UNDERSTANDING DROUGHT A Slow-Onset, Natural Phenomenon That Can Happen Anywhere
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UNDERSTANDING DROUGHT
A Slow-Onset, Natural Phenomenon That Can Happen
Anywhere
PRIMER OF KNOWLEDGE THAT CAN MULTIPLY AND SPILL
OVER FOR THE BENEFIT OF MILLIONS
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of
North Carolina, USA
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BACKGROUND
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OUR WORLD IS AT RISK FROM:
• TSUNAMIS
•DROUGHTS• VOLCANIC
ERUPTIONS
• WILDFIRES
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Drought– A Natural Phenomenon That Can Cause Disasters
Planet Earth’s atmospheric-oceanic-lithospheric interactions cause:
DROUGHTSDroughts
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DROUGHT is an extreme environmental
condition that is characterized by an absence of precipitation in the local and regional water cycle as a
consequence of the physical interactions of elements of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and
lithosphere.
DROUGHT is an extreme environmental
condition that is characterized by an absence of precipitation in the local and regional water cycle as a
consequence of the physical interactions of elements of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and
lithosphere.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF DROUGHT
CHARACTERISTICS OF DROUGHT
• SLOW ONSET• DIVERSE IN
LOCATION AND DURATION
• DIFFICULT TO MEASURE THE SOCIETAL IMPACTS
• SLOW ONSET• DIVERSE IN
LOCATION AND DURATION
• DIFFICULT TO MEASURE THE SOCIETAL IMPACTS
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DROUGHT IN USA: 2012
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DROUGHT IN TEXAS: 2011
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DROUGHT IN CHINA: 2007
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DROUGHT IN AFRICA: 2007
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SHORTAGE OF FOOD: 2007
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DROUGHT: EAST AFRICA; 2007
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EQUIPPING NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL
“HELPING HANDS TEAMS” FOR ACTION DURING TIMES OF DROUGHT
Making a Difference When it Really Counts
BEING READY IS VITAL
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HELPING HANDS ARE NEEDED FOR …
HELPING HANDS ARE NEEDED FOR …
FOOD, WATER, AND EMERGENCY MEDICAL
FOOD, WATER, AND EMERGENCY MEDICAL
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DROUGHT HAZARDS
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DROUGHT HAZARDS (AKA Potential disaster Agents)
• HIGH TEMPERATURES
• VERY LOW HUMIDITY
• LOSS OF SOIL MOISTURE
• VANISHING STREAMS, LAKES, AND WATER TABLES
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DROUGHT LINKAGES
• Drought is typically linked to wildfires, loss of water quantity and quality, and famine (sometimes).
• These linkages can lead to major loss of life of people and animals, loss of livelihoods, and loss of habitats.
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LOS ANGELES RIVER DRYING UP: SUMMER 2007
.
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ELBE RIVER, GERMANY, IS DRYING UP: SUMMER, 2007
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VANISHING LAKE: GHANA
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DROUGHT RISKS
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HAZARDSHAZARDSHAZARDSHAZARDS
ELEMENTS OF RISKELEMENTS OF RISKELEMENTS OF RISKELEMENTS OF RISK
EXPOSUREEXPOSUREEXPOSUREEXPOSURE
VULNERABILITYVULNERABILITYVULNERABILITYVULNERABILITY LOCATIONLOCATIONLOCATIONLOCATION
RISKRISKRISKRISK
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PROLONGED LACK OF PRECIPITATION
DROUGHTS DROUGHTS
LOSS OF SOIL MOSTURE
LOSS OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY
DEPLETION/POLLUTION OF GROUND WATER
LOSS OF VEGETATION
INSECT INFESTATION
LOSS OF AG. LAND FROM DESERTIFICATION
