Underwater Vehicles - marine tech · 2019-04-18 · Challenger Deep. Measured a depth of 10,916...

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Underwater Vehicles The history of working in water Photo courtesy of Robert Keith MAST 55

Transcript of Underwater Vehicles - marine tech · 2019-04-18 · Challenger Deep. Measured a depth of 10,916...

Page 1: Underwater Vehicles - marine tech · 2019-04-18 · Challenger Deep. Measured a depth of 10,916 meters (35,813 feet – almost 7 miles ). • Until 2012, Piccard and Walsh are the

Underwater Vehicles The history of working in water

Photo courtesy of Robert Keith MAST 55

Page 2: Underwater Vehicles - marine tech · 2019-04-18 · Challenger Deep. Measured a depth of 10,916 meters (35,813 feet – almost 7 miles ). • Until 2012, Piccard and Walsh are the

Why do people go underwater? Under the sea is a dangerous, hostile

environment.

• Humans can’t breath underwater

• Cold

• Pressure

• Weather

The ocean is not

always a nice

place to work!

Photo courtesy of Robert Keith

Page 3: Underwater Vehicles - marine tech · 2019-04-18 · Challenger Deep. Measured a depth of 10,916 meters (35,813 feet – almost 7 miles ). • Until 2012, Piccard and Walsh are the

Why do people go underwater?

• Profit – If you are willing and able to work in difficult terrain where

others cannot work, you can make a bigger profit.

• Discovery – Humans have a tendency to be curious and a desire to see

and learn new things.

• Military Advantage – Go where you enemy cannot see you and you have an

advantage.

Page 4: Underwater Vehicles - marine tech · 2019-04-18 · Challenger Deep. Measured a depth of 10,916 meters (35,813 feet – almost 7 miles ). • Until 2012, Piccard and Walsh are the

History of working underwater Ancient Greece: Greek Sponge Divers were the first recorded people to

work in the underwater environment.

At first they didn’t have any special equipment.

New Technologies:

Diving bell

Air inside leather bladders

This tech wasn’t much, but it helped them

to stay down longer and complete

more work.

From Nautical Museum of Kalymnos

Page 5: Underwater Vehicles - marine tech · 2019-04-18 · Challenger Deep. Measured a depth of 10,916 meters (35,813 feet – almost 7 miles ). • Until 2012, Piccard and Walsh are the

Why did the Greeks go underwater?

• Profit: They could acquire a product,

sponges, that no one on land could get.

• Discovery: Alexander the Great

reportedly went underwater with a

diving bell to look around.

• Military advantage: The Greeks used

sponge divers who could hold

their breath to cut the anchor

lines of enemy ships.

Why do you want

to go underwater?

First recorded female undersea worker. Cyana and her father, Scyillis. 500 BC.

Page 6: Underwater Vehicles - marine tech · 2019-04-18 · Challenger Deep. Measured a depth of 10,916 meters (35,813 feet – almost 7 miles ). • Until 2012, Piccard and Walsh are the

The need for technology People found resources (profit) deeper in the oceans.

Explorers wanted to explore further into the seas.

Eventually they ran up against the limits of the human body. People

are only built to go so deep.

So scientists and thinkers of the time developed technology to go

deeper and deeper in the ocean.

Photos: Seabotix LBV, Video Ray,

Phoenix International Bot

Page 7: Underwater Vehicles - marine tech · 2019-04-18 · Challenger Deep. Measured a depth of 10,916 meters (35,813 feet – almost 7 miles ). • Until 2012, Piccard and Walsh are the

Early Military Submarines The Turtle The Brandtaucher The Hunley US Revolutionary War Prussian American Civil War

Attacked British ship in Used to break a Danish Used to break the

in New York harbor blockade blockade of

Charleston, SC

Human Powered Human Powered Human Powered

(8 men)

Unsuccessful Partially successful Mission successful

Never returned

Photos Courtesy of Rick Cecchetti - Deep Submergence System Program Office at Portsmouth Naval Shipyard

Page 8: Underwater Vehicles - marine tech · 2019-04-18 · Challenger Deep. Measured a depth of 10,916 meters (35,813 feet – almost 7 miles ). • Until 2012, Piccard and Walsh are the

Early Modern Submarines US Navy Competition: 1887,

1888, 1893

Engineer: John Holland

On March 3, 1895, the US Navy

contracted for the Plunger.

