UN-Water Country Briefs. Philippines - zaragoza.es Ambukalo Palangui IV Agus II Agus IV Agus V Magat...
Transcript of UN-Water Country Briefs. Philippines - zaragoza.es Ambukalo Palangui IV Agus II Agus IV Agus V Magat...
Legend The rapid assessment of the situation above based on available data was established in conjunction with in-country experts and officials It provides an overview of trends according to the following
trends are of significant concern
trends are of concern
trends are stable or progressing on certain issues but not on others
trends show some measure of improvement in all relevant indicators assessed
trends show significant improve-ment and there is no concern
insufficient data
Rapid Assessment
Accurate assessments of progress require relevant accurate and timely data The above data quality assessment ranges from
very poor very good
InvestmentsCurrently given that developments in the water sector are capital-intensive and that competing demands for limited public sector funds is a prevalent challenge the country experiencesinsufficient investment levels to meet the growing demand for water It is expected that the demand for water resources and the associated investment requirements will continue to grow over the years in parallel with increasing population and socioeco-nomic improvement The Philippine DevelopmentPlan 2011-2016 calls for additional infrastructureinvestments in water to be able to sufficiently provide the growing demand for water Encouraging private sector participation has been given priority to bridge the gap between the extensive capital investment re-quirements needed to build and operate the required water resources-related infrastructure projects in thecountry
Pressures on waterThe Philippines is endowed with abundant waterresources but they are under severe pressure fromgrowing populations rapid urbanization andindustrialization that increase the extraction andexploitation and competition with water neededfor irrigated agriculture A large portion of the population is without adequate and sustained access to basic drinking water supply and especiallybasic sanitation Inadequate water and wastewatermanagement infrastructure and policies oftenresult in inefficiencies in water use and pollution ofwaters Degradation of the environment and thecatchments in particular also impacts negatively onthe availability of water resources Climate eitherincreases the pressure on the resource during ElNintildeo or causes damage to properties and livelihood in the event of La Nintildea and extreme storms A major hindrance to the full adoption and implementationof IWRM in the country has been the institutional fragmentation in the sector
Overall
Data Quality
Data is available
Limited data on drinking water quality available
Insufficient information is available aboutindustriesrsquo water use
Data is available
There is no data available as to the energy needs of supplying and treating water nor for the water needed to generate electricity Therefore noassessment could be undertaken
While there is a move to change to a river quali-ty-based monitoring it is still just a vision that will require considerable effort from many differentagencies both from the private and public sectors
Lack of up-to-date harmonized and comprehen-sive data Such data is critical in implementing acoordinated water resources management amongcompeting users among others
AssessmentsIrrigated agricultureThe current level of investment in irrigation is trending upwards in recent years 40 percent of theirrigation potential is not equipped for irrigation
Drinking water supply and sanitationSome 8 percent of the population do not use an improved drinking water source and 26 percent do not use improved sanitation facilities There is considerable under-investment by the government insanitation and sewerage indicating a low spending priority Estimates show that over a 10-year periodthe country will need to invest PhP 250 billion (current 2013 US$ 6 billion) in physical infrastructure
Water intensity in industry The value generated by industry per m3 of water has sharply decreased and industry is the third largest source of water pollution nationwide
Water-related disasters Gap between rising trends in the number and damage of water-related disasters and the current levelof government investment
Water for energy energy for water Additional capacity from hydropower sources could be tapped in Mindanao after a carefulconsideration of all impacts to meet demand needs power which require substantial investments
