Understanding LocalGov
Transcript of Understanding LocalGov
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
1/76
Bringing Knowledge to
State and Local Government Program
Bringing Knowledge to
Understanding
Local Governmentin Michigan
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
2/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
Local Government in Michigan
Program will help you:
Learn more about the development oflocal government in Michigan
Understand how local governmentsoperate and the services they provide
Explore the ways that you can be moreactively involved.
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
3/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
What is Local Government?
Uses tax revenues
Has own governing body (usually elected)
What do local governments do for YOU?
Provide a wide range ofprograms andservices
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
4/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
What does local government do for you?
Where would you go to
Have your name changed
Get a birth certificate or marriage license
Obtain a building permit
Deal with a sewer or drainage problem
Get an immunization
Register to vote
Obtain records of property ownership
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
5/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
This session will examine
History and structure of local governmentin Michigan
Focus on county government, then,townships, villages and cities
Brief overview of how local government isfunded.
Exploring the paths for citizen involvement
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
6/76
Bringing Knowledge to
State and Local Government Program
Bringing Knowledge to
History and structure of local
government in Michigan
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
7/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
Michigan Has 8
Type Quantity
Townships 1,242
Villages 261
Cities 272Counties 83
School districts 556
Int. school districts 57
Community colleges 29
Special authorities unknown
Total 2500+
GENERA
LPURPO
SE
SPECIALPURPO
SE
Types of Local
Government
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
8/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
* Boundaries may cross city, township and village lines
** Boundaries are within the township
*** Boundaries may include more than one county
Local GovernmentsOverlapping Boundaries
City
School Dist.*
Township**
Intermediate SchoolDist.***
County
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
9/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
Michigans Local Government Heritage
Northwest Ordinance (1787), and then thestates four constitutions, establishedframework for local government.
Large number of local governments (13thamong the 50 states)
Strong sense of local control
Strong emphasis on role of governmentand education
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
10/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
U.S. Congress Shaped MichiganLocal Government
Land Ordinance of 1785
Established rectangular grid survey
Townships were 6 miles x 6 miles
Reserved Section 16 lands for public education
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
State intention to divide territory into 3-5 states(Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Michigan)
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
11/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Guaranteed rights for settlers:
Habeas corpus
Due process
Religious freedom
Prohibited slavery in the territory Guaranteed statehood when there were 60,000
inhabitants
Ad valorem taxes to be used to finance local
govt.
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
12/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
Michigan Becomes a State--1837
1834 census counted 84,000 in lowerpeninsula
First state constitution ratified in 1835
Statehood delayed until 1837 because ofboundary dispute with Ohio.
Final agreement: Toledo for Ohio, U.P. for
Michigan
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
13/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
Three patterns for local governments in1837
New England Plan Compact settlements; town/township was basic unit
County served basic judicial function
Virginia Plan
Scattered settlements; land granted to individuals county was principle unit, no townships
Most officials appointed
New York Plan Western N.Y. settled by New Englanders, thus, strong
township influence; however, counties became stronger
As local government evolved in Michigan, counties andtownships shared powers.
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
14/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
Local Government Powers
Granted existence by state constitution
Political subdivisions of the states
No inherent right to existence
Power of local governments rests largelywith provisions, interpretations of stateconstitutions.
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
15/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
Two Sides of the Argument
of Local vs. state control
Dillon's
Rule
Cooley
Doctrine
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
16/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
Home Rule Concept
Most forcefully argued by Thomas Cooley (MI SupremeCourt) in late 1800s
Grants discretionary authority to local governments overlocal affairs
Local government is a matter of absolute right to citizens,cannot be taken away by state
C t f th St t (N
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
17/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
Creatures of the State (No
Home Rule)
Dillions Rule (Iowa Supreme Court)
Local governments possess no inherentsovereignty unless expressly implied bystate law
Local governments owe their veryexistence to the state
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
18/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
Trenton v. New Jersey 1923 (U.S.Supreme Court)
In the absence of state constitutional provisionssafeguarding it to them, municipalities have noinherent right of self-government which is
beyond the legislative control of the state. 1Amunicipality is merely a department of the state,and the state may withhold, grant or withdrawpowers and privileges as it sees fit. However
great or small its sphere of action, it remains thecreature of the state exercising and holdingpowers and privileges subject to the sovereignwill.