On April 11, 1900, the navy accepted the

Plunger and renamed it the USS John

Holland.

John Holland is considered the father of

modern submarines. His company, the

Electric Boat Company, is still in

existence today.

Photos Courtesy of Rick Cecchetti

Page 9: Underwater Vehicles - marine tech · 2019-04-18 · Challenger Deep. Measured a depth of 10,916 meters (35,813 feet – almost 7 miles ). • Until 2012, Piccard and Walsh are the

World Wars Submarine technology advanced quickly during

World War I and World War II. German U-boats (Unterseeboot) revolutionized modern undersea warfare.

Was considered ‘ungentlemanly’ warfare, but it worked.

Greatly curtailed shipping.

Technology:

Mix of Diesel and Electric Battery

Snorkel

Torpedoes

Sonar

USS Squalus / Sailfish German U-boat. www.theonion.com

Page 10: Underwater Vehicles - marine tech · 2019-04-18 · Challenger Deep. Measured a depth of 10,916 meters (35,813 feet – almost 7 miles ). • Until 2012, Piccard and Walsh are the

Modern Military Submarines New Technologies, Capabilities

Nuclear Power: Human endurance, food stocks became the

limiting factor.

Capabilities of modern military submarines: 1000 meters?

USS Nautilus (SSN-571) USS Salt Lake City

Picture courtesy of Rick Ceccetti www.usnavy/navydata

Page 11: Underwater Vehicles - marine tech · 2019-04-18 · Challenger Deep. Measured a depth of 10,916 meters (35,813 feet – almost 7 miles ). • Until 2012, Piccard and Walsh are the

Early Manned Vehicles Diving Bell

Don Lethbridge’s Diving Engine – elongated, waterproofed barrel with arms

extending out and a little viewing port

Bathysphere ( deep sphere ) –

Metal sphere with view ports.

Did not move, simply hung from a

cable that also provided electricity.

Bathyscaph ( deep boat ) – Was

not attached by a cable. A

bathyscaph is an independent

diving craft with its own buoyancy

system.

Photos from NASA

SEAWIFS

Page 12: Underwater Vehicles - marine tech · 2019-04-18 · Challenger Deep. Measured a depth of 10,916 meters (35,813 feet – almost 7 miles ). • Until 2012, Piccard and Walsh are the

The Trieste First vehicle to the deepest part of the ocean. Mariana Trench - Challenger Deep. 10,900+ meters deep.

Designed by Auguste Piccard, a Swiss physicist

On January 23, 1960, piloted by Piccard’s son, Dr. Jacques Piccard, and US

Navy Lieutenant Don Walsh, the Trieste made a historic dive to the

Challenger Deep.

Measured a depth of 10,916 meters (35,813 feet – almost 7 miles ).

• Until 2012, Piccard and Walsh are the ONLY humans

to have ever visited the Challenger Deep.

• Two ROV’s, unmanned vehicles, the Japanese

vehicle Kaiko, and the Nereus operated by

Woods Hole, have also visited the area.

• In 2012, James Cameron went back to the Challenger

Deep.

Page 13: Underwater Vehicles - marine tech · 2019-04-18 · Challenger Deep. Measured a depth of 10,916 meters (35,813 feet – almost 7 miles ). • Until 2012, Piccard and Walsh are the

The Trieste - Innovations

picture of Trieste

Photo from US Navy archive

1) Reinforced, spherical steel ball housed the occupants.

2) Buoyancy: 7 meter long, gasoline filled housing.

3) Detachable lead shot ballast, including a long steel chain.

