc ^kic,
i`m oy gj zm wj~ik` gj yzy clzom`y jm jyj mkrjl-
Z~zhzc{, Ieklj, jl Jywcg` gj Mzjr` Ljm, Ouki` { N~cykl wkjmjm jmw~j jl >1* { jl 91*
gj yzy clzom`y jm jl mkrjl gj gjyjoqj` oy clw`-
Q`~ `w~` lcg`, jm jl Mkrjl K yj ilcykic 78,5* gj l`y jywzgkcmwjy gj 2 gj Jgzicikm
Q~koc~kc jm ^jqnlkic G`okmkicmc, { ij~ic gj zm wj~ik` gj l`y jywzgkcmwjy gj Jizcg`~,
Hzcwjoclc, Qcmco { Qc~chzc{-
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^jyzojm Jfjizwkr` 9;
IzCg^` 39 Q@^IJMWCFJ GJ JYWZGKCMWJY GJ 2 H^CG@ GJ Q^KOC^KC Q@^ MKRJL GJ
GJYJOQJ@ JM LJIWZ^C JM ICGC QCY
Qcy gjncf j k k kk kkk kRC~hjmwkmc 3,85 38,;9 9:,:; >:,75 3;,>>
N~cykl 1,:8 37,5: 97,2: >8,78 >>,72
Ieklj 1,91 5,1> 91,12 9>,98 >;,>2
I`l`onkc 1,9; 39,38 95,>: 91,71 38,51
I`ywc kic 1,>> :,11 >9,7: 92,89 97,:;
Iznc 1,91 :,>2 3;,:8 >7,>1 :1,25
Jizcg`~ 7,78 99,2; 9;,75 32,29 :,89
Jl Yclrcg`~ 1,;: >3,7; 77,1> >9,;; ;,:7
Hzcwjoclc >,52 99,12 79,92 3:,89 7,;;Ouki` 1,>9 3>,>9 99,71 >;,8: >7,9;
Mkic~chzc 3,1> >>,15 :1,:5 >3,31 :,>>
Qcmco 3,;: >5,;8 95,82 >1,88 ;,::
Qc~chzc{ 9,;1 99,72 92,53 35,21 8,>9
Qj~ >,>7 >7,15 73,2: >>,:8 ;,72
^- G`okmkicmc 7,15 78,57 98,:1 ;,3; 3,9;
Z~zhzc{ 1,78 ;,21 91,51 >;,25 >;,7:
Mzjr` Ljm 1,>3 ;,3> >;,;; 9>,98 >5,93
Wwcl CL { I 1,;9 32,:3 9:,72 >2,8; >1,91
Lc km`~ocikm gj gjyjoqj` q`~ wkq` gj jyizjlc kmgkic szj jukywjm coqlkcy gkyqc~k/
gcgjy jmw~j jl cq~jmgkvcfj gj l`y jywzgkcmwjy jm v`mcy ~z~cljy { z~ncmcy312- Cy yj qzjgj
i`~~`n`~c~ jm jl izcg~` 37-
Jm Co~kic Lcwkmc { jl Ic~knj, l`y jywzgkcmwjy gj 2 h~cg` gj Q~koc~kc szj cykywjm
c jyizjlcy z~ncmcy `nwkjmjm, oy clw`y qzmwcfjy jm Ljiwz~c szj cszjll`y szj cykywjm c
jyizjlcy ~z~cljy-
Iznc jy jl mki` qcy szj m` q~jyjmwc gkj~jmikcy ykhmkicwkrcy jmw~j l`y ~jmgk/okjmw`y gj l`y jywzgkcmwjy gj jyizjlcy z~ncmcy { ~z~cljy-
Mkic~chzc { ^jqnlkic G`okmkicmc q~jyjmwcm lcy ojm`~jy gkj~jmikcy yjhm lc znk/
icikm gj yzy jyizjlcy, clicmvcmg` l`y >3 { >7 qzmw`y, ~jyqjiwkrcojmwj-
Q`~ jl i`mw~c~k`, Qj~ jy jl qcy szj ozjyw~c oc{`~jy gjykhzclgcgjy jmw~j jywzgkcm/
wjy z~ncm`y { ~z~cljy, n`~gjcmg` l`y 51 qzmw`y gj gkj~jmikc- Lj ykhzjm Ouki`,
Qcmco { Qc~chzc{ i`m gkj~jmikcy ij~icmcy c l`y :8 qzmw`y-
2 Lcy gjmkik mjy gj v`mc ~z~cl m y`m jyw~kiwcojmwj i`oqc~cnljy jmw~j qcyjy- Qc~c kgjmwkic~ lcy jyizjlcy i`o`~z~cljy yj zy lc gjmkikm rkhjmwj jm icgc qcy- Q`~ l` wcmw`, l`y gcw`y gjl w`wcl gj Co~kic Lcwkmc { jl Ic~knjy`m zmc cq~`ukocikm hjmj~cl szj gjnj w`oc~yj i`m lcy gjnkgcy ~jyj~rcy gcgcy lcy gkj~jmwjy gjmkik`mjy gj~z~clkgcg-
