SUMMARY OF PHYSICAL DEMANDS OF THE PPF COURSE

Loads Carried Throughout Course

Figure 1: Each bar represents the hours load was carried for that week, with the number of days per week under load indicated above (e.g. week 1: 4/7 days with load carrying 41kg)

Movement Analysis Summary for PPF CourseTable 3: Summary of movement analysis for all six physically demanding training sessions of the PPF course.

Metabolic Demands – Most Physically Demanding HourTable 4: Most metabolically demanding hour for each training activity: average VO2 (ml/kg/min) and duration (min:ss) at each workload.

Canadian Armed Forces Patrol Pathfinders (PPF) are specialized members of the army trained for Adaptive Dispersed Operations, and must be able to work under extreme stress, severe conditions and in hostile environments with minimal support. The PPF course candidates are trained to be experts at insertion and extraction techniques by air, land, and sea, and to be proficient in the establishment of drop, landing, beach and cast zones and austere airstrips for follow-on forces. Candidates must demonstrate intellectual capacity, situational awareness and the ability to advise commanders on the PPF phase in joint operations. They must be in top physical and mental condition to remain operationally effective; to withstand the rigours of long-range patrolling, and extended periods under the stress and pressure (Downey, 2013). The 11 week PPF course is known to be gruelling and historically struggles from high attrition rates. The purpose of the following research was to observe and measure the physical demands of the 2017 PPF course, and explore the role of each candidates’ preparation and perception of the course. This information was used to develop a Performance Readiness Program for future PPF applicants.

I N T R O D U C T I O N

On pre-day 1 of the course, physical fitness (graded exercise treadmill test, 72 kg Standard Load Squat Test, 68kg Bench Press Beep Test, Curl-Up Beep Test) and anthropometric measurements were taken. A pre-questionnaire was administered prior to the course. Candidates who completed at least a portion of the final training exercise (FTX) were given a post-questionnaire. The most physically demanding days of the course were selected for observation and measurements. Heart rate measures were taken using a chest strap and watch (Polar V800 and RS800 Technologies Inc., Jyväskylä, Finland); R to R intervals were used to estimate metabolic cost using First BeatTM software analysis.

M E T H O D S

Twenty-two candidates performed the physical fitness and anthropometric tests; anthropometrics and performance did not predict success on the course. Of the 23 male candidates that started the course, 11 passed the course, 9 returned to unit (RTU) due to injury, 1 failed the academic component and 1 quit (neither had physical difficulties).

Most Physically Demanding Days – Measurements and Observations

Day 1: 22 km ICF March August 15th, 2017 (7 hours). Table 1 shows ICF March performance while carrying C8. The speed/time for completion of the ICF March did not predict course success.

Week 1: SOP August 17th, 2018 (7 hours). Twenty-two candidates carried C9/ C8, and a 41 kg ruck over 7 km through uneven terrain with small changes in elevation. In small teams, candidates coordinated tactical movements.

Week 2-3: Navigation August 27-28th, 2017 (13hrs); Day and night independent navigation across uneven and undulating terrain, through sand, dense forest, and swamp, while carrying a C8. Table 2 shows the average and range of performances and weights carried.

Week 3: Insert/Extract by Boat and Tactical Swimming August 3st- September 1st, 2017 (10hrs). Combination of water and land-based tactical activities were performed with C8/C9 in hand and a ~41kg ruck.

Week 6: Rappel Tower and Helocast (low hover stand) Insertion September 18th, 2017 (7 hours). 35 loaded repetitions of stair climbing up 24, 48 or 96 (8” riser) steps, while wearing up to 39kg; any combination of full fighting order (FFO) - helmet, rope bag, tactical vest, weapon - and ruck to perform a rappel from the tower or helocast from low hover stand (mock helicopter).

Week 9: FTX, Oct 10-11th, 2017 (40 hours). Ten day phase, wearing ruck of ~45kg, carrying C8/C9. Final assessment of course skills during prolonged activities in land, air and water environments, mostly outdoors in the cold damp fall weather with very little sleep and little recovery.

Table 1: Average and range of performances and rucksack weights (kg) for 22km march (ICF)

Time Distance (km) Average Speed (km/h) Starting ruck Weight (kg)Average 10h 26min 12.7 1.2 27.7Range 8h 41min -12h 40min 10.91 – 14.55 0.96 -1.67 25.1 – 30

N=23 Ruck weight (kg) Time (hour:min) Speed (km/hr)Average 37.8 4h 52m 4.6Range 35 - 40 4h 12m - 6h 22m 3.5 - 5.3

Table 2: Navigation performance descriptors; crossing (retaining) water added weight to ruck.

R E S U L T S

Physical fitness programming was created based on the results of this study:

1. PPF Foundation (8-10 weeks): Targets PPF-specific elements while still working on acquiring broad physical capacities. 2. PPF Specific (6 weeks): Hones-in on the most relevant aspects to the course to ensure candidate is both physically and

mentally prepared to face the challenges of the course.

A Performance Readiness Program and Poster were prepared to create awareness of the requirements of the PPF qualification course, and outline the ideal performance preparation track based on this study. These include:

1. An infographic (Figure 2);2. Assessment of physical performance readiness and personal readiness; and 3. Physical fitness training program guidance through 4 phases; Base (www.dfit.ca FORCE combat), PPF Foundation, PPF

Specific and Taper, (including time allocated for pre-PPF).

C O N C L U S I O N

Primary movement Task description

Locomotion with external load carriage (wearing 45kg ruck)

• standing-walking and running on uneven ground, varying terrain (sand, woods, gravel) up to 10 hrs; short breaks with rucks off.