Environment and ecosystem healthReduced streamflows decreased volumes of stored water in aquifers and artificial reservoirs and lower water quality issues Substantive gap to fill between wastewater produced and treated Current level of investment is of concern in this context Estimates show that over a 10-year period the country will need to invest PhP 250 billion (current 2013 US$ 5 000 million) in physical infrastructure
Tracking governanceFragmentation of water resource planning and management with over 40 government agenciesinvolved in the sector Current expenditure on water resources policy administration and dataalongside fragmented governance systems pose risks The government however is in the midst ofcreating a central coordinating agency
Data ConcernsData is a vital input to water management and invest-ment in water related infrastructure and projectsData for the Philippines is relatively good when com-pared to many developing nations However the lack of published economic data (eg infrastructure costsoperating costs crop values etc) in the Philippinesmakes water-related investment decisions inherentlymore complex and investments more risky for investors
An assessment of priority data needs from the basis of national decision-makers and international investors(donors and loan capital) is prudent for countries toestablish a forward-looking work programme of datamanagement Modest investments in coordinated
Disclaimersbull The most recent and updated information can be found in the original databases cited throughout
bull The rapid assessment methodology presentedhere is an advocacy tool designed to generatedebate and attention to the issues and is devel-oped in conjunction with national governmentfocal points
bull Data presented herein stems either from existing databases or was collected from national reports experts and institutions and in some cases raw data underwent various manipulations to categorize the information for this presentation
bull Due to data limitations the investment-relatedestimates may not include water-related invest-ments that are counted under other categoriesof investments and some investment categories(ie disaster prevention and preparedness)may include some investments that are not directly water-related Moreover water being acrosscutting issue investments in other parts ofthe government (not calculated here) may also benefit water management
bull The words investments invested funded for ODA refer to gross disbursements of ODAaccording to the OECD definitions The wordsinvestments invested funded for governmentrefer to government expenditure (2002 - 2011)and budget (2012) In the Philippines it has notbeen possible to separate funds from governmentsources and ODA therefore governmentinvestments include some ODA
bull The benefit-cost analysis on expansion of irrigation is based on very limited data and any decisions should be based on detailed cost-benefit analysis that incorporates all relevant local data
data collection collation analysis and disseminationare vital to demonstrate the benefits of water-relatedinvestments to governments donors and ultimatelyprivate capital investors
It is to be noted that it is virtually impossible to find national-level gender-disaggregated data for almost allthemes contained in the UN-Water Country Briefs
This project was implemented by the AQUASTAT Programme of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) on behalf of UN-Water with financial support from United States Department of State (USDS) Brief produced 13 June 2013
Additional information on the project data and methodologies can be accessed at
httpwwwunwaterorgWaterCountryBriefshtml
REGION I(Ilocos region)
REGION II(Cagayan Valley)
CORDILLERAADMINISTRATIVE
REGION
REGION III(Central Luzon) REGION IV-A
(CALABARZON)
NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
REGION IV-B(MIMAROPA)
REGION V(Bicol Region)
REGION VII(Central Visayas)
REGION VI(Western Visayas)
REGION VII(Eastern Visayas)
REGION IX(ZamboangaPeninsula)
REGION X(Northern Mindanao)
REGION XI(Davao Region)
REGION XII(SOCCSKSARGEN)
REGION XIII(Caraga)AUTONOMOUS REGION
IN MUSLIM MINDANAO
SouthChina
Sea
PhilippineSea
SuluSea
CelebesSea
LUZON
VISAYAS
MINDANAO
GeneralSantos
Calapan
Vigan inIlocos Sur
Ca
ga
yan
Agusan
Pam
panga
Ag
no
Panay
Magat
Ambukalo
Palangui IVAgus II
Agus IVAgus V
Magat
Laoag
Tuguegarao
San Fernando
Zamboanga
Jolo
Cotabato
KoronadalDigos
DavaoTagum
DipologOroquieta
Surigao
ButuanCagayande Oro
Illigan
Iloilo
Roxas
NegrosBago
Cadiz
BaisDumaguete
Tagbilaran
Cebu
TaclobanOrmoc
Maasin
Puerto Princesa
NagaIriga
Legaspi
Masbate
Bashi Channel
BanaweTerraces
Min
dan
ao
0 100 200 30050 km
Albers Equal Area Projection WGS 1984
Legend
Lake
Dam
River
Capital Regional Capital Town