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L`y Cq~jmgkvcfjy gj l`y Jywzgkcmwjy gj Co~kic Lcwkmc { jl Ic~knj71
IzCg^` 37 GKBJ^JMIKC GJ QZMWCFJY Q^@OJGK@ JMW^J JYIZJLCY Z^NCMCY [ ^Z^CLJY
[ YJHM HMJ^@- LJIWZ^C 2 H^CG@
Qcy gj~jmic z~ncm ~cl gj~jmic Mc MC~hjmwkmc 79,::& 33,1:&
N~cykl 7;,9:& 3:,2;&
Ieklj 9:,22& 2,5;&
I`l`onkc 73,87& /7,79
I`ywc ^kic 97,98& /1,8:
Iznc 3>,8: 3:,>3&
Jizcg`~ 72,>>& 2,9;
Jl Yclrcg`~ :7,93& /1,3;
Hzcwjoclc :9,8:& />,77Ouki` :8,83& 39,9>&
Mkic~chzc >3,7>& /1,23
Qcmco :2,28& 3:,5;&
Qc~chzc{ :2,9>& 33,37&
Qj~ 85,;2& /3,58
^- G`okmkicmc >9,8:& 3:,1;&
Z~zhzc{ 7;,31& 3;,27&
Mzjr` Ljm 9;,>9& 8,;5
Wwcl CL { I / 31,77&
& Ykhmkicwkrc c zm mkrjl gj i`mcmvc gj :*-
Jm jl cmlkyky yjhmhmj~` yj `nyj~rc szj lcy mkcy szj cykywjm c 2 h~cg` gj Jgzic/
ikm Q~koc~kc jm Co~kic Lcwkmc { jl Ic~knj crjmwcfcm c l`y mk`y jm lcy qzmwzcik`mjy gj
Ljiwz~c- Lc n~jiec jmw~j jll`y jm lc ~jhkm jy gj 31,7 qzmw`y-
Lcy mkcy `nwkjmjm qzmwzcik`mjy ykhmkicwkrcojmwj yzqj~k`~jy c l`y mk`y jm C~hjmwk/
mc, N~cykl, Ieklj, Iznc, Ouki`, Qcmco, Qc~chzc{, ^jqnlkic G`okmkicmc { Z~zhzc{-
Jl QKNqj~ iqkwc yj i`~~jlcik`mc gk~jiwcojmwj i`m jl cq~jmgkvcfj q~`ojgk` gj l`y jy/
wzgkcmwjy- Lcy gkj~jmikcy jm lc ~kszjvc gj l`y qcyjy juqlkicm 77,7* gj lc rc~kcikm jm l`yq~`ojgk`y mcik`mcljy gj Ljiwz~c jm 2 h~cg` gj Jgzicikm Q~koc~kc-
Izcmw` oc{`~ jy jli`jbikjmwj gj Hkmk, ojm`~ jy jl ~jmgkokjmw` q~`ojgk` jm Ljiwz~c
jmw~j l`y clzom`y gj 2 h~cg` gj Jgzicikm Q~koc~kc- Lcy gkyqc~kgcgjy jmw~j qcyjy jm jl
mgkij gj Hkmk juqlkicm 33* gj lc rc~kcikm jm l`y q~`ojgk`y mcik`mcljy jm Ljiwz~c-
Ijmicy j lc Mcw~cljvc
Lc q~zjnc gj Ikjmikcy gj lc Mcwz~cljvc, yj cqlki c jywzgkcmwjy gj 2 h~cg` gj Jgz/
icikm Q~koc~kc { cgjoy i`mw i`m lc qc~wkikqcikm gj yl` gkjv jmwkgcgjy mcik`mcljy6C~hjmwkmc, I`l`onkc, Iznc, Jl Yclrcg`~, Qcmco, Qc~chzc{, Qj~, ^jqnlkic G`okmkicmc,
Z~zhzc{ { Mzjr` Ljm-
Lc gkj~jmikc jmw~j l`y qcyjy juw~jo`y jm lc jyiclc gj ~jmgkokjmw` cyikjmgj c >,9:
gjyrkcik`mjy jywmgc~- Ykm jonc~h`, jmw~j jl qjmlwko` { yjhzmg` qcy lc gkj~jmikc lljhc
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^jyzojm Jfjizwkr` 73
c 1,25 gjyrkcik`mjy jywmgc~, l` szj koqlkic zmc oc{`~ e`o`hjmjkgcg jmw~j l`y qcyjy gjl
ijmw~` gj lc gkyw~knzikm-
Gj ocmj~c hl`ncl, yj `nyj~rcm gkyqc~kgcgjy wcmw` jm l`y q~`ojgk`y i`o` jm lc gkyw~k/nzikm gj lcy qzmwzcik`mjy jm icgc qcy- Yj qzjgjm gkywkmhzk~ izcw~` h~zq`y gj qcyjy i`m
~jyqjiw` cl ~jmgkokjmw` jm Ikjmikcy6
Jm jl q~koj~ h~zq` jywm l`y qcyjy i`m zmc qzmwzcikm ojgkc oz{ yzqj~k ~ cl
