Understanding Operating Systems Fifth Edition Chapter 8 File Management.
Understanding Operating Systems Fifth Edition
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Transcript of Understanding Operating Systems Fifth Edition
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Understanding Operating SystemsFifth Edition
Chapter 14MS-DOS Operating System
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Learning Objectives
• How to access MS-DOS emulators from other operating systems
• How MS-DOS provided a foundation for early Microsoft Windows releases
• The basics of command-driven systems and how to construct simple batch files
• How one processor can be shared among multiple processes
• The limitations of MS-DOS
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History
• Development purpose– Single-user, stand-alone desktop computers
• Manages single user jobs sequentially
• Advantages– Fundamental operation – Straightforward user commands
• Disadvantages– Lack of flexibility – Lack of ability to meet programmer and experienced
user needs
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History (continued)
• CP/M operating system successor– CP/M ran first eight-bit machines
• Microsoft – Discovered 86-DOS
• Designer: Tim Patterson (Seattle Computer Products)– Microsoft bought and renamed 86-DOS to MS-DOS
• Available to IBM
• IBM renamed MS-DOS to PC-DOS (1981)– Catalyst for MS-DOS growth– Standard for IBM PCs throughout 1980s
• 16-bit machines
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History (continued)
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History (continued)
• Many standard versions over years– Later versions compatible with earlier versions– Commands
• Manufacturer independent
• Early Windows versions (1.0 - 3.1)– GUIs on top of MS-DOS
• Today– MS-DOS no longer widely used– Windows offers DOS emulator
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History (continued)
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Design Goals
• Accommodate single novice user– In single-process environment
• Standard I/O support – Keyboard, monitor, printer, secondary storage unit
• User commands– Based on English words or phrases– Indicative of action to perform– Interpreted by command processor
• Layering approach– Fundamental to MS-DOS system design
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Design Goals (continued)
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Design Goals (continued)
• BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) – Direct interface with I/O devices – Contains device drivers
• Controls data flow to and from each device (except disk drives)
– Receives I/O operation status information• Passes to processor
– Handles small differences among I/O units• No need to write device driver for manufacturer printer
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Design Goals (continued)
• DOS kernel– Contains routines to interface with disk drives– Read into memory
• Initialization time from MSDOS.SYS file
• Resides in boot disk
– Microsoft proprietary program– Accessed by application programs– Provides hardware-independent services
• System functions
• Memory management, file and record management
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Design Goals (continued)
• DOS kernel (continued)– Provides transparency
• Compensates for manufacturer variations
– Manages file storage and retrieval– Dynamically allocates and deallocates secondary
storage as needed
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Design Goals (continued)
• Command processor (shell)– Sends prompts to user– Accepts typed commands– Executes commands
• From system prompt
• Issues appropriate responses
– Resides in COMMAND.COM file• Stored in two different main memory sections
– Appears on public directory– Weakness: not interpretive
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Design Goals (continued)
• MS-DOS Version 4– Introduced menu-driven shell– Not widely accepted
• OS/2– New operating system– Designed with advantages to replace MS-DOS– Not widely accepted
• MS-DOS hey day– Ran variety of software (Lotus 1-2-3, WordPerfect)– Spurred growth of personal computer industry
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Memory Management
• Memory Manager – Manages single job for single user– For second job execution
• User must close or pause first before opening second
– First-fit memory allocation scheme• Efficient in single-user environment
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Memory Management (continued)
• Main memory structure– ROM
• Very small in size
• Contains program
• Contains section of BIOS with startup process (bootstrapping)
• Initializes computer
• Retrieves resident code and loads into RAM
– RAM• Part of main memory
• Where programs are loaded and executed
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Memory Management (continued)
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Main Memory Allocation
• MS-DOS Version 1.0 – All available memory to resident application program
• MS-DOS Version 2.0– Application programs
• Dynamic allocation support
• Main memory blocks modification and release
• Application program memory ownership dependencies – Type of file from which program loaded– Size of Transient Program Area (TPA)
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Main Memory Allocation (continued)
• Programs– COM extension
• Given all TPA (needed or not)– EXE extension
• Given memory needed (if available)
• TPA – Any number of programs (except COM files)– Two programs cannot run simultaneously
• Memory allocation– Shrinking and expanding during execution– Requires C or assembly language
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Memory Block Allocation
• Memory allocation– First-fit algorithm and linked list of memory blocks
• Best-fit or last-fit strategy– Version 3.3 and beyond– Last-fit
• Allocates highest addressable memory block satisfying program’s request