CAUSES OF RISK
CAUSES OF RISK
DISASTER LABORATORIES
DISASTER LABORATORIES
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E
DECREASE IN DECREASE IN WATER QUALITY WATER QUALITY
DECREASE IN DECREASE IN WATER QUALITY WATER QUALITY
UNACCEPTABLE RISKUNACCEPTABLE RISKUNACCEPTABLE RISKUNACCEPTABLE RISK
DECREASE IN WATER DECREASE IN WATER QUANTITY QUANTITY
DECREASE IN WATER DECREASE IN WATER QUANTITY QUANTITY
SUSCEPTIBILITY SUSCEPTIBILITY TO WILDFIRESTO WILDFIRES
SUSCEPTIBILITY SUSCEPTIBILITY TO WILDFIRESTO WILDFIRES
ECONOMIC LOSS; ECONOMIC LOSS; FAMINE; DEATHSFAMINE; DEATHS
ECONOMIC LOSS; ECONOMIC LOSS; FAMINE; DEATHSFAMINE; DEATHS
RISKRISKRISKRISK
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DROUGHT RISKS (A SLOW ONSET NATURAL HAZARD)
• Loss of life (People and animals)
• Loss of livelihoods and habitats
• Loss of agricultural land (e.g., from desertification)
• Reductions in water quantity and quality
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1/6 OF WORLD’S POPULATION AFFECTED BY DESERTIFICATION
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FACILITATING DISASTER RISK REDUCTION
FACILITATING DISASTER RISK REDUCTION
EMERGING TECNOLOGIES
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FROM EDUCATION TO KNOWLEDGE TO APPLICATION
UNDER-STANDUNDER-STAND
IDENT-IFY
IDENT-IFY
HEARHEAR
PERSON-ALIZE
PERSON-ALIZE
APPLI-CATIONSAPPLI-
CATIONS
PERIOD OF PERIOD OF INTEGRATIONINTEGRATION
WINDOW OF WINDOW OF OPPORTUNITOPPORTUNIT
YY
PERIOD OF PERIOD OF IMPLEMENTIMPLEMENT
ATIONATION
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COMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCOMMUNITYDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATIONDATA BASES DATA BASES AND INFORMATIONAND INFORMATION
HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS
•DROUGHT HAZARDS•LOCATIONS
RISK ASSESSMENTRISK ASSESSMENT
RISK
ACCEPTABLE RISK
UNACCEPTABLE RISK
DROUGHT DISASTER RISK DROUGHT DISASTER RISK REDUCTIONREDUCTION
•MONITORING • ADAPTATION•MITIGATION•PREPAREDNESS
POLICY OPTIONSPOLICY OPTIONS
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EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR DROUGHTS
EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR DROUGHTS
• WEATHER FORECASTS
• MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES (E.G., REMOTE SENSING)
• WARNING SYSTEMS
• WEATHER FORECASTS
• MONITORING TECHNOLOGIES (E.G., REMOTE SENSING)
• WARNING SYSTEMS
• DATABASES FOR PAST DROUGHTS
• COMPUTER MODELS OF DROUGHT
• MAPS • DISASTER
SCENARIOS• HAZARD
ASSESSMENT • RISK ASSESSMENT
• DATABASES FOR PAST DROUGHTS
• COMPUTER MODELS OF DROUGHT
• MAPS • DISASTER
SCENARIOS• HAZARD
ASSESSMENT • RISK ASSESSMENT
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DISASTER RISK REDUCTION FOR DROUGHT
DISASTER RISK REDUCTION FOR DROUGHT
• PURPOSE
• IDENTIFICATION OF DROUGHT PRECURSORS
• ALERT AND WARNING
• PURPOSE
• IDENTIFICATION OF DROUGHT PRECURSORS
• ALERT AND WARNING
• TECHNIQUE• REMOTE SENSING;
SITE-SPECIFIC MONITORING; MODELING
• PUBLIC AWARENESS; EDUCATION
• TECHNIQUE
• REMOTE SENSING; SITE-SPECIFIC MONITORING; MODELING
• PUBLIC AWARENESS; EDUCATION
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DISASTER RISK REDUCTION FOR DROUGHT
DISASTER RISK REDUCTION FOR DROUGHT
• PURPOSE
• PROTECT WATER QUANTITY
• PROTECT WATER QUALITY
• PURPOSE
• PROTECT WATER QUANTITY
• PROTECT WATER QUALITY
• TECHNIQUE
• RESERVOIRS; CONSERVATION
• ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
• TECHNIQUE
• RESERVOIRS; CONSERVATION
• ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
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DISASTER RISK REDUCTION FOR DROUGHT
DISASTER RISK REDUCTION FOR DROUGHT
• PURPOSE
• LAND-USE CONTROL
• ADAPTATION TO THE SITUATION
• PURPOSE
• LAND-USE CONTROL
• ADAPTATION TO THE SITUATION
• TECHNIQUE
• DROUGHT-RESISTANT CROPS AND VEGETATION
• COMMUNITY RESPONSE PLAN
• TECHNIQUE
• DROUGHT-RESISTANT CROPS AND VEGETATION
• COMMUNITY RESPONSE PLAN