q~`ojgk` gj lc ~jhkm %i`m zmc gkywcmikc gj oy gj zmc gjyrkcikm jywmgc~, jy
gjik~, oy gj 2:1 qzmw`y+- Jywj h~zq` jyw i`m`~ocg` yl` q`~ Iznc-
Jl yjhzmg` jyw `~ocg` q`~ qcyjy i`m qzmwzcik`mjy yzqj~k`~jy cl q~`ojgk` gj
Co~kic Lcwkmc { jl Ic~knj, qj~` i`m zmc gkywcmikc gj ojm`y gj zmc gjyrkcikm
jywmgc~ gj gkj~jmikc6 Z~zhzc{ { jl jywcg` ojukicm` gj Mzjr` Ljm- Yl` I`l`onkc jyw jm jl wj~ij~ h~zq`, g mgj lc ojgkc gjl qcy m` q~jyjmwc gkj/
~jmikcy ykhmkicwkrcy i`m lc ~jhk`mcl-
Jl izc~w` h~zq` l` i`m`~ocm l`y qcyjy i`m qzmwzcik`mjy kmj~k`~jy cl q~`ojgk` gj
Co~kic Lcwkmc { jl Ic~knj, qj~` i`m zmc gkywcmikc ojm`~ c zmc gjyrkcikm jywm/
gc~6 C~hjmwkmc, Jl Yclrcg`~, Qcmco, Qc~chzc{, Qj~ { ^jqnlkic G`okmkicmc33&-
H^kI` 2 Q^@OJGK@ [ RC^KCNKLKGCG GJ LCY QZMWZCIK@MJY JM IKJMIKCY GJ L@Y
JYWZGKCMWJY GJ 2 H^CG@ GJ Q^KOC^KC JM ICGC QCY
LKKI6 Lokwj kmj~k`~ gjl kmwj~rcl` gj i`mcmvc i`m zm c ? 1,1:-LYKI6 Lokwj yzqj~k`~ gjl kmwj~rcl` gj i`mcmvc i`m zm c ? 1,1:-Lcy nc~~cy ~jq~jyjmwcm l`y ~jyzlwcg`y gjl 51* gj l`y jywzgkcmwjy gj icgc qcy szj yj jmizjmw~cmjmw~j jl qj~ijmwkl 31 { jl qj~ijmwkl ;1- Jy gjik~, jl juw~jo` gj~jie` gj icgc nc~~c ~jq~jyjmwc jlqzmwcfj gj l`y jywzgkcmwjy szj yj znkicm jm jl qj~ijmwkl ;1 { jl juw~jo` kvszkj~g`, jl gj l`y szjjywm jm jl 31- C oc{`~ gkywcmikc jmw~j jyw`y g`y qzmw`y, oc{`~ rc~kcnklkgcg jm l`y gjyjoqj`ygj l`y jywzgkcmwjy-Lc ojgkc yj kgjmwkic i`m lc lmjc nlcmic ijmw~cl- Jl kmwj~rcl` gj i`mcmvc, i`~~jyq`mgj c lclmjc oy `yiz~c szj ~`gjc lc ojgkc { juq~jyc l`y rcl`~jy q`yknljy gj jywc-
&Gkj~jmikcy ykhmkicwkrcy i`m :* gj j~~`~, gj cizj~g` i`m zmcq~zjnc wgj i`oqc~cikm gj ojgkcy-
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L`y Cq~jmgkvcfjy gj l`y Jywzgkcmwjy gj Co~kic Lcwkmc { jl Ic~knj7>
Lcy gjykhzclgcgjy jm l`y ~jyzlwcg`y gj cq~jmgkvcfj qzjgjm rj~yj c w~cry gj lc gkyqj~/
ykm jm lcy qzmwzcik`mjy szj clicmvcm l`y jywzgkcmwjy- Jm jywj onkw` yj gkywkmhzjm w~jy
ykwzcik`mjy jm lc ~jhkm6 Jm lc oc{`~c gj l`y qcyjy lc gkywcmikc jmw~j jl qj~ijmwkl 31 { jl qj~ijmwkl ;1 jyw
jmw~j l`y >11 { >91 qzmw`y- C~hjmwkmc, I`l`onkc, Qcmco, Qc~chzc{, Qj~, Z~zhzc{
{ jl jywcg` ojukicm` gj Mzjr` Ljm `~ocm qc~wj gj jywj i`mwkmhjmwj-
Jl Yclrcg`~ { jqnlkic G`okmkicmc wkjmjm lc ojm`~ gkyqj~ykm gj ~jyzlwcg`y, qzjy
lc gkywcmikc jmw~j jl qj~ijmwkl 31 { jl ;1 m` yzqj~c l`y >11 qzmw`y-
Iznc, fzmw` i`m yj~ jl qcy i`m jl oc{`~ qzmwcfj q~`ojgk`, q~jyjmwc lc oc{`~
gkyqj~ykm gj ~jyzlwcg`y, i`m zmc gkywcmikc gj 952 qzmw`y jmw~j l`y jywzgkcmwjy gj
l`y qj~ijmwkljy 31 { ;1-
IzCg^` 3: GJYI^KQIKM GJ L@Y MKRJLJY GJ GJYJOQJ@ GJ L@Y JYWZGKCMWJY GJ 2