• Block size varies– Small: 16 bytes ( “paragraph”)– Large: maximum available memory
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Memory Block Allocation (continued)
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Memory Block Allocation (continued)
• Memory request steps– DOS looks through free/busy block list
• Until finding free block fitting request
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Memory Block Allocation (continued)
• Disconnected list– Error message issued– System stops – Reboot necessary
• Well-designed application program – Releases memory block no longer needed
• Two contiguous free memory blocks– Immediately merged into one block and linked to list
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Processor Management
• Simple task
• Job read for execution – Allocate processor to resident job
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Process Management
• Reentrant code – Basis for multitasking
• Not supported
• No interleaving– No need for sophisticated algorithms or policies
• Jobs– Run in complete segments – Not interrupted midstream
• Illusion of multitasking– Uses synchronization and interrupt handlers
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Interrupt Handlers
• Responsibility– Synchronizing (parent and child processes)– Saves all parent program information
• Allows proper restart after child program finished
• Personal computer– 256 interrupts and interrupt handlers– Accessed through interrupt vector table (RAM)
• Interrupts divided into three groups– Internal hardware interrupts– External hardware interrupts– Software interrupts
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Interrupt Handlers (continued)
• Internal hardware interrupts– Generated by events occurring during program’s
execution• Division by zero
– Event assignment to specific interrupt numbers• Electronically wired into processor
– Not modifiable by software instructions
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Interrupt Handlers (continued)
• External hardware interrupts– Cause
• Peripheral device controllers or coprocessors
– External device assignment to specific interrupt levels • Done by manufacturer
– Cannot be modified by software • Physical electrical connection implementation
• Software interrupts– Generated by system and application programs– Access DOS and BIOS functions
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Interrupt Handlers (continued)
• Software interrupts (continued) – Some activate specialized application programs
• Take control of computer
• Example: Borland’s SideKick (type of TSR)
– Terminate and Stay Resident (TSR) interrupt handler• Terminates process without releasing memory
• Used by subroutine libraries
• Sets up memory tables
• Execution preparation via DOS interrupt connection
• Determines memory required
• Sends return code back to parent
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Interrupt Handlers (continued)
• Interrupt synchronization– CPU senses interrupt
• Puts on stack: contents of PSW (program status word), code segment register, and instruction pointer register
• Disables interrupt system
• Uses eight-bit number to obtain interrupt handler address
• Interrupt handler reenables interrupt system: allows higher-priority interrupts to occur
• Saves registers and processes interrupt
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Device Management
• Requests – Reordering requests: not supported – Handled: first-come, first-served– BIOS supports spooling (Version 3.0)
• MS-DOS – Written for simple systems
• Keyboard, monitor, printer, mouse, serial ports,
– Personal computer storage• Magnetic tape, floppy disks, or hard disks
– No device channels
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Device Management (continued)
• MS-DOS (continued)– Devices have dedicated control unit
• Only requires device driver
• Device driver– Software module controlling I/O device
• BIOS – Portion of Device Manager– Handles device driver software
• Installable device drivers– Salient feature of MS-DOS design
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File Management
• File organization– Sequential
• Variable or fixed-length records
– Direct • Fixed-length records
– Indexed sequential • Fixed-length records
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Filename Conventions
• Filename– No spaces– Drive designation, directory, any subdirectory, a
primary name, and optional extension– Not case sensitive
• Drive name: followed by colon (:)
• Directories or subdirectories– One to eight characters– Preceded by a backslash (\)
• Primary filename: one to eight characters
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Filename Conventions (continued)
• Extension– One to three characters– May have special meaning
• File– Assumption: in current working directory
• If no directories or subdirectories included in name– On current drive if no drive designated
• Relative name– Primary name and extension
• Absolute name– Drive designation and directory location
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Managing Files
• Earliest versions– Every file in single directory– Slow and cumbersome file retrieval
• Hierarchical directory structure (version 2.0)– Inverted tree directory structure (root at top)
• Formatting– Disk tracks divided into 512-byte sectors– Corresponds to 512-byte buffer size
• Cylinder concept – Applies to hard disks
• Read/write heads move in unison
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Managing Files (continued)
• Sectors– Two to eight– Grouped into clusters– File needs additional space
• DOS allocates more clusters
• FORMAT command– Three special areas on disk
• Boot record
• Root directory
• FAT(file allocation table)
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Managing Files (continued)
• Boot records– First sector of every logical disk
• Disk boot program
• Table of disk’s characteristics
• Root directory– System begins interaction with user