A i th D f
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
19/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
Assessing the Degree of
Home Rule
Degree of Discretionary Authority
Immunity from state mandates/legislation
Court interpretation of local government
authority also called liberal construction
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
20/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
Local Control
Local control is constantly evolving Subject to legislative agenda, courts
Locals have power to act unless prohibited bylegislature, constitution
Legislature has provided: Examples: home rule authority; planning and zoning
authority
State has also removed powers: Examples: employee residency requirements; Right to
Farm legislation
D f Di ti
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
21/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
Degree of Discretionary
Authority over:
Structure and organization; How willyou operate?
Function: What will you do?
Fiscal: How will you raise spend andborrow money
Personnel: Number, type and conditionof employees
Mi hi H R l &
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
22/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
Michigan Home Rule &
Constitution
In general, Michigan home rule is not as strong as itwould first appear
Constitutional provisions for home rule do not identifyschool districts
Statues must be passed to implement constitutionalprovisions
Legislature shall pass no special or local in any case
where a general act can be made applicable
State is prohibited from requiring any new or expandedactivities by local governments without full state financing
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
23/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
1835 Constitution Individual liberties; self-government State and local court system Elected county officials
1850 Constitution Established Board of Supervisors 1908 Constitution
Citizens given more role in government
Home rules for cities 1963 Constitution Provided option for county charters Better defined relationships between levels of
government
Local Government andthe State Constitutions
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
24/76
Bringing Knowledge to
State and Local Government Program
Bringing Knowledge to
Focus on county government,townships, villages and cities
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
25/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
Grand Design of Local Govt
Counties would serve as outposts ofstate government agent of the state
Cities would provide for the urbanpopulation
Townships provide basic services forrural residents (assessing, collectingtaxes and conducting elections
Villages serve as transition governmentfrom rural township to an urban center.
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
26/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
Counties
Largest political subdivision of the state
Began in Wayne County in 1796
38 counties established when Michiganbecame a state in 1837
Dickinson (1891)--last of the now 83counties
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
27/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
Michigans 83 Counties
Size:
Population:Keweenaw 2,300
Wayne 2,061,162
1,828 sq. miles
BENZIEMARQUETTE
316 sq. miles
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
28/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
Michigan County Government
Formed to centralize administrative functions ofstate government and to address needs of
citizens. Responsibilities have remained much
the same through the years. Equalization of taxes
Election oversight
Records of persons and property
Licensing
Roads Care of rural lands and populations
Provision of health and social services
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
29/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
County Government--Other States
County governmentall but 3 states(Connecticut, Hawaii, Rhode Island)
Terminology different in some states:
Boroughs in Alaska Parishes in Louisiana
Commissioners are called: freeholders in New Jersey,supervisors in California, police jurors in Louisiana
and judges in several southern states
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
30/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
Michigan County Government
Powers conferred by the state Must be directly authorized by constitution or
law
Must be related to county affairs Must not interfere in local affairs
Must be consistent with state law
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
31/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
County Board of Commissioners
Originally Michigan had a Board ofSupervisors(representing each township and city)
1967 U.S. Supreme Court ruling (Avery vs.Midland TX) brought one person one vote tolocal government
Board of Supervisors became Board of
Commissioners in 1968
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
32/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
County Boards
County boards can change size after census;currently 699 commissioners in state 18.7 percent are female
Average age is 55.1 years
64.7% Republican
Size of board depends on population--rangesfrom5-26
Urban counties have as many as 80,000constituents per commissioner; rural have as few as445.
Commissioners serve two-year terms Partisan elections held in even years
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
33/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
Functions of the County Board
Legislation (resolutions and ordinances)consistent with grant of authority
Budgeting
Establish compensation for employees
Make appointments to county positions
Provide constituent services
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
34/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
Elected County Officials
Constitution specifies 4 or 5 electedadministrative officials Sheriff, Clerk*, Register of Deeds*, Treasurer,
Prosecuting Attorney Elected for 4-year terms
Partisan races in gubernatorial elections
Optional elected administrative positions Drain Commissioner, Members of Road
Commission, Surveyor, Mine Inspector
*These two offices can be combined.