Zone of Irrigation Development
International Boundary
Administrative Boundary
The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of theFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country territory city or area or of its authorities
or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries
Disclaimer
FAO - AQUASTAT 2011PHILIPPINES
Irrigation Scheme
ManilaSanta Cruz
Calamba
Lucena
Infanta
BatangasLipa
San PabloTagaytay
Trece Martires
PasigQuezonCaloocanBalanga La Mesa
Angat
Pantabangan
Angat Maasim
Malolos
San FernandoAngeles
Tarlac CabanatuanPalayan
San CarlosDagupan
San Roque
UpperPampanga
PhlippineSea
Ipo
Lagunade
Bay
LakeTaal
Pam
pang
a
___ ___
UN-Water Country Brief
year
The Money Stream From 2002 to 2011 the government has expended US$ 47865 million (in constant 2010 US$) on average per year on water-related infrastructure and programmes
9647 million inhabitants
300 000 km2
322 inhabitantskm2
0654 114
0418
55
2 348 mmyear
479 000 million m3year
4 965 m3inhabitant
17
4
1 879 000 ha
60
5 sites
154 234 hectares
Total population (UN Population Division)
Total area
Population density
Human Development Index (UNDP)
(between 0 and 1 1 is highest) Country rank (total 186 countries 1 is highest) Gender Inequality Index (0 is equality between women and men 1 is least equality)
Water sanitation and hygiene-related deaths of total deaths (WHO)
Long-term average annual precipitation (CRU CL 20)
Long-term average actual renewable water resources (FAO AQUASTAT)
Actual annual renewable water resources per capita (FAO AQUASTAT)
of total actual renewable freshwater resources withdrawn (MDG Water Indicator) (FAO AQUASTAT)
Groundwater withdrawal as of total freshwater withdrawal (FAO AQUASTAT)
Total area equipped for irrigation (FAO AQUASTAT)
of irrigation potential equipped for irrigation (FAO AQUASTAT and AQUASTAT)
Ramsar sites (Ramsar) ndash number ndash total area
2012
2011
2012
2012
2004
2011
2011
2012
2009
2009
2006
2006
2013
Estimated of water-related government expenditure to total government expenditure 2002 - 2011o
Municipal
Industrial
Water withdrawals by sector (total 81 819 million m3 in 2009)
76 101
Cooling of thermoelectric plants 03
820 Agricultural
Philippines
During this period close to half of the governments expenditure was channeled into agricultural water resources (485 percent) Spending priority was then allocated to river development (324 percent) and disaster prevention and preparedness and flood prevention and control (102 percent)
ordmTotal government expenditure excludes ODA
30 Official development assistance (ODA) gross disbursements amounted to US$ 8188 million on average per
Water-related government expenditure includes some year channeling close to half of the disbursements into disaster prevention and preparedness and flood ODA but excludes investments in hydroelectric power prevention and control (487 percent) Over the period 2002 to 2011 the Government of the Philippinesrsquo plants which are funded primarily through private sector water-related investments accounted for an estimated 30 percent of total government expenditures funds
Annual average government expenditure during Annual average official development assistance gross the period 2002 - 2011 disbursements during the period 2002 ndash 2011
(million constant 2010 US$) (million constant 2010 US$)
23208
Disaster prevention and prepared-nessflood protection and control
1588 15552 476
58 102 4899 3990
43 552051 44741 34 03 321976 282 01 28
157 264 112
485325
100 022 226
194
487
100
32186 915 total annual average 47865 8188 total annual average
Government expenditure includes some Official Development Assistance (ODA) It has not been possible to separate funds from government sources and ODA as the General Appropriations Act the law setting the operating budget of the Philippines combines funds from the national governments and ODA
Hydroelectric power plants are primarily financed through private sector funds
Irrigated Agriculture
Impact for developmentAgriculture is a key sector of the Philippines economy contributing some 12 percent to gross domestic productand employing around 33 percent of the labour force In 2012 women accounted for 24 percent of the econom-ically active population in agriculture Since the 1960s there have been substantial investments in irrigationtechnology predominantly to increase the production of rice which covers 90 percent of the harvested irrigatedcrop area Despite this investment only 60 percent of the irrigation potential has been developed for irrigationand the government is currently investing further in irrigated agriculture to enhance food security