• List of system’s primary subdirectories and files
• Any system-generated configuration files
• Any user-generated booting instructions
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Managing Files (continued)
• Root directory (continued)– AUTOEXEC.BAT file
• Batch file containing user-defined command series
• Commands execute automatically (CPU power up)
– Root directory information• Filename, file extension
• File size in bytes
• Date and time of file’s last modification
• Starting cluster number for file
• File attribute codes
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Managing Files (continued)
• Root directory (continued)– Limitation
• Number of root directory entries fixed
– Version 2.0 and onward • Limitation avoided with subdirectories
– Subdirectory• May contain its own subdirectories and/or files
– MS-DOS supports hidden files• Executable files not displayed in DIR command listing
• COMMAND.COM (only system file not hidden)
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Managing Files (continued)
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Managing Files (continued)
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Managing Files (continued)
• File allocation table (FAT)– Contains disk sectors’ status information– Status includes:
• Allocated sectors, free sectors, unallocatable sectors (formatting errors)
– All sectors (except first) chain linked• Each FAT entry: sector/cluster number of next entry
• Last entry contains value set to FF
• FF indicates chain end
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Managing Files (continued)
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Managing Files (continued)
• MS-DOS data views – Disk file: continuous string of bytes– I/O operation data request
• By relative byte (relative to file beginning)
• Not a relative sector
• Supports noncontiguous file storage
• Dynamically allocates file disk space
• Compaction: DEFRAG.EXE inclusion (Version 6.0)– CHKDSK: file storage noncontiguous block count
• Security features not included
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User Interface
• MS-DOS – Command-driven interface
• System prompt– User types commands
• Default prompt – Drive indicator and > character– Changed using PROMPT command
• User command elements– Command, source-file, destination-file, switches
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User Interface (continued)
• Switches (optional)– Provide details on how command carried out– Begin with slash (/P, /V, /F)
• COMMAND.COM (carries out commands)– Resident portion of code
• Stored in low memory section
• Command interpreter, routines: support active program
– Transient code• Stored in highest memory addresses
• Can be overwritten if memory space needed
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User Interface (continued)
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Batch Files
• Customized– Allows quick DOS command execution
• Configure system
• Perform routine tasks
• Easier to run software (nontechnical users)
• Run manually– Use START command at system prompt
• Run automatically (at system start)– Rename file to AUTOEXEC.BAT – Load into system root directory
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Batch Files (continued)
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Redirection
• Redirect output – From one standard input or output device to another
• Syntax: command > destination– Example: DIR > PRN
• Sends directory listing to printer (instead of monitor)
• Append symbol (>>)– Redirect and append new output to existing file– Example: DIR >> B:DIRFILE
• Works in opposite manner– Symbol (<) changes source to specific device or file– Example: INVENTRY < B:TEST.DAT
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Filters
• Commands– Accept default device input, manipulate data, send
results to default output device– Example: SORT
• Accepts input and displays on screen• Accepts file input and sorts into another file (redirect)• Ascending order: SORT < STD.DAT > SORTSTD.DAT
• Reverse order file: SORT /R– Example: MORE
• Output displayed on screen in groups of 24 lines• One screen at time (press Enter key)
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Pipes
• Command output– Input to another command
• Symbol– Vertical bar (|)– Example: DIR | SORT
• Alphabetically sort directory• Display sorted list on screen
• Can combine pipes and other filters• Can sort directory and display one screen at a time
– Example using pipe command• DIR | SORT | MORE
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Additional Commands
• FIND– Searches for specific string in given file(s)– Displays all lines containing string– Example: FIND "AMNT-PAID" PAYROLL.COB
• Display PAYROLL.COB lines containing AMNT-PAID
• PRINT– Set up series of files for printing– Frees up COMMAND.COM– PRINT /B: allows changing of internal buffer size– PRINT /Q: specifies number of files allowed in print
queue
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Additional Commands (continued)
• TREE– Displays directories and subdirectories– In hierarchical order and indented list– Options allow file deletion while tree generated– TREE /F
• Displays filenames in each directory
• Used to delete duplicated file on different directories
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Additional Commands (continued)
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Summary
• MS-DOS – Written to serve 1980s personal computer users
• Limitation– Limited flexibility– Operating system unusable as hardware evolved
• First standard operating system– Adopted by personal computing machine
manufacturers– Supported by legions of software design groups
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Summary (continued)
• Advantages – Fundamental operation– Straightforward user commands
• Weakness – Design
• Single-user/single-task systems
– No multitasking, networking, sophisticated applications support