UNECE Work Session on Gender Statistics 11-13 september 2006 Geneva 1 ETHNIC MINORITIES, GENDER AND...

UNECE Work Session on Gender Statistics 11-13 september 2006 Geneva

1

ETHNIC MINORITIES, GENDER AND DISCRIMINATION IN ESS

(shorter version)

Ko Oudhof

Statistics Netherlands


2

THEMES IN PRESENTATION

• Discrimination• Risk population• Measurement and data• Results• Final questions


3

Discrimination and risk populations

• Discrimination defined shortly:– Treatment or affect based on class or category rather

than individual merit

– Reasonable exceptions? Law-forbidden grounds?

• Risk population derived from grounds– Racial or ethnic minorities

– Women

• Multiple discrimination– Ethnic minorities women

• Research question:– More discrimination than other women?

– More discrimination than ethnic minorities men?


4

ESS

• European Social Survey• Two-yearly survey 2002/3 + 2004/5 +….• Freely available (non-commercial) • Standardisation and comparability• Translation procedures• Random sample 15+ years • Only in major (>5%) languages in country !!!• 26 countries all together• Pooled and reweighted data (OK??)


5

Measurement risk populations

1. Citizenship – Are you a citizen of [country]?

2. (Non-) western background– Were you born in [country]?– Was your father born in [country]?– Was your mother born in [country]?

3. Belongingness minority ethnic group– Do you belong to a minority ethnic group in

[country]? (“Belong” refers to attachment or identification)

Yes/No/Don’t know

Minority groups in total sample

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

male female male female male female male female

% western background % non-western background % not citizen of country % belonging to ethnic minority group


7

Measurement risk populations (2)

• Unique crossing of criteria risk population• One example (in spite of language bias)• Share of ethnic minorities among foreign

background (western/non-western)– Target population of EU-LFS 2008

• Ethnic minority group among non-western migrants + descendants = 1,2%

• Ethnic minority group among native background = 1,5%

Shares of ethnic minority group by type of background

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

first generation

second generation with only foreign mother

second generation with only foreign father

second generation with two foreign parents

total

first generation

second generation with only foreign mother

second generation with only foreign father

second generation with two foreign parents

total

Nat

ive

back

grou

ndW

este

rn b

ackg

roun

dno

n-W

este

rn b

ackg

roun

dT

otal

popu

latio

n

100% is total belong + not belonging

male

female


9

Measurement discrimination

• Would you describe yourself as being a member of a group that is discriminated against in this country? If yes…...>>>>>>>>>

• On what grounds is your group discriminated against? PROBE: ‘What other grounds?’ CODE ALL THAT APPLY

– Colour or race– Nationality – Religion – Language – Ethnic group – Age – Gender – Sexuality – Disability – Other (WRITE IN)___________________________ – (Don’t know)

Percentage member of discriminated group

0,0 5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0 30,0 35,0 40,0 45,0 50,0

citizen

non-citizen

citizen

non-citizen*

citizen

non-citizen

citizen

non-citizen

citizen

non-citizen

citizen

non-citizen

not

ethn

icm

inye

s et

hnic

min

not

ethn

icm

inye

s et

hnic

min

not

ethn

icm

inye

s et

hnic

min

Nat

ive

back

grou

ndW

este

rn b

ackg

roun

dno

n-W

este

rn b

ackg

roun

d

male

female

Percentage member of discriminated group: colour or race

0,0 5,0 10,0 15,0 20,0 25,0 30,0 35,0 40,0 45,0 50,0

citizen

non-citizen

citizen

non-citizen*

citizen

non-citizen

citizen

non-citizen

citizen

non-citizen

citizen

non-citizen

not

ethn

icm

inye

s et

hnic

min

not

ethn

icm

inye

s et

hnic

min

not

ethn

icm

inye

s et

hnic

min

Nat

ive

back

grou

ndW

este

rn b

ackg

roun

dno

n-W

este

rn b

ackg

roun

d

male

female

Multiple discrimination and discrimination by gender

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

citizen

non-citizen

citizen

non-citizen*

citizen

non-citizen

citizen

non-citizen

citizen

non-citizen

citizen

non-citizen

not

ethn

icm

inye

s et

hnic

min

not

ethn

icm

inye

s et

hnic

min

not

ethn

icm

inye

s et

hnic

min

Nat

ive

back

grou

ndW

este

rn b

ackg

roun

dN

on-W

este

rn b

ackg

roun

dT

otal

mean multiple discrimination, incl. gender male

mean multiple discrimination, incl. gender female

gender male

gender female

Odds ratios discrimination ground race/color

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

native background (ref.cat.)2,00 west first gen

3,00 west sec gen foreign mother4,00 west sec gen foreign father

5,00 west sec gen both parents foreign6,00 non-west first gen

7,00 non-west sec gen foreign mother8,00 non-west sec gen foreign father

9,00 non-west sec gen both parents foreign

citizen (ref.cat.)non-citizen

not belonging (ref.cat.)belong to ethnic minority group

male (ref.cat.)female

lower education (ref.cat.)higher education

NL Netherlands (ref.cat.)AT Austria

BE BelgiumCH Switzerland

CZ Czech RepublicDE GermanyDK Denmark

ES SpainFI FinlandFR France

GB United KingdomGR Greece

HU HungaryIE Ireland

IL IsraelIT Italy

LU LuxembourgNO NorwayPL Poland

PT PortugalSE SwedenSI SloveniaEE EstoniaIS Iceland

SK SlowakiaUA Ukraine

year=2002 (ref.cat.)year=2004

Odds ratios discrimination ground gender

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

native background (ref.cat.)2,00 west first gen

3,00 west sec gen foreign mother4,00 west sec gen foreign father

5,00 west sec gen both parents foreign6,00 non-west first gen

7,00 non-west sec gen foreign mother8,00 non-west sec gen foreign father

9,00 non-west sec gen both parents foreign

citizen (ref.cat.)non-citizen

not belonging (ref.cat.)belong to ethnic minority group

male (ref.cat.)female

lower education (ref.cat.)higher education

NL Netherlands (ref.cat.)AT Austria

BE BelgiumCH Switzerland

CZ Czech RepublicDE GermanyDK Denmark

ES SpainFI FinlandFR France

GB United KingdomGR Greece

HU HungaryIE Ireland

IL IsraelIT Italy

LU LuxembourgNO NorwayPL Poland

PT PortugalSE SwedenSI SloveniaEE EstoniaIS Iceland

SK SlowakiaUA Ukraine

year=2002 (ref.cat.)year=2004


15

Discussion

• Systematic bias in ethnic groups in ESS-data because of language-related selectivity?

• Validity of discrimination measure?– Self assessment as member of D– Perceived discrimination of D– Information source of perceived discrimination

(significant others or media)?

• ESS offers much more

http://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/

UNECE Work Session on Gender Statistics 11-13 september 2006 Geneva 1 ETHNIC MINORITIES, GENDER AND...

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