The figure above shows analysis of expanding irrigation for a dominant crop such as rice for the Philippines It indicates that the expansion of irrigation is likely to be economically viable even where relatively high capital and operating costs are assumed However the analysis is based on benefits and costs of converting existing cleared agricultural land Where vegetation clearing and other major land management is required prior to irrigation expansion development costs will be higher and the ratio of benefit to costs will decline It should be noted that this analysis does not include any costs associated with negative externalities such as increased pollution loads into waterway associated with expanded irrigation
The investments made in irrigation may in part have shielded the national agricultural output from significant rainfall variability in the Philippines
The economic viability of new irrigation schemes is highlydependent on the ability to achieve agronomic practiceproductivity gains in addition to gains directly relatedto a move from dryland cropping to irrigated cropping
Impact for developmentWith an installed capacity of 3 291 MW the Philippines generated 9 843 GWh in 2008 which represents around 49 percent of the nationrsquos hydropower technically exploitable capability As water quality deteriorates more energy is required to treat the supply to acceptable standards Inversely energy production requires water in large quantities and produces effluents to be treated In cognizance of the need to efficiently use both water and energy as a resource some local governments in the Philippines have adopted innovative technolo-gies that have allowed them to generate savings in energy costs through reuse of reclaimed water and the generation of soil conditioners for agricultural purposes resulting from wastewater by-products
Energy for WaterWater for Energy
mill
ion
cons
tant
200
0 U
S$
Value added by agriculturein million constant 2000 US$
Value generated by agriculturein constant US$ per m3 of water
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Since 1990 the rate of use of an improved drinking water supply source in urban areas has been stable at around 93 percent while significant improvements have occurred in rural areas which now have a similar rate of use While the rate of use of improved sanitation facilities has also improved significantly since 1990 31 percent of rural res-idents and 21 percent of urban residents still do not use improved sanitation facilities
Drinking Water Supplyand Sanitation
Impact for developmentAccording to a 2008 Water and Sanitation Program report the economic costs of poor sanitation in the Philippines are in the order of US$ 14 billion equivalent to about 15 percent of GDP in 2005 and translated to per capita losses of US$ 168 per year
0
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
50 000
Impact for developmentWater is a driver for industry both from the perspective of securing stable supply sources as well as from the standpoint of enhancing operat-ing efficiency It is also increasingly recognized by businesses as fundamental to the health of its customers workers and communities
Water Intensityin Industry
Value added by industryin million constant 2000 US$
Value generated by industry per m3 of water(FAO AQUASTAT World Bank)
mill
ion
cons
tant
200
0 U
S$
In 2010 based on the National Water Resources Board (NWRB) reports industrial users represented the second largest user Fifteen percent of wastewater gener-ated is attributable to industries From 2000 to 2006 the value generated by industry per m3 of water decreased by almost 12 percent per year and by 2 percent per year between 1995 and 2000
20051995 2000
10596
47 46
Rainfall variability and agricultural GDP(FAO AQUASTAT World Bank)
National rainfall index variability(percentage of deviation from average national
rainfall index)
Variability in agricultural GDP(percentage of deviation from trend of agricultural goods
produced per km2 of agricultural land)
1961 1971 1981 1991 2001-40-30-20-10
010203040
13 000
14 000
15 000
16 000
0213
0224
Value generated by agriculture per m3 of water(FAO AQUASTAT and World Bank)
Access to drinking water and sanitationamp under-5 child mortality(UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (IGME) and WHOUNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme)
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
per 1
000
live
birt
hs
50
60
70
80
90
100
20
30
40
50
60
70
Economic viability of establishing new irrigationschemes for rice
Mid-pointscenario
194 299 655
Pessimisticscenario
Optimistic
Economic viability threshold