Oth R ibiliti f
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
35/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
Other Responsibilities ofCounty Government
Public Health Mental HealthAnimal Control MSU Extension
Fair Board Social Services
Veterans Affairs Senior Services
Friend of the Court Economic Development
Planning/Zoning Hospital
Emergency Medical
Services
Emergency Preparedness
Parks Public Works
Circuit, Probate, DistrictCourts
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
36/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
County Administration
County elected officials carry out administrative functions(no central administration)18
With growing populations and increasing complexity ofissues, more counties have created administrative
positions: Elected Executive3
Controller--11
Controller/Administrator--15
Administrator29 Director of Finance--2
Coordinator--5
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
37/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
Functions of County Administration
Separates policymaking fromadministration
Centralizes administrative functions in
single person/office Budget development, monitoring
Leadership for county staff
Personnel and labor relations
Purchasing Buildings and grounds
Other duties depending on position
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
38/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
Township Government in Michigan
20 states with township government
Townships originally 36 square miles; now rangefrom 4 square miles to 600
1242 townships Jurisdiction of almost 95% of total land
Almost half of states population live in a
township Population range: 10-95,000
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
39/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
Township History
1787: Northwest Territory divided the land into
36-mile squares called townships(section 16
set aside for schools)
1827: Townships were made governmental
units
1947: Charter Township Act provided option
for townships to increase tax revenues andprovide more services
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
40/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
Two Forms of Townships
State law provides for eithergeneral laworchartertownships
Organization of government is same
Different ability to levy taxes; chartertownships can levy 5 more mills and anadditional 5 with vote of people
Units choose which option works for them;
can adopt charter if population is over 2000 Charter townships do not actually adopt a
charter
Two Methods of Achieving Charter
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
41/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
Two Methods of Achieving CharterStatus for Townships
Vote of registered electors or TownshipBoard Resolution
If by Election:
5 charter mills, voters may increase the limit to10 mills
If by Resolution:
Levy only the amount currently authorized,voters may increase to 5 mills
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
42/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
Townships
Responsible for all aspects of local government Health, safety, welfare
Fire protection
Traffic safety
Land use and zoning Subdivision controls
Licensing of businesses
Administer elections
Assess property and collect taxes May also provide public water and sewers, libraries, etc.
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
43/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
Leadership for Townships
Township governing structure specified in
constitution; officials elected for four-year
terms on partisan ballot in the presidential
election year:
Supervisor
Clerk
Treasurer
Trustees2-4
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
44/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
Township Legislative Body
General Law 5 person board allelected, may hire a townshipadministrator
Charter Township 7 person board, hiretownship manager or superintendent
Board appoints individuals to variousboards and commissions
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
45/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
Village Government
Historically formed when greater population density within atownship leads to the need for more services
Licensing and regulation
Establishment of own water supply, sewerage
Controlling and maintaining own streets, roads
Villages remain part of township Residents vote in village and township elections
Subject to both village and township taxes
Presently--261 villages with populations ranging from 130 - 10,000
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
46/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
Village History
Before 1895special charters passed bylegislature
1895 General Law Village Actincorporated everyexisting village
1909 Home Rule Village Act
Mandated by 1908 Constitution
Permitted existing villages to adopt charter (presently
about 50 in 2005)
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
47/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
Village Leadership
Village officials elected in partisanelections for 2-4 year terms; 2nd Monday inMarch
General Law villages elect: president,clerk, treasurer and 6 trustees
Home Rule villages elect president, clerk
and a legislative body; others as needed
Vill G t
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
48/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
Village Government--Types of Responsibilities
Sidewalks
Street lighting and pavement
Zoning
Local water supply
Care of cemeteries
Building regulations
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
49/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
City Government
272 cities; populations range from 500 900,000
Formed when community becomes moredensely populated; residents decide tobecome a city in order to provide a full
array of municipal services
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
50/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
Prior to Home Rule City Act
Cities incorporated by special acts of thelegislature, therefore the act organizingthe city became the basic law for the city,
any modification required legislative action
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
51/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
Home Rule Act 1909 (I)
Constitution of 1908 mandated that thelegislature pass such a law Legislature shall provide for by general law
the incorporation of cities and villages Law shall limit their taxation, borrowing and
contracting debts powers.
