1. Dr. Susan M. Hansen Psy250 Lifespan Development The First Two Years Language Piaget Review Surviving in Good Health

2. Jean Piagets Stages of Sensormotor Development Making Interesting Sights Last 4 to 8 mo. Becomes more responsive to people and objects in the environment; they learn to repeat specific actions that have elicited pleasing responses. THREE Reflexes Birth to 1 mo. Sucking, grasping, staring, listeningONE First Acquired Adaptations 1 to 4 mo. Starts to adapt its reflexes to the environment and to coordinate two actions (for example, grabbing a bottle to suck it). TWO Adaptation & Anticipation 8 12 mo. Infants become more purposeful in responding to people and objects, anticipating events, and engaging in goal-directed behavior. FOUR Active Experimentation 12 - 18 mo. The little scientists become more active and creative in their exploration of, and trial-and- error experimentation with, the environment. FIVE Mental Combinations 18-24 mo. By using mental combinations, toddlers begin to anticipate and solve simple problems. This skill enables the toddler to remember better, to anticipate future events, to pretend, and to use deferred imitation. SIX 3. Tertiary circular reactions Stage 6 (18 24 months) Stage 5 (12 18 months) tertiary circular reactions: Infants explore a range of new activities, varying their responses as a way of learning about the world. Stage 2 (1 4 months) Primary circular reactions Stage 1 (birth 1 month) Secondary circular reactions Stage 4 (8 12 months) Stage 3 (4 - 8 months) primary circular reactions: When the infant senses motion, sucking, noise, and other stimuli, and tries to understand them. secondary circular reactions: Infants respond to other people, to toys, and any other object they can touch or move. (circular reactions) In Piaget's terminology, processes by which an infant learns to reproduce desired occurrences originally discovered by chance. sensorimotor intelligence: Piagets term for the way infants thinkby using their senses and motor skills. 4. primary circular reactions: When the infant senses motion, sucking, noise, and other stimuli, and tries to understand them. How do infants adapt as they learn to suck a thumb? 4 Primary Circular Reactions 5. Basic reflexes exercise. 5 Primary Circular Reactions 6. secondary circular reactions: Infants respond to other people, to toys, and any other object they can touch or move. object permanence: The realization that objects (including people) still exist when they can no longer be seen, touched, or heard. Where are you? Where is it? 6 Secondary Circular Reactions 7. 7 What is Doll Play? tertiary circular reactions: Infants explore a range of new activities, varying their responses as a way of learning about the world. Stages Five and Six 8. Schemas An infants mind works hard to make sense of our experiences in the world. An early tool to organize those experiences is a schema, a mental container we build to hold our experiences. Schemas can take the form of images, models, and/or concepts. This child has formed a schema called COW which he uses to think about animals of a certain shape and size. Cow! Cow! Jean Piaget 9. Assimilation and Accommodation How can this girl use her dog schema when encountering a cat? She can assimilate the experience into her schema by referring to the cat as a dog or she can accommodate her animal schema by separating the cat, and even different types of dogs, into separate schemas. Jean Piaget 10. We dont start out being able to think like adults. Jean Piaget studied the errors in cognition made by children in order to understand in what ways they think differently than adults. The error below is an inability to understand scale (relative size). Jean Piaget 11. Four Theories About Language Learning Theories of Language Learning Infants need to be taught Based on behaviorism (for example: baby says ma-ma-ma; mother reinforces by smiling, repeating the sound, praising/rewarding the baby) Parents are expert teachers Frequent repetition of words is instructive Well-taught infants become well-spoken children Infants communicate in every way they can because humans are social beings Early communication focuses on emotional messages of speech and not the words Infants teach themselves Language Acquisition Device (LAD): A hypothesized mental structure that enables humans to learn language, including basic aspects of grammar, vocabulary, and intonation. Hybrid theory Some aspects of language may be explained by one theory at one age and another theory at another age. How language is learned depends on the age of the child as well as on the particular circumstances. 11 Social-pragmatic Theories of Language Learning 12. 12 What Develops in the First Two Years? 13. Environment Spoken language heard Genes Brain Mechanisms for understanding and producing language Behavior Mastery of native language design provides input to 13 How do we learn our native language? 14. 14 Newborn The Universal Sequence: From Birth Through 24 Months 2 months old 3 months old 6 months old child-directed speech: The high-pitched, simplified, and repetitive way adults speak to infants. babbling: The extended repetition of certain syllables, such as ba-ba-ba. child-directed speech: The high-pitched, simplified, and repetitive way adults speak to infants. babbling: The extended repetition of certain syllables, such as ba-ba-ba. 15. 15 The Universal Sequence: From Birth Through 24 Months Newborn 2 months old 3 months old 6 months old child-directed speech: The high-pitched, simplified, and repetitive way adults speak to infants. babbling: The extended repetition of certain syllables, such as ba-ba-ba. 16. 