Page 14: Underwater Vehicles - marine tech · 2019-04-18 · Challenger Deep. Measured a depth of 10,916 meters (35,813 feet – almost 7 miles ). • Until 2012, Piccard and Walsh are the

Early Atmospheric Diving Suits The early history of the Atmospheric Diving Suit ( ADS ) is the

same as that of submersibles – getting people underwater.

• Diving bells

• Diving bells with operators protected,

somewhat, against the water.

- Salvage of the Swedish warship VASA

Men in diving bells protected from

the water by leather suits.

• Hardhat Diving:

A hardhat is the functional equivalent -

of a diving bell.

Hard hat is mobile, where the old style

diving bells were not.

Invention of the air pump revolutionized picture of suit

this technology. Now divers could

replenish their air supply.

Page 15: Underwater Vehicles - marine tech · 2019-04-18 · Challenger Deep. Measured a depth of 10,916 meters (35,813 feet – almost 7 miles ). • Until 2012, Piccard and Walsh are the

History of Hardhat Diving • Don Lethbridge’s diving engine in 1715. Was trying a different

approach to finding sunken treasure.

• Klinger’s Dive Suit, 1797. Klinger’s Dive Suit

• Air pumps began seeing underwater

use in 1789, began by

John Smeaton. Allowed

fresh air to be pumped to

diver.

• More modern hardhat

diving, with the standard

underwater helmet, began

in 1827.

• This technology lasted

for 150 years.

Courtesy of Drew Michel

Page 16: Underwater Vehicles - marine tech · 2019-04-18 · Challenger Deep. Measured a depth of 10,916 meters (35,813 feet – almost 7 miles ). • Until 2012, Piccard and Walsh are the

Divers vs ROV’s in the workplace

• Divers (hardhat) was the method of choice, for

underwater work up until the 1980’s. Through the

1980’s, ROV’s began to take over work that had

previously been completed by human divers.

Advantages of an ROV:

Didn’t get the bends

Time on bottom

Could venture deeper

- But there are still diving

suits in use.

Page 17: Underwater Vehicles - marine tech · 2019-04-18 · Challenger Deep. Measured a depth of 10,916 meters (35,813 feet – almost 7 miles ). • Until 2012, Piccard and Walsh are the

Modern ADS • Modern Atmospheric Dive Suit technology is

derived from space technology.

• And ADS is quite similar to a space suit

worn by an astronaut. It is designed to

withstand positive pressure instead of

negative pressure.

• The modern ADS works at 1 atmosphere

internal pressure. No decompression.

• Articulated pressure joints allow the operator

to move arms and legs.

• Operating depth: 600 meters (2000 ft)

• Modern ADS are called Exosuits. ‘Exo’

means outer, and these suits are an outer

protective skin worn to protect an operator

from the environment.

• New Exosuits include self propulsions

systems. Operators no longer have to walk

along the bottom.

Nuytech Newtsuit Photo courtesy of Drew Michel

Page 18: Underwater Vehicles - marine tech · 2019-04-18 · Challenger Deep. Measured a depth of 10,916 meters (35,813 feet – almost 7 miles ). • Until 2012, Piccard and Walsh are the

Early RCV (before they were called ROVs)

Page 19: Underwater Vehicles - marine tech · 2019-04-18 · Challenger Deep. Measured a depth of 10,916 meters (35,813 feet – almost 7 miles ). • Until 2012, Piccard and Walsh are the

History of ROV’s • First remotely operated vehicle was constructed by

Dimitri Rebikoff in 1953. - First variation was simply a torpedo that would tow a diver

- In 1953, Rebikoff added a tether to control steering an a camera.

- Named this device POODLE, and is considered the first ROV.

• Many companies were started in the 1950’s and

1960’s. - Government cold war contracts prevalent.

- Money dried up in the 1970’s, but that is when the oil boom began, and

ROV’s really started to make an impact.

• By the 1980’s, ROV’s

were replacing divers as

the means to accomplish

work underwater.