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
52/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
Home Rule Act 1909 (II)
General Law shall further provide thatelectors of each city and village mayframe, adopt, and amend its charter, and
amend its existing charter granted by thelegislature
Empowered cities and villages to passlaws and ordinances relating to its
municipal concerns subject to theconstitution and general laws of the state.
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
53/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
City Government
Cities have flexibility in structure, taxingpowers, writing ordinances
Cities carry on same type of business as
townships/villagesusually on largerscale; responsible for:
Assessing property
Collecting taxes Conducting elections
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
54/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
City Government
All cities in Michigan are Home Rule Citiesbut arrived at their status through twoavenues:
Home Rule City Act or Fourth Class Cities Act (1980)
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
55/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
Leadership for City Government
Each city charter determines form of government;options: Council-manager
Strong mayor-council
Weak mayor-council Charter establishes election process for city officials
Election dates (April or November of odd years)
Usually four-year terms
Usually non-partisan Positions: council members, and, depending on charter,mayor, clerk and treasurer
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
56/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
Types of City Services
Sidewalks
Police
Zoning
Sewers
Libraries
Streets
Recreation
Fire protection
Water supply
Transportation
Trash removal
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
57/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
Authorities
Special purpose governments defined by statelaw; constitution permits these and othercooperative agreements
Provide services requiring large capital
expenditures Mass transportation
Recreational facilities
Wastewater treatment
Facilitate long term investments Airports Ports
Public utilities
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
58/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
Intergovernmental Cooperation
State constitution gives: Local governments ability to enter into agreements with other political units
Legislature power to create metropolitan authorities
Local governments ability to cooperate in execution of any functions orpowers which they could perform separately.
Examples: Language in planning and zoning acts allowing for cooperative study
Joint agreements on recreational facilities, police and fire services, contractsbetween municipal corporations, etc.
Regional planning commissions
How Do We Pay
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
59/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
How Do We PayFor Local Government?
Property tax
Special Assessment
Revenues from the state
Federal monies
Other fees, permits, grants, etc.
Option for citiesincome tax
Property Tax
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
60/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
Property TaxBasic Facts
Started with Northwest Ordinance Used for cities, counties, townships, schools,
villages, authorities, community colleges
Primarily a local tax; there is also a stateproperty tax for schools
Property tax ratemill--$1/$1,000 of State Equalized Value(SEV)
Property tax is millage rate x taxable value
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
61/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
Public Debt and Borrowing
Public bodies (local govt) have the powerto borrow money and to issue securities(Constitution)
Fi i l E
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
62/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
Financial Emergency
Local Govt Fiscal Responsibility Act (Act 72 of 1990)
Conditions to call for Financial Emergency Undisputed claim, six months old+, exceeding $10,000
Petition to state treasurer form 10% of registered voters Pension beneficiaries, actuary or accountant reports violation ofpension deposits
Local employees have been unpaid for at least 7 days
Resolution fro state Senate or House
Notice of unpaid bond principal and/or interest Local govt has not distributed taxes owed to other govt.