The value generated by agriculture per m3 of water increased 49 percent from 2006 to 2009
Actualgeneration
Technicallyexploitable capabilitynot yet generated
9 843 10 157
Hydropower capacity and generation 2008in GWhyear (World Energy Council)Value generated by industry
in constant 2000 US$ per m3 of water
Water - relatedDisasters
Impact for developmentThe Philippines is highly exposed to water-related disasters On average 10 water-related disaster events occur annually in the Philippines which on average cause economic damage equivalent to 01 percent of the countryrsquos current GDP every year Climate data for the past 50 years has shown increasing temperature changes in rainfall patterns as well as an increase in extreme weather events such as typhoons flooding and droughts
The government is currently embarked on creating a National Water Resources Management Office (NWRMO) to act as the central coordinating agency for the water resourcessector responsible mainly for policy-making managing and regulating the countrys waters based on scientific data The NWRMO is also to oversee the implementation ofintegrated water resources management (IWRM) policy and plans
Enabling environment for the developmentmanagement and use of water resources
Gov
erna
nce
syst
ems
for t
he d
evel
opm
ent
man
agem
ent a
nd u
seof
wat
er re
sour
ces
Decentralized structures for water resourcesmanagement (other than above)
Infr
astr
uctu
re d
evel
opm
ent f
orth
e de
velo
pmen
t m
anag
emen
tan
d us
e of
wat
er re
sour
ces
12345
12345
Institutional Frameworks
Stak
ehol
der P
artic
ipat
ion
Capacity Building
UN-Water survey on integrated approaches in the development management and use of water resources governance 2012 (UN-Water)
1 Under development2 Developed but implementation not yet started3 Implementation started
4 Implementation advanced5 Fully implemented
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
num
ber o
f eve
nts
num
ber o
f peo
ple
kille
d
peop
le a
ffect
ed in
mill
ion
Number of disaster events
Number of people killed
Affected population in million
Water-related disasters impacts (NDRRMC)
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
240
480
720
960
1 200
0
3
6
9
12
15
0
1 600
3 200
4 800
6 400
8 000
Environment andEcosystem Health
Impact for developmentThe annual economic losses caused by water pollution are estimated at PhP 78 billion annually (current 2013 US$ 1 883 million) Losses due to environmental damage in terms of compensation and claims are on the rise in the Philippines There is considerable under-investment by the government in sanitation and sewerage indicating a low spending priority though ranked as a high priority in the Philippines Agenda 21 of 1996
Water quality index 2010
A score of 100 indicates that water quality targets are met for all five parameters (DO pH conductivity total
nitrogen and total phosphorus)
711
(UNEP-GEMSWater)
The discharge of municipal and industrial wastewater and agricultural runoff has caused extensive pollution of the receiving water-bodies Deforestation limited reforestation activities and the consequent degrada-tion of water-related ecosystem services in particular catchments have resulted in reduced streamflows decreased volumes of stored water in aquifers and artificial reservoirs and lower water quality
Economic damage in million current US$
dam
age
in m
illio
n cu
rren
t US$
lsquoWater-related disastersrsquo within the scope of this WCB study do not include droughts
Estimated municipal wastewater treatmentin 2010 (total produced 3 365 million m3 of which total collected and treated 441 million m3)
Primary treatment90 Secondary treatment7 Tertiary treatment3
Under 5 child mortality rate (probability of dying by age 5 per 1000 live births)
Improved drinking water sourceImproved sanitation facilities (both indicators above in of total population)
Ratification of the International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) 7 June 1974
(The right to water is implicit within the right to an adequate standard of living and inextricably related to the right to the highest attainable standard of health outlined in the ICESCR)
Impact for developmentThe major institutional problem that has beset water management in the Philippines is the multiplicity of agencies and consequent fragmentation of water resources planning and management There are more than 40 government agencies involved in the water sector There are no cross-sectoral water resources plans to integrate various water and land use activities water quantity and quality manage-ment or the use of surface water and groundwater Due to the range of functions relative to the development and management of water resources some overlaps of responsibility and conflicts reportedly exist among agencies Fragmented public investment programmes for development and management of water resources that fail to take into account the interdependencies among users and the impact on other (non-water) economic and non-economic activities have resulted in the inadequate management of the countrys water resources