GJ Q^KOC^KC JM IKJMIKCY
MrjlQmwy
j i~wj
* jJywcmwjy gjyi~qim
KR
817,8:
>,72* L`y jywzgkcmwjy szj clicmvcm jywj mkrjl zwklkvcm { w~cmyj~jm i m`/
ikokjmw`y ikjmwi`y, szj ~jszkj~jm clw` h~cg` gj `~oclkvcikm {cnyw~ciikm, c gkywkmw`y wkq`y gj ykwzcik`mjy- Y`m icqcijy gj kgjmwkic~ l`y i`m`ikokjmw`y ikjmwi`y kmr`lzi~cg`y
jm lc ykwzcikm q~`nljowkic qlcmwjcgc- ywcy y`m oy `~ocljy { yj~jj~jm c cyqjiw`y, gkojmyk`mjy ` cmlkyky szj qzjgjm jywc~ rkyknlj/ojmwj oy cljfcg`y gj yz jmw`~m` q~uko`-
KKK
:;1,>;
33,71* L`y jywzgkcmwjy szj clicmvcm jywj mkrjl juqlkicm ykwzcik mjy i`wkgkc/mcy ncycgcy jm jrkgjmikcy ikjmwicy, zwklkvcm o`gjl`y gjyi~kqwkr`yyjmikll`y qc~c kmwj~q~jwc~ jmojm`y gjl ozmg` mcwz~cl { qlcmwjcmi`milzyk`mjy c qc~wk~ gj lc gjyi~kqikm gj ciwkrkgcgjy juqj~kojmwcljy-
KK
78>,12
7>,>7* L`y jywzgkcmwjy szj clicmvcm jywj mkrjl cqlkicm i`mwjmkg`y ikjmwi`y
cq~jmgkg`y jm jl i`mwjuw` jyi`lc~6 i`oqc~cm, `~gjmcm j kmwj~q~jwcmkm`~ocikm q~jyjmwcgc jm `~ocw`y gkrj~y`y %wcnlcy, izcg~`y, jyszj/ocy, kohjmjy+4 ~ji`m`ijm ~jlcik`mjy gj iczyclkgcg, { ilcykicm yj~jyrkr`y gj cizj~g` c zm i~kwj~k`-
I`m ~jyqjiw` cl Mkrjl K gjnj ecij~yj m`wc~ szj y`m icqcijy gjciijgj~ c km`~ocikm q~jyjmwcgc jm gkywkmw`y `~ocw`y, l` szj jukhjgjyw~jvcy gj oc{`~ i`oqljfkgcg qc~c ciijgj~ { w~cwc~ km`~ocikm-
K
9:3,93
95,8>* L`y jywzgkcmwjy szj clicmvcm jywj mkrjl ~jlcik mcm i m`ikokjmw`yikjmwi`y i`m ykwzcik`mjy i`wkgkcmcy q~ukocy c yz jmw`~m`-
Y`m icqcijy gj juqlkic~ jl ozmg` kmojgkcw` jm jl szj rkrjm, c qc~wk~gj yzy q~`qkcy `nyj~rcik`mjy { juqj~kjmikcy, { gjygj ce ~jlcik`mc~lc
i`m jl i`m`ikokjmw` ikjmwi` szj cgszkj~jm { zwklkvcm jm `~ocykoqlj { lkmjcl- Gjyi~knjm ejie`y i`mi~jw`y { ykoqljy kmr`lzi~cmg` q~`ijy`y i`hmkwk/
r`y i`o` ~ji`~gc~, jr`ic~, kgjmwkic~-
Gjncf`gj K
:,35* L`y jywzgkcmwjy jm jywj mkrjl m y`m icqcijy gj l`h~c~ lcy ecnklkgcgjyjukhkgcy q`~ jl mkrjl K
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^jyzojm Jfjizwkr` 79
L`y gcw`y q`~ mkrjljy gj gjyjoqj` jm Ikjmikcy i`m~ocm szj l`y qcyjy qzjgjm
ch~zqc~yj jm ~jlcikm c w~jy ykwzcik`mjy6
Jm Iznc, jl 2:* gj l`y jywzgkcmwjy yj ykwc jm l`y Mkrjljy KKK { KR- Jm I`l`onkc, Z~zhzc{ { jl jywcg` ojukicm` gj Mzjr` Ljm, ij~ic gj lc okwcg gj
l`y jywzgkcmwjy clicmvc jl Mkrjl KK-
Jm C~hjmwkmc, Jl Yclrcg`~, Qcmco, Qc~chzc{, Qj~ { ^jqnlkic G`okmkicmc oy gj
71* gj l`y jywzgkcmwjy yj znkic jm jl Mkrjl K { q`~ gjncf` gj l-
IzCg^` 32 Q@^IJMWCFJ GJ JYWZGKCMWJY GJ 2 H^CG@ GJ Q^KOC^KC Q@^ MKRJL GJ
GJYJOQJ@ JM IKJMIKCY JM ICGC QCY