• climbing stairs (unbalanced stance) - high repetition• quickly changing direction and running in opposite direction for 5-25s, up to 180s, multiple

repetitions• ruck + 13kg parachute for 250m• stepping over logs (uneven terrain)

Finning-swim • tactical swimming -finning while controlling ruck and weapon (1-3km)

Lunging -squatting (wearing up to 45kg ruck)

• lunging- up (from) and down (to) one knee • one and 2-foot landing from rappel or fast rope• squatting up and down with load (as far down as into sitting)

Lifting (and lowering) up to 45kg • 2 hand lift and lower- ruck from ground (to put on or back of truck)

Pulling 45kg+ (sometimes while wearing 45kg ruck)

• quickly pulling (1 & 2 hand) from stooping over edge of assault boat, wet ruck and others out of water

• quickly pulling (from overhead) self out of water into assault boat (kicking for help)• lateral pull from prone - quickly pulling ruck into water from assault boat; stooping position• 1 and 2 hand pull from stooping posture (ruck) of others to standing from sitting with 45kg ruck

Gripping 45kg + body weight • gripping rope -fast rope (squeezing leg adductors)

Carrying (55-60kg) (sometimes while wearing 45kg ruck)

• carrying extra ruck - sense of urgency (200+m) (ruck)• 1 hand carry; assault boat handle (w ruck) on beach and through brush; slight lean to side• 1/2 hand carry of boat motor - no ruck; lowering into boat in awkward position – through sand &

pebbles• carrying a weapon (ruck) 2 hand at chest• 2 hand casualty carry - 2 person (feet and torso) (ruck)

Dragging (55-60kg) (wearing 45kg ruck) • 1 hand casualty drag (2 person drag) over brush and obstacles

Getting up and down from sitting (wearing 45kg ruck)

• rolling over to and from hands and knees, to and from laying on back, to lunge to standing - awkward positions

• sitting to standing rolling forward to feet (deep squat)

Moving to and from prone (sometimes with 45kg ruck)

• stabilizing in prone position on side of assault boat - squeezing w legs (while controlling weapon) • quickly pushing self-up (2 hands) to roll into water while on unstable surface• moving to and from prone position to standing (ruck) - holding weapon

PRE-QUESTIONNAIRE

Preparation Criteria: Regular Fitness Training, Training Support and Pre-PPF21 out of 23 candidates completed a questionnaire which explored preparation and physical training habits 6 months prior to the course: training frequency, duration, intensity and modality (e.g., muscular strength, power, cardiovascular etc.,). Candidates were also asked about the type of support received in preparing for the PPF, military courses taken prior to PPF (e.g. 2-week pre-PPF refresher of relevant military skills under load (41kg) 20km), tapering, and recovery. Overall, responses to the questionnaire indicated a wide variation in physical training preparation. The more support/training opportunity candidates had the greater the likelihood of success. 9/11 PASS candidates answered yes to 2 out 3 of the preparation criteria, as compared to only 2/9 in the RTU injured. Interestingly, the QUIT (FTX) also answered yes to 2 out of 3 criteria; suggesting personal (motivation) readiness issues. The academic failure answered no to all 3.

POST-QUESTIONNAIRE Candidates identified the following as the most physically demanding components of course, underlying for all was the weight of the kit to be carried: prolonged ruck, lack of sleep-recovery (FTX), moving very quickly with ruck, climbing tower, tactical swimming, carrying the boat, getting in and out of the assault boats from the water, kneeling with ruck, pushing through the woods at night (bush bashing). Candidates also identified more rucking, more time, swimming, mental prep, and PSP help (training support) would have helped them feel more prepared.

REFERENCE:Downey C, N. Deshpande (2013). Carrying the Torch Forward: The Revitalization of the Patrol Pathfinder Capability. Canadian Military Journal, 13(4):53-57.

Workload category % VO2 max range

Sedentary Light Moderate Heavy Very Heavy Extremely Heavy

Training Activity 0 - 20% 21 - 40% 41 - 55% 56 - 70% 71 - 85% 86 - 100%

ICF March VO2 9.22 16.76 24.52 33.46 39.40 44.42

Duration 0:01 0:12 0:17 6:13 41:32 11:45

SOP VO2 7.21 15.39 24.74 32.36 39.09 44.67

Duration 8:49 11:37 11:33 14:21 12:54 0:46

Insert/Extract VO2 7.96 15.12 24.35 32.20 39.93 -

Duration 15:12 25:29 10:27 6:33 2:20 -

Navigation VO2 8.22 15.84 25.63 34.01 39.61 46.90

Duration 4:36 7:42 9:38 18:27 17:36 2:02

Rappel VO2 8.35 15.30 24.52 32.35 39.49 45.57

Duration 8:27 13:52 9:04 10:55 16:06 1:35

FTX VO2 6.88 15.07 23.85 31.48 34.98 -

Duration 15:53 19:16 10:05 8:22 6:23 -

FOR MORE INFORMATION CONTACT JACQUELINE.LAFRAMBOISE@FORCES.GC.CA

UNDERSTANDING DEMANDS OF PATROL PATHFINDER COURSETHE DEVELOPMENT OF A PERFORMANCE READINESS PROGRAM

JACQUELINE LAFRAMBOISE, CASSANDRA SPARKS, BARRY STOCKBRUGGER, MICHAEL STOLBERG, EVAN WALSH CANADIAN FORCES MORALE AND WELFARE SERVICES, CANADIAN ARMED FORCES, CANADA

Figure 2: Performance readiness Infographic.