Unconventional Mid Ressources
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Unconventional Petroleum Plays in the Mediterranean Basins*
Fivos Spathopoulos1 and M.A Sephton1
Search and Discovery Article #10495 (2013)**
Posted June 17, 2013
*Adapted from oral presentation given at AAPG European Regional Conference & Exhibition, Barcelona, Spain, April 8-10, 2013**AAPG2013 Serial rights given by author. For all other rights contact author directly.
1Imperial College, London ([email protected])
Abstract
Exploration for unconventional petroleum in Europe has intensified over the last five years. The potential for unconventional oil and gas
resources has been examined in order to determine the right types of rock, basin and maturity in basins around the Mediterranean Sea. Varioustarget shale formations exist in the study area, ranging in age from the Lower Paleozoic to Tertiary. These shales are of very good geochemical
quality, both in their Total Organic Carbon content, as well as in their hydrogen indices. The basins containing these rocks vary in their tectonicstyle, but they are often structurally "quiet" synclines or monoclines. The maturity of the shales has been found to be in the oil and gas window.
Models for source rock deposition demonstrate the possibility of black shale deposition throughout the Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic erasin various areas of the Mediterranean.
International oil companies explore for unconventional petroleum resources in several European Mediterranean countries. However,
unconventional exploration has not started in earnest in North Africa, south Balkans, Near East or Middle East. Target shales for shale-gas,shale-oil and pyrolysed oil exist in Greece, Turkey, Israel and in the north African region. The purpose of the current study is to highlight areasof unconventional petroleum prospectivity in the Mediterranean region.
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https://webmail.aapg.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=803cd4a8797b49838fc18ef1cce3933e&URL=mailto%3afoivos.spathopoulos%40orange.frhttps://webmail.aapg.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=803cd4a8797b49838fc18ef1cce3933e&URL=mailto%3afoivos.spathopoulos%40orange.frhttps://webmail.aapg.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=803cd4a8797b49838fc18ef1cce3933e&URL=mailto%3afoivos.spathopoulos%40orange.frhttps://webmail.aapg.org/owa/redir.aspx?C=803cd4a8797b49838fc18ef1cce3933e&URL=mailto%3afoivos.spathopoulos%40orange.fr -
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Ramadan, F.S., M.M. El Nady, M.M. Hammad, and N.M. Lotfy, 2012, Subsurface Study and Source Rocks Evaluation of Ras Gharib OnshoreOil field in the Central Gulf of Suez, Egypt: Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, v. 6/13, p. 334-353.
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Sachse, V.F., D. Leythaeuser, A. Grobe, M. Rachidi, and R. Littke, 2012, Organic Geochemistry and Petrology of a Lower Jurassic
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Seifert, W.K., J.M. Moldowan, and G.J. Demaison, 1984, Source correlation of biodegraded oils, inP.A. Schenck, J.W. de Leeuw, and G.W.M.Lijmbach, (eds.), Advances in organic geochemistry 1983: Organic Geochemistry, v. 6, p. 633-643.
Vet, I., M. Hetnyi, and M. Hmor-Vid, 2000,Anaerobic degradation of organic matter controlled by productivity variation in a restricted
Late Triassic basin: Organic Geochemistry, v. 31, p. 439-452.