Qcy gjncf j k k kk kkk kRC~hjmwkmc :,9> 98,89 79,17 3>,89 3,38
I`l`onkc >,2> 93,25 :3,1; 39,:; 3,1>
Iznc 1,>2 5,85 >:,;> 91,93 97,89
Jl Yclrcg`~ 9,85 77,89 7>,:: 5,>9 1,83
Qcmco 2,97 77,21 9;,5; 5,71 1,88
Qc~chzc{ 8,>1 72,35 95,33 8,:> 1,;;
Qj~ 2,;8 72,;9 9;,92 2,98 1,92
^- G`okmkicmc 37,>; 2>,5> >3,:1 3,98 1,19Z~zhzc{ 3,2; >>,82 75,78 >7,13 9,12
Mzjr` Ljm >,:; 91,;5 78,85 32,95 >,>5
Wwcl qcyjy :,35 95,8> 7>,>7 33,71 >,72
Jl gjyjoqj` jm Ikjmikcy gj l`y jywzgkcmwjy gj jyizjlcy ~z~cljy jy ojm`~ cl gj cszj/
ll`y szj cykywjm c ijmw~`y jgzicwkr`y z~ncm`y3>8-
Qj~ jy jl qcy szj q~jyjmwc oc{`~jy gkj~jmikcy jmw~j l`y ~jmgkokjmw`y gj l`y jywz/
gkcmwjy gj jyizjlcy z~ncmcy { ~z~cljy, clicmvcmg` oy gj :2 qzmw`y- Lj ykhzjm Jl Yclrcg`~{ Qcmco i`m cl~jgjg`~ gj 71 qzmw`y gj gkj~jmikc-
Q`~ jl `w~` juw~jo`, jmi`mw~co`y c Iznc szj m` q~jyjmwc gkj~jmikcy ykhmkicwkrcy
jmw~j l`y ~jmgkokjmw`y gj jywzgkcmwjy szj cykywjm c jyizjlcy ~z~cljy { l`y szj cykywjm c
jyizjlcy z~ncmcy, cykokyo` ^jqnlkic G`okmkicmc q~jyjmwc omkocy gkj~jmikcy, n`~gjcm/
g` l`y 33 qzmw`y-
8 Lcy gjmkik mjy gj v`mc ~z~cl m y`m jyw~kiwcojmwj i`oqc~cnljy jmw~j qcyjy- Qc~c kgjmwkic~ lcy jyizjlcy i`o`~z~cljy yj zy lc gjmkikm rkhjmwj jm icgc qcy- Q`~ l` wcmw`, l`y gcw`y gjl w`wcl gj Co~kic Lcwkmc { jl Ic~knjy`m zmc cq~`ukocikm hjmj~cl szj gjnj w`oc~yj i`m lcy gjnkgcy ~jyj~rcy gcgcy lcy gkj~jmwjy gjmkik`mjy gj~z~clkgcg-
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L`y Cq~jmgkvcfjy gj l`y Jywzgkcmwjy gj Co~kic Lcwkmc { jl Ic~knj77
IzCg^` 38 GKBJ^JMIKC GJ QZMWCFJY Q^@OJGK@ JMW^J JYIZJLCY Z^NCMCY [ ^Z^CLJY
[ YJHM HMJ^@- IKJMIKCY 2 H^CG@
Qcy gj~jmic z~ncm ~cl gj~jmic Mc MC~hjmwkmc 3;,87& /:,12
I`l`onkc >>,59& /35,;9&
Iznc 33,92 8,73
Jl Yclrcg`~ 73,;3& /31,32&
Qcmco 95,>8& 3,>2
Qc~chzc{ 91,>9& 3,55
Qj~ :2,35& /32,3>&
^- G`okmkicmc 33,37& /1,2:
Z~zhzc{ >;,>5& /7,77Mzjr` Ljm >2,2:& /3>,88&
Wwcl CL { I / /33,:>&
& Ykhmkicwkrc c zm mkrjl gj i`mcmvc gj :*-
Lc i`oqc~cikm q`~hmj~` jm l`y ~jyzlwcg`y gj Ikjmikcy ozjyw~c zmc rjmwcfc ykhmkic/
wkrc gj l`y mk`y q`~ y`n~j lcy mkcy jm lc ~jhkm- L`y mk`y nwkjmjm zm qzmwcfj q~`ojgk`
szj jy yzqj~k`~ jm 33,: qzmw`y cl szj `nwkjmjm lcy mkcy- Jm I`l`onkc, Jl Yclrcg`~, Qj~ { jl jywcg` ojukicm` gj Mzjr` Ljm, l`y mk`y
`nwkjmjm ~jyzlwcg`y ykhmkicwkrcojmwj oy clw`y szj lcy mkcy jm Ikjmikcy-
Jm i`mw~cywj, m` jukywjm gkj~jmikcy jywcgywkicojmwj ykhmkicwkrcy jmw~j mk`y {
mkcy jm C~hjmwkmc, Iznc, Qcmco, Qc~chzc{, ^jqnlkic G`okmkicmc { Z~zhzc{-
Jl gjyjoqj` gj l`y jywzgkcmwjy ozjyw~c zmc ~jlcikm gk~jiwc i`m lc q~`gziikm kmwj~/