16 3 months old The Universal Sequence: From Birth Through 24 Months Newborn 2 months old 6 months old child-directed speech: The high-pitched, simplified, and repetitive way adults speak to infants. babbling: The extended repetition of certain syllables, such as ba-ba-ba. child-directed speech: The high-pitched, simplified, and repetitive way adults speak to infants. babbling: The extended repetition of certain syllables, such as ba-ba-ba. 17. 17 6 months old Newborn 2 months old 3 months old child-directed speech: The high-pitched, simplified, and repetitive way adults speak to infants. babbling: The extended repetition of certain syllables, such as ba-ba-ba. Universal Sequence: From Birth Through 24 Months child-directed speech: The high-pitched, simplified, and repetitive way adults speak to infants. babbling: The extended repetition of certain syllables, such as ba-ba-ba. 18. The Universal Sequence: From 9 Months Through 24 Months 9 months old 18 12 months old 18 months old 24 months old holophrase: A single word that is used to express a complete, meaningful thought. (For example: Dada!) naming explosion: A sudden increase in an infants vocabulary, especially in the number of nouns, which begins at about 18 months of age. 19. The Universal Sequence: From 9 Months Through 24 Months 12 months old 19 9 months old 18 months old 24 months old holophrase: A single word that is used to express a complete, meaningful thought. (For example: Dada!) naming explosion: A sudden increase in an infants vocabulary, especially in the number of nouns, which begins at about 18 months of age. 20. The Universal Sequence: From 9 Months Through 24 Months 18 months old 20 9 months old 12 months old 24 months old holophrase: A single word that is used to express a complete, meaningful thought. (For example: Dada!) naming explosion: A sudden increase in an infants vocabulary, especially in the number of nouns, which begins at about 18 months of age. holophrase: A single word that is used to express a complete, meaningful thought. (For example: Dada!) naming explosion: A sudden increase in an infants vocabulary, especially in the number of nouns, which begins at about 18 months of age. 21. The Universal Sequence: From 9 Months Through 24 Months holophrase: A single word that is used to express a complete, meaningful thought. (For example: Dada!) naming explosion: A sudden increase in an infants vocabulary, especially in the number of nouns, which begins at about 18 months of age. 24 months old 21 9 months old 12 months old 18 months old holophrase: A single word that is used to express a complete, meaningful thought. (For example: Dada!) naming explosion: A sudden increase in an infants vocabulary, especially in the number of nouns, which begins at about 18 months of age. 22. 22 The Universal Sequence: From 9 Months Through 24 Months 23. 23 When can you catch a ball? affordance: An opportunity for perception and interaction that is offered by a person, place, or object in the environment. dynamic perception: Perception that is primed to focus on movement and change. Affordances An affordance is a quality of an object, or an environment, which allows an individual to perform an action. For example, a knob affords twisting, and perhaps pushing, while a cord affords pulling. 24. 24 Little Scientist exercise Stages Five and Six 25. 25 Affordances Visual Cliff 26. 26 Memory 27. Some aspects of language may be explained by one theory at one age and another theory at another age. How language is learned depends on the age of the child as well as on the particular circumstances. 27 Controversial Parent Infant Interaction Program 28. Some aspects of language may be explained by one theory at one age and another theory at another age. How language is learned depends on the age of the child as well as on the particular circumstances. 28 Controversial Parent Infant Interaction Program 29. Some aspects of language may be explained by one theory at one age and another theory at another age. How language is learned depends on the age of the child as well as on the particular circumstances. 29 Controversial Parent Infant Interaction Program 30. binocular vision: The ability to focus the two eyes in a coordinated manner in order to see one image. 30 Temperament 31. How do nations compare in terms of deaths of young children? Afghanistan 257 Deaths of Children Under Age 5 in Selected Countries *Reduced by at least one- third since 1990. +Reduced by half or more since 1990. Source: UNICEF, 2009. Sierra Leone 194 Nigeria 186 India 69* Philippines 32* Brazil 22+ China 21+ Mexico 17+ United Kingdom Australia Spain Italy Japan Sweden Iceland Singapore Vietnam Russia United States Canada 6* 6* 4+ 4+ 4* 3+ 3+ 3+ 6* 13+* 8+ 14+ Country Number of Deaths per 1,000 31 Surviving in Good Health 32. 32 What are some diseases that have been largely eradicated due to childhood immunization? Immunization 33. What happens to children who are malnourished? Nutrition stunting: The failure of children to grow to normal height for their age due to severe and chronic malnutrition. wasting: The tendency for children to be severely underweight for their age as a result of malnutrition. 33 34. What did the 1994 Back to Sleep program do to help reduce the incidence of SIDS? Sudden Infant Death Syndrome 34 SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome): Phenomenon of baby (2- to 4-months) going to sleep healthy but never awakening. 35. Why is breastfeeding important? Nutrition 35 36. World Health 37. 37 Malnutrition 38. World Health - Breastfeeding