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Unconventional PetroleumPlays in the Mediterranean
basins
Dr Fivos Spathopoulos
Prof M.A. Sephton
Imperial College London
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Statistics on 110 shales Statistics on 56 shales
Comparison by Era
European Shales
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Statistics on 110 shales Statistics on 56 shales
Comparison by Epoch
European Shales
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The big shale fairways around the Mediterranean Sea
SilurianGraptolites&Devonianshales
Lia
ssh
ale
s Oligo-Mioceneshales
Tertiaryshales
Creta
ceousmarinite
s
Jurassic & Cretaceous shales
Early Permian
shales
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Prospective
unconventional
petroleum areas around
the Mediterranean Sea
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Spain
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Lias (Pliensbachian)
shales in the
Asturian Basin
BORREGO A.G. et al, 1996: The
Pliensbachian (Early Jurassic) "anoxic"
event in Asturias, northern Spain: Santa
Mera Member, Rodiles Formation. Org.Geochem. Vol. 25, pp. 295-309
-
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Quesada S. et al, 1997. Geochemical
correlation of oil from the Ayoluengo
field to Liassic black shale units in the
southwestern Basque-Cantabrian
Basin (northern Spain). Org. Geochem.Vol. 27, pp 25-40
Lias (Pliensbachian)shales in the Basque-
Cantabrian Basin
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1: Limestones 2: Black shales 3: shales and siltst 4: sst, silstst & shales 5: sst
Silurian sections in
the Iberian Peninsula
CCR: Catalonian CoastalRanges
CIZ: Central Iberian Zone
CZ: Cantabrian Zone
IC: Iberian Cordillera
OMZ: Ossa Morena Zone
P: Pyrenees
WALZ: West Asturian-
Leonese Zone
From: Guttierez-Marco J.C., Robardet
M. & Piarra J.M. (1998). Silurian
Stratigraphy and Paleogeography of
the Iberian Peninsula. In: Proceedings
6th Graptolite Conference, Temas
Geolgico-Mineros ITGE, vol 23
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Silurian shale outcrops in Central Spain
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France
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Upper Carboniferous (Stephanian) black shales, Boson coal mine
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Early Permian Autunian black
lacustrine shales, Languedoc
2023.79
3907.89
1561.06
TOC % HI
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Schistes carton,
Curbans
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Terres Noires (Oxfordian),
Entreaunes
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Terres Noires (Oxfordian),
Villeneuve dEntreaunes
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Albian-Aptian dark grey shales,Sauzries
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Cenomanian dark grey-black shales, Valle de Vesubie
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Italy
-
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Upper Triassic Kssen Formation, northern Italy
Vet, Hetnyi M.,Hmor-Vid , et al. (2000):
Anaerobic degradation of organic matter controlled by
productivity variation in a restricted Late Triassic basin.
Organic Geochemistry 31, p. 439-452
-
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Brosse E. et al., 1990. Some sedimentological and geochemical characters of the late Triassic Noto formation, source rockin the Ragusa basin (Sicily). Org. Geochem. Vol. 16, pp. 715-734
Triassic Noto Formation, Sicily
-
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Brosse E. et al., 1988: The organic matter of
interlayered carbonates and clays sediments-
Trias/Lias, Sicily. Org. Geochem. Vol. 13, p. 433-
443
Triassic Noto Formation, Sicily
-
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Farrimond P. et al (1988): The Toarcian black shale eventin northern Italy. Org. Geochem. Vol. 13, p. 823-832
Liassic Posidonia Shale in northern Italy
Scopelliti G. et al., 2006: Chemical Geology v. 228, p. 266 285
Cenomanian-Turonian Bonarellishales,Appenines
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Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia,
Bosnia & Herzegovina
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Mrki S. (2011): Organic geochemistry of Miocene source rocks from the Banat Depression (SE Pannonian Basin, Serbia).Organic Geochemistry 42, p. 655677
Miocene source
rocks in the
Pannonian Basin
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Mrki S. (2011): Organic geochemistry of Miocene source rocks from the Banat Depression (SE Pannonian Basin, Serbia).Organic Geochemistry 42, p. 655677
Miocene source
rocks in the
Pannonian Basin
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Greece
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Posidonia Shales TOC
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
15001600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
TOC (%)
Depth
(m)
Rigakis N. & Karakitsios V. (1998): The source rock horizons of the Ionian Basin (NW Greece). Marine & Petroleum Geology, 15
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Posidonia Shales Kerogen Types
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0 50 100 150 200
Oxygen Index
H
ydrogenIndex
Rigakis N. & Karakitsios V. (1998): The source rock horizons of the Ionian Basin (NW Greece). Marine & Petroleum Geology, 15
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Seifert W.K et al. (1984), Org. Geochem. Vol. 6, pp. 633-643
Possible structure with oil seeps in NW Greece
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Turkey
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Korkmaz, S. et al. (2013) Organic geochemistry of the Lower Cretaceous black shales and oil seep in the Sinop Basin,
Northern Turkey: An oil-source rock correlation study, Marine and Petroleum Geology. Kara Glbay R. & Korkmaz, S (2008) Oil Shale, Vol. 25, p. 444464
-
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The Silurian Dada shale in SE Turkey
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Israel
Upper Cretaceous Ghareb oil shale
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Schneider-Mor A. (2012), Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 319-320, p. 4657
Upper Cretaceous Ghareb oil shale
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Dyni J.R.(2006): Geology and Resources of Some World Oil-Shale
Deposits, Scientific Investigations Report 20055294, U.S.G.S., Reston
Bein A., et al. (1990), Am. J. Sci., 290, p. 882-911.