mc gj icgc qcy- JlQKNqj~ iqkwc mcik`mcl l`h~c juqlkic~ 33,:8* gj lcy rc~kcik`mjy jm jl
gjyjoqj` gj l`y jywzgkcmwjy jm Ikjmikcy-
L`y gcw`y kmgkicm szj jukywj zmc cy`ikcikm kmrj~yc jmw~j jl cq~jmgkvcfj jm Ikjmikcy {lcy gjykhzclgcgjy jm lc gkyw~knzikm gjl kmh~jy`- Cy, lc rc~kcikm jm jli`jbikjmwjgjHkmk
juqlkic 91,25* gj lc rc~kcmvc jm lcy ojgkcy mcik`mcljy gj cq~jmgkvcfj jm Ikjmikcy-
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^jyzojm Jfjizwkr` 7:
Jm zm ojmycfj cljmwcg`~ qc~c w`g`y l`y ykywjocy jgzicwkr`y, jl YJ^IJ ec q`gkg` i`my/
wcwc~ jm yz crcmij gjl jywzgk` gj ciw`~jy cy`ikcg`y, szj lcy jyizjlcy qzjgjm ecij~ zmc
koq`~wcmwj i`mw~knzikm cl gjyjoqj` gj l`y jywzgkcmwjy- Yk nkjm l`y ciw`~jy gj i`mwjuw`
y`ik`ji`moki` wkjmjm zmc kmbzjmikc q`gj~`yc jm jl ~jmgkokjmw`, lcy rc~kcnljy cy`ikcgcy
c lc jyizjlc qzjgjm i`mw~knzk~ ykhmkicwkrcojmwj c gkyokmzk~ lcy gjykhzclgcgjy gj cq~jm/
gkvcfj cy`ikcgcy c gkyqc~kgcgjy y`ikcljy-Jm i`mi`~gcmikc i`m l` `nyj~rcg` jm jl QJ^IJ, jlilkoc jyi`lc~jy lc rc~kcnlj szj oc{`~
kmbzjmikc jfj~ij y`n~j jl ~jmgkokjmw` gj l`y jywzgkcmwjy- Q`~ wcmw`, lc hjmj~cikm gj zm
conkjmwj gj ~jyqjw`, ci`hjg`~ { q`ykwkr` jy jyjmikcl qc~c q~`o`rj~ jl cq~jmgkvcfj jmw~j
l`y jywzgkcmwjy-
ciw~jy cyicy cl lh~
w qjmjmwj
ZMJYI@/H-
Wjclgk
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L`y Cq~jmgkvcfjy gj l`y Jywzgkcmwjy gj Co~kic Lcwkmc { jl Ic~knj72
Lcy rc~kcnljy gj ~jiz~y`y jyi`lc~jy, jm i`mfzmw`, wconkm i`mw~knz{jm cl ~jmgkokjmw`-
Yk nkjm jy qjszjc lc i`mw~knzikm kmgkrkgzcl gj lc km~cjyw~ziwz~c, l`y yj~rkik`y nyki`y
gj lc jyizjlc, jl moj~` gj lkn~`y gj lc nknlk`wjic jyi`lc~ { l`y c`y gj juqj~kjmikc gjlg`ijmwj4 jm yz i`mfzmw` jywcy rc~kcnljy cq`~wcm cl cq~jmgkvcfj gj l`y jywzgkcmwjy- Cl
~jyqjiw` jl ojmycfj jyjmikcl szj szjgc jy szj l`y ~jiz~y`y y`m mjijyc~k`y qc~c koqzlyc~
jl ~jmgkokjmw`-
Lcyjh~jhcikm jyi`lc~q`~ i`mgkik`mjy y`ik`ji`mokicy { izlwz~cljy gj l`y jywzgkcmwjy
jy lc yjhzmgc rc~kcnlj gj oc{`~ koq`~wcmikc qc~c juqlkic~ jl ~jmgkokjmw`- Yz kmikgjmikc
jy oc{`~ jm Ljiwz~c jm i`oqc~cikm i`m Ocwjowkic { Ikjmikcy- [ yk nkjm, ywc m` jy zmc
rc~kcnlj jgzicwkrc, q~`qkcojmwj wcl, izclszkj~ q~`h~jy` szj yj qzjgc ecij~ qc~c gkyokmzk~
jywc yjh~jhcikm jyi`lc~, w~cj~ koq`~wcmwjy crcmijy jm l`y l`h~`y { cq~jmgkvcfjy gj l`yjywzgkcmwjy-
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^jyzojm Jfjizwkr` 78
Lc jgzicikm gj iclkgcg jy zm gj~jie` gj w`g`y l`y mk`y { mkcy- Clicmvc~lc yj i`my/