Fails to provide financial audit or report to state
Fi i l E
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
63/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
Financial Emergency
State appoints Financial EmergencyManager Amend or override local budget
Make plans for debt repayment May override decisions of local governing
body concerning finances
May renegotiate but not eliminate localcollective bargaining agreements
Accounting and Auditing for local
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
64/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
Accounting and Auditing for localGovt
All financial records, accounting, audit reports andother reports of public money shall be publicrecords and open to inspection (Art IX $23)
Uniform Budget and Accounting Act (Act 2 of1968) Specifies how local govt must act with regards to
finances, budget and financial reporting to state
P t T Li it ti
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
65/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
Property Tax Limitations
Headlee Amendment All tax increases must be voted on Tax collections limited to inflation (excluding new
property), if exceeded must rollback millage
Proposal A Taxable Value capped by inflation (Recent CPI 2-3%) Millage votes limited to two per year for same question Cannot rollup millage when growth less than inflation
Headlee/Proposal A Interaction Uncapping of property causes Headlee Rollback
Disproportionate affect on older industrialized areas
H dl A d t 1978
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
66/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
Headlee Amendment 1978
Voters must approve: Increase in property or other local taxes Creation of new taxes not authorized by law or charter prior
to 1978
Assessed valuation may not increase more than rateof inflation in preceding year Excludes value of new construction Assessed valuation limit= (old assessed valuation *
inflation) + assessed value of new construction
If limit is exceed, rollback of millage (property tax) rateoccurs to enforce limit Limit does not apply to taxes imposed for payment of debt
C l l ti th T B
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
67/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
Reforms of Proposal A (1994) Established Taxable Value as the base for
levying property tax
Growth in TV capped at the rate of inflation,or 5% per year, whichever is less(Separates SEV from Taxable Value)
Property is uncapped and set equal to SEVwhen property is transferred
Calculating the Tax Base
H R l Citi d Vill
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
68/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
Home Rule Cities and Villages
20 mills but charter establishes the limit
23 cities levy an income tax; no authority
for other locals to levy income tax
State Funds
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
69/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
Make up about 1/3 total revenue forlocal units
41.6% of state budget goes to localgovernment; comes from:
Single Business Tax
State Sales Tax Transportation Taxes
Distributed for: School Aid
Social Services
Courts
Mental Health
Law Enforcement
Health Departments
Federal Monies
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
70/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
Federal Moniesfor Local Governments
Relationship has changed over the years--greater policy impact in certain areas(schools, health care, transportation)
About 25% of state budget and 11% oflocal budgets come from federal level
Money mostly goes to individual citizens
Job training Medicaid, etc.
Cit I T
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
71/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
City Income Tax
Option for cities22 presently levy this tax Direct tax on income for residents; tax on
earnings for nonresidents
Rate: generally 1% for residents andcorporations; .5% for nonresidents (higherrates for Detroit)
How can YOU be more involved
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
72/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
How can YOU be more involvedwith local government?
Read, pay attention to local issues Vote in local elections
Attend public meetings
Talk with public officials Get involved with a committee regarding an
issue you care about
Apply for appointment to a local board orcommission
Run for public office
Local Boards & Commissions
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
73/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
Planning Commission
Zoning Commission
Human RelationsCommission
Housing Commission
TransportationCommission
Road Commission
Parks & RecreationCommission
Fair Board
Mental HealthBoard
Social ServicesBoard
Veterans AffairsBoard
Library Board Board of Review
Local Boards & CommissionsPossibilities for Citizen Involvement
Q estions for Disc ssion
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
74/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
Questions for Discussion
Does Michigan have too many units of localgovernment?
What do we expect from local government? Arewe willing to pay for those expectations?
Why does local government seem invisible? How have the changing relationships in recent
years between different levels of governmentaffected the local units in your area?
What seem to be the most difficult issues facinglocal governments in your area?
More Questions for Discussion
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
75/76
State and Local Government Program, MSU Extension
More Questions for Discussion
What are some of the possibilities forintergovernmental cooperation? Whatmight be the barriers?
What are the influences and connectionswith non-governmental sectors of thecommunity (foundations, industry, etc.)?
How can citizens play a more active role?
Authors
-
8/9/2019 Understanding LocalGov
76/76
Authors
This presentation prepared byDr. EricScorsone MSU Extension, State and LocalGovernment Program ([email protected])
Major source for this workBeth Moore MSU
Extension Specialist and the writings ofDr. LynnHarvey, Professor Emeritus, MSU Dept. ofAgricultural Economics ([email protected])
Additional contributionJohn Amrhein, State and
Local Government Educator, MSU Extension ([email protected])
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]