Ghareb
Mishash
Menuha
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Egypt
Geochemical properties of the Middle
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Geochemical properties of the Middle
Jurassic Khatatba and the Lower Jurassic
Ras Qatarra shales
Geochemical properties of the
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Ramadan F.S. et al (2012). Subsurface Study and Source Rocks Evaluation of Ras Gharib Onshore Oil field in the Central Gulf
of Suez, Egypt. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 6(13), p. 334-353
Geochemical properties of the
Cretaceous Raha & Wate shales and
the Miocene Nuhul shales
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Libya
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POSSIBLE SHALE TARGETS
IN LIBYA
Triassic lacustrine shales occurring
locally in the Sirt Basin.
Early Cretaceous lacustrine source
rocks in the southeastern portion
of the Sirt Basin, Libya), explainingthe waxy nature of the oil in many
of the fields in Libya
the Late Cretaceous Cenomanian
Turonian 'Sirt Shales' and 'Rakb
Shales' of the Sirt Basin
Macgregor D.S & Moody R.T.J. (1998). Mesozoic and
Cenozoic petroleum systems of North Africa. Geological
Society, London, Special Publications, v.132, p. 201-
216.
Rusk, D. C., 2001, Libya: Petroleum potential of the underexplored basin
centersA twenty-first-century challenge, in M.W. Downey, J. C. Threet, and
W. A. Morgan, eds., Petroleum provinces of the twenty-first century: AAPG
Memoir 74, p. 429452.
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Tunisia
Geochemistry of possible shale
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Dhaou Akrou D. et al.(2011). Source Rock Characterization and Petroleum Systems in North Ghadames Basin, Southern Tunisia.
Resource Geology Vol. 61, p. 270280.
Arfaoui A. & Montacer M. (2007). New potential hydrocarbon source-rocks in the Lower Eocene Metlaoui Formation (Central-NorthenTunisia, Northern Africa). Geologica Acta, v. 5, p. 245-254
y p
targets onshore Tunisia
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Algeria
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Lning S. et al (2004). Temporalspatial reconstruction
of the early Frasnian (Late Devonian) anoxia in NW
Africa: new field data from the Ahnet Basin (Algeria).
Sedimentary Geology 163, p.237264
Fammenian
Frasnian
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Morocco
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Sachse V.F., et al (2011). Petroleum source rocks of the Tarfaya Basin and adjacent areas, Morocco. Organic Geochemistry
42, p. 209227
Sachse V.F., et al (2012). Journal of Petroleum Geology, Vol. 35(1), p. 5 - 24
Conclusions
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Conclusions
The onshore basins around the Mediterranean Sea
contain several shale formations that could be exploited
for unconventional oil & gas.
Environmental and public opinion/political considerations
will determine the future of unconventional petroleum
explorations in these basins.