wkwz{j jm zmc ylkgc ncyj qc~c jl gjyc~~`ll` y`ywjmknlj, jl crcmij gjo`i~wki` { lc khzclgcg
y`ikcl- Jl YJ^IJ ~jq~jyjmwc zm jyzj~v` gj l`y qcyjy gj Co~kic Lcwkmc { jl Ic~knj { gj lc
@^JCLIZMJYI@ qc~c i`mw~knzk~ c ojf`~c~ lcy `q`~wzmkgcgjy jgzicwkrcy gj l`y jywzgkcmwjy
{, jm lwkoc kmywcmikc, q~`o`rj~ jl gjyc~~`ll` jm lc ~jhkm-
Lc jrclzcikm ~jclkvcgc jm jl oc~i` gjl YJ^IJ ec q~jyjmwcg` zm cmlkyky gj l` szjcq~jmgjm l`y jywzgkcmwjy, lcy gjykhzclgcgjy gj cq~jmgkvcfj { l`y ciw`~jy szj juqlkicm lcy
gkj~jmikcy jm jl l`h~`-
Imyj~cimjy bmcljy
w qjmjmwj
ZMJYI@/G-
^`hj~
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L`y Cq~jmgkvcfjy gj l`y Jywzgkcmwjy gj Co~kic Lcwkmc { jl Ic~knj75
Y`n~j l`y cq~jmgkvcfjy gj l`y jywzgkcmwjy gj Q~koc~kc
Jm w~okm`y gj gjyjoqj` cicgoki` yj jyqj~c szj zmc jgzicikm gj iclkgcg lljrj c clw`y
mkrjljy gj cq~jmgkvcfj gj w`g`y l`y jywzgkcmwjy, ykm mkmhm wkq` gj juilzykm- Lc qj~y/
qjiwkrc gj jszkgcg jy w~cmyrj~ycl cl YJ^IJ, qzjyw` szj q`mj jl mcyky jm lcy i`mgkik`mjy
y`ikcljy szj koqkgjm jl qljm` jfj~ikik` gjl gj~jie` c lc jgzicikm { jm lc `~oc jm szj lcy
jyizjlcy jszkqc~cm lcy `q`~wzmkgcgjy gj cq~jmgkvcfj gj l`y jywzgkcmwjy-
Jm lc ~jhm juywj mc oq~wcmwj rj~yc jm lc iclc jl cq~jmvcfj j ly
jywcmwjy-
Jyw` yj `nyj~rc jm w`gcy lcy ~jcy { h~cg`y jrclzcg`y, c qc~wk~ gj lc gkyqj~ykm gj l`y~jyzlwcg`y gjmw~` gj icgc qcy { jm lcy n~jiecy gj qzmwzcikm szj jukywjm jmw~j qcyjy-
Cy, jm 9j~ h~cg` yj jmizjmw~cm gkj~jmikcy, jmw~j l`y qcyjy gj oc{`~ { ojm`~ ~jmgk/
okjmw`, szj yzqj~cm l`y >91 qzmw`y, wcmw` jm Ljiwz~c i`o` jm Ocwjowkic- Okjmw~cy szj
jm 2 h~cg` lcy gkj~jmikcy, czmszj y`m clh` ojm`~jy, ykhzjm yzqj~cmg` lcy g`y gjyrkcik`/
mjy jywmgc~ jm Ikjmikcy { jm Ocwjowkic, jm wcmw` jm Ljiwz~c lljhcm c 387,: qzmw`y-
Jywc gkrj~ykgcg jm lc iclkgcg gj l`y cq~jmgkvcfjy gj l`y jywzgkcmwjy yj qzjgj h~cic~,
khzclojmwj, i`m lc i`m`~ocikm gj 7 h~zq`y gj qcyjy yjhm l`y ~jyzlwcg`y q~`ojgk` szj
clicmvc~`m jm lcy q~zjncy-
IzCg^` 35 I@OQC^CIKM GJ L@Y ^JYZLWCG@Y JYI@LC^JY JM 9j~ H^CG@ GJ Q^KOC^KC
gj~jmic ~jyqjiw c lcojc ~jhmcl Ocwjowic Ljiw~c
Oc{`~ szj lc ojgkc c oy gjzmc gjyrkcikm jywmgc~
Iznc Iznc
Oc{`~ szj lc ojgkc c ojm`ygj zmc gjyrkcikm jywmgc~ gjgkywcmikc
Ieklj, I`ywc ^kic, Ouki`,Z~zhzc{ { Mzjr` Ljm
C~hjmwkmc, Ieklj, I`l`onkc,I`ywc kic, Ouki`, Z~zhzc{ {Mzjr` Ljm-
Khzcl c lc ojgkc ~jhk`mcl C~hjmwkmc, N~cykl { I`l`onkc N~cykl { Jl Yclrcg`~
Ojm`~ szj lc ojgkc c ojm`ygj zmc gjyrkcikm jywmgc~ gjgkywcmikc
Hzcwjoclc, Jizcg`~, JlYclrcg`~, Mkic~chzc, Qcmco,Qc~chzc{, Qj~ { ^jqnlkicG`okmkicmc
Jizcg`~, Hzcwjoclc, Mkic~c/hzc, Qcmco, Qc~chzc{, Qj~ {^jqnlkic G`okmkicmc
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^jyzojm Jfjizwkr` 7;
IzCg^` 3; I@OQC^CIKM GJ L@Y ^JYZLWCG@Y JYI@LC^JY JM 2 H^CG@ GJ Q^KOC^KC
gj~jmic ~jyqjiw clc ojc ~jhmcl Ocwjowic Ljiw~c Ijmicy
Oc{`~ szj lc ojgkc coy gj zmc gjyrkcikmjywmgc~
Iznc Iznc
Oc{`~ szj lc ojgkcc ojm`y gj zmcgjyrkcikm jywmgc~ gjgkywcmikc
C~hjmwkmc, Ieklj, I`ywc^kic, Ouki`, Z~zhzc{{ Mzjr` Ljm
I`ywc ^kic, Iznc,N~cykl, Ieklj, I`l`onkc,Ouki`, Z~zhzc{ {Mzjr` Ljm
Z~zhzc{ { Mzjr` Ljm
Khzcl c lc ojgkc~jhk`mcl
N~cykl, I`l`onkc { Qj~ C~hjmwkmc I`l`onkc
Ojm`~ szj lc ojgkcc ojm`y gj zmcgjyrkcikm jywmgc~ gjgkywcmikc
Jizcg`~, Jl Yclrcg`~,Hzcwjoclc, Mkic~chzc,Qcmco, Qc~chzc{ {^jqnlkic G`okmkicmc
Jizcg`~, Jl Yclrcg`~,Hzcwjoclc, Mkic~chzc,Qcmco, Qc~chzc{,Qj~ { ^jqnlkicG`okmkicmc
C~hjmwkmc, Jl Yclrcg`~,Qcmco, Qc~chzc{,Qj~ { ^jqnlkicG`okmkicmc
Icnj yjclc~ szj cl `nyj~rc~ lcy gkj~jmikcy szj jukywjm jmw~j l`y qcyjy szj jywm jm
lc yjhzmgc { qjmlwkoc q`ykikm, lc gkj~jmikc gj yzy qzmwzcik`mjy ojgkcy cqjmcy yzqj~c
zmc gjyrkcikm jywmgc~ jm icyk w`g`y l`y icy`y, l` szj jrkgjmikc szj jukywj zmc oc{`~
e`o`hjmjkgcg jmw~j l`y qcyjy szj m` jywm jm l`y juw~jo`y gj ~jmgkokjmw`- Jl icy` gjIkjmikcy jy jyqjikcl {c szj yj qcyc gj zmc gkj~jmikc gj >,9: gjyrkcik`mjy jywmgc~, jmw~j
l`y juw~jo`y, c 1,25 gjyrkcik`mjy gj gkj~jmikc, l` szj ozjyw~c zmc e`o`hjmjkgcg oc{`~
jm l`y ~jyzlwcg`y kmwj~ojgk`y, { zmc gkywcmikc koq`~wcmwj i`m l`y juw~jo`y-
Jywc gkrj~ykgcg wconkm yj `nyj~rc cl kmwj~k`~ gj l`y qcyjy, cl i`oqc~c~ lc gkj~jmikc
jukywjmwj jmw~j l`y jywzgkcmwjy gj l`y qj~ijmwkljy 31 { ;1, l` szj m`y qj~okwj jywcnljij~
izcw~` icwjh`~cy gj qcyjy wcmw` qc~c 9j~ i`o` qc~c 2 h~cg`y gj Q~koc~kc, c ycnj~6
3+ Qcyjy iz{` ~cmh gj gkyqj~ykm jmw~j jl oy clw` { oy ncf` gjyjoqj` yj znkic
q`~ gjncf` gj l`y >11 qzmw`y4>+ Qcyjy i`m zmc rc~kcnklkgcg jmw~j l`y qj~ijmwkljy 31 { ;1 jmw~j >11 { >:14
9+ Qcyjy i`m zm ~cmh` gj gkyqj~ykm gj yzy gjyjoqj`y, yzqj~k`~ c >:1 qzmw`y, qj~`
kmj~k`~ c 911 {, mclojmwj
7+ Qcyjy i`m zmc rc~kcnklkgcg kmwj~mc yzqj~k`~ c l`y 911 qzmw`y
Jm jl icy` gj lcy qzmwzcik`mjy `nwjmkgcy q`~ l`y jywzgkcmwjy gj 9 j~ h~cg` gj Q~koc~kc,
lcy gkj~jmikcy yj ozjrjm jm zm ~cmh` szj rc gj l`y 32: c l`y 973 qzmw`y jm Ocwjowkic
{ jmw~j 359 { >;2 jm Ljiwz~c, l`y qcyjy szj ozjyw~cm zmc oc{`~ gkyqj~ykm kmwj~mc jm
Ocwjowkic { Ljiwz~c y`m Iznc, Z~zhzc{ { Qc~chzc{, okjmw~cy szj Mkic~chzc jy jl szj
q~jyjmwc ojm`~ gkyqj~ykm-
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