Tracking WaterGovernance
sanitation drinking water
Is the right to sanitationdrinking-waterexplicitly recognized in policy or law
urban urbanrural rural
sanitation drinking water
Already fully recognized in law or policy
Already fully recognized in law or policy
Already fully recognized in law or policy
Already fully recognized in law or policy
urban urbanrural rural
No No Yes but little used
Yes but little used
Can people claim their human right to sanitation or drinking-water in a domestic court
UN-Water GLAAS (WHO 2012)
Status and Trends
Government expenditure during the period Official development assistance gross disburseshy2002 ndash 2011 and budget for the year 2012 ments during the period 2002 - 2011 (million constant 2010 US$) (million constant 2010 US$)
1500 100
Mill
ion
cons
tant
201
0 U
S$
1200
75
900
50
600
25
300
0 0
2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Government water-related investments over the period 2002 to 2012 bull There were significant expenditures from 2002 to 2004 in hydroelectric power plants a period when new hydroelectric power plants were constructed following the Electric Power Industry Reform Act (2001) which enabled private sector funding bull The sharp increase in disaster prevention and flood protection in 2011 is attributed to a large loan from a multilateral donor agency bull The bulk of expenditure over this period has been channeled into hydroelectric power agricultural water resources and river development bull Expenditure in agricultural water resources has effecshytively doubled in real terms over this period
Water-related official development assistance over the period 2002 to 2011 bull From 2006 onwards an emphasis has been placed by one bilateral agency on disaster prevention and preparshyedness and flood protection and control bull ODA for agricultural water resources peaked in 2008 and in 2007 for hydroelectric power plants which account for second and third place in terms of overall ODA flows for this period
Actual expenditure refers to the amount spent by the government during a given year Where actual expenditure is not available the government budget is used and refers to the amount that the government reportedly budgeted for the given year The OECD Creditor Reporting System categories were chosen for the collection of these water-related investments and the data was obtained by the WCB project through in-country research in cooperation with the government (during 2012) while ODA data stems from the OECD Creditor Reporting System (collected November 2012)
Water supply and sanitation in large systems Water desalination plants intakes storage treatment pumping stations conveyance and distribution systems sewerage domestic and industrial wastewater treatment plants
Basic drinking water supply and basic sanitation Water supply and sanitation through low-cost technologies such as hand-pumps spring catchment gravity-fed systems rainwater collection storage tanks small distribution systems latrines small-bore sewers on-site disposal (septic tanks)
Water resources policy and administrative manageshyment Water sector policy planning and programmes water legislation and management institution capacity building and advice water supply assessments and studies groundshywater water quality and watershed studies hydrogeology Excluding agricultural water resources
Disaster prevention and preparednessFlood protection and control Disaster risk reduction activities such as developing knowledge natural risks cartography legal norms for construction early warning systems emergency contingency stocks and contingency planning including preparations for forced displacement Floods from rivers or the sea including sea water intrusion control and sea level rise related activities
Agricultural water resources Irrigation reservoirs hydraulic structures groundwater exploitation for agriculturshyal use
Hydroelectric power plants Including power-genshyerating river barrages
Water resources protection Inland surface waters (rivers lakes etc) conservation and rehabilitation of groundwater prevention of water contamination from agrochemicals industrial effluents
River development Integrated river basin projects river flow control dams and reservoirs Excluding dams primarily for irