Unesco Apn
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Transcript of Unesco Apn
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Integrating Local & Indigenous Knowledge with
Science & Technology for Flood & Landslide Control:
Case studies from Japan and other countries
1. Revival of indigenous methods of flood control in Japan
2. Validation of omens as indicators for early warning and theirpractical application
3. Development of hydrological equipment for community early
warning to monitor concentrated rainfall increasing as a result of
climate change
4. Education in Cuba19 April 2013
Hidetomi Oi
Ex-JICA Senior Expert on Water Resources Development and Disaster Reduction
19 April 2013
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1. Revival of indigenous methods for flood control in Japan
Retarding basin
Open levee
Ring levee
Base raisingForest beltMattress
Skeleton
Secondary levee
1600s-1800s (Feudal era)
Variety of indigenous methods
suitable for local conditions weredeveloped, encouraged by feudal
governments, as shown in the figure.
1896-1976 (Meiji era)
Long high levees were constructed
to confine floods in the river, applying
advanced technologies and using
heavy machines.
1977-
Comprehensive Flood Control including construction of rain water storage and infiltration
facilities in housing development areas to reduce flooding of urban rivers.
1996-
Revival of indigenous methods in view of theirresilience against extremes as well as
environmental merits, allowing inundation but avoiding total destruction and leading to early
recovery. In 2010 JICA prepared Handbook on Climate Change Adaptation in the Water
Sector :A Resilient Approach that Integrates Water Management and Community
Development which emphasized resilience. This shift is being accelerated learning from
lessons from the tsunami disaster on 11 March 2011.
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Example of indigenous methods
Ring leveeRing levees are seen in
deltas of Ganges-
Brahmaputra(Bangladesh),
Ayeyarwadi(Myanmar),
Kiso(Japan) etc.
Open levee
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Forest belts on the river side reduce
impact of floods and protect levees andhouses etc.
Forest belts on the inner side reduce
energy of overflowing floods and protect
levees and houses etc.
Forest beltForest belts
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Traditional river works
Skeleton works
Mattress worksMattress works Skeleton works
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Gabion works
Bamboo gabionswere used for
urgent rehabilitation
works in Japan.
Gabions are used
popularly in
developingcountries.
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River bank protection with used tires, Trinidad and Tobago
Slope protection works using
used tires, Sri Lanka
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Storage and infiltration have been given priority as a basin approach tomitigate flooding of urban rivers since 1970s
Storage : roof top, park, playground,
parking area etc.
Infiltration :porous pavement
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Example of storage
Playground
Small park and tennis court
Parking area
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0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48
Time (Hour)
Discharge(m3/s) Qp = 880m3/s
States Quo
Qp = 1,090 m3/s
Year 2050 under Secenario B1
Qp=1,300m3/s
Year 2050 under Secenario A1FI
Study on Comprehensive Flood Mitigation for Cavite, Metro
Manila, Philippines (JICA 2009)An example to address flood problem of urban rivers due to urbanization
and climate change. The principle is basin approach with emphasis on
storage (retarding basin, storage ponds), in addition to river works
(widening, dredging, embankment).
2008 2050
Peak discharge 880 m/s 1,300m/s (1.5)
Inundated house 21,800 houses 74,200 houses (3)
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Storage ponds in housingdevelopment areas (Cavite, Philippines)
Retarding basins along rivers(Cavite,Philippines)
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2. Validation of omens (signs, symptoms) as indicators
for early warning and their practical application
Omens had long been used for early warning especially for sediment
related disasters, but as science/technology developed, such a
practice gradually diminished.
However, recent surveys disclosed that although people were
reluctant to evacuate even with instructions from mayors, they didevacuate if they perceive any omen. It was also disclosed that
instructions of mayors were not always appropriate in terms of timing
as well as contents of messages.
Accordingly, Government (Min. of Land, Infrastructure and
Transport) conducted a survey to validate omens from scientific pointof view in 2006. As a result of survey of 71 disaster cases, a total of
30 omens were identified as meaningful indicators for early warning.
Local governments are considering to incorporate the results of the
survey into Disaster Management Plan and school curriculum.
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2
Survey Sheet
Rainfall(hourly and
accumulated)Weather
conditions
Government
actions (centraland local)
Witnesses
on omens
Disaster
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SLOPE FAILURES
1. Cracks, Falling of cobbles, Swelling of slopes
2. Spout of water from slope; Springs become
muddy.3. Tilting of trees, Trembling of trees
4. Ground rumbling
DEBRIS FLOWS
1. Slope failures in mountain slopes, Falling of
cobbles
2. Decrease in river water while rains continue.
3. Ground rumbling, Sounds of trees being split
4. Smell of decay
LANDSLIDES1. Deformation of ground; Cracks in slopes, foot
path, pavement, walls
2. Water of wells, streams becomes turbulent.
3. Sudden decrease in water level (ponds etc.)
4. Sounds of trees being split
Progress of hazardous phenomena and omens perceived
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Supplementary reader for elementary school illustrating
omens for debris-flows, landslides and slope failures
respectively
Omens for the case of debris-flows
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3. Development of hydrological equipment for community
early warning
As a result of climate change, locally concentrated rainfall has been
increasing, causing flash floods and sediment related disasters.Such localized rainfalls can not be monitored by government
observation networks and should be monitored at each community
for timely actions.
Various equipment have been developed. The one shown below has
been developed in the Caribbean and Japan which is suitable forcommunity early warning due to following advantages:
Cheap in cost
Easy for assembly, operation and maintenance
Safe observation in the house
Short, heavy rainfall even in
the mid-night will be measured without fail due to the alarm device.
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Ordinary water level gage. It is
dangerous to go out to the observation
site to observe the sudden rise of water
level in the mid-night under heavy storm.
Workshop for assembling the equipment
for government staff in Fiji in 2012 (left)
and in Nepal in 2011(right)
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Community based landslide
early warning system,
developed by Gajamada
University, Indonesia
Community flood early warning with a
sensor of two stainless rods beneath the
floor, developed by a person of electrical
appliance shop, Mindanao, Philippines
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4. Disaster education in Cuba, which supports the most
advanced in the world in disaster management
management
Education startsas early as at
kindergarten
At elementary school using
paper TV
Disaster Management Club at
junior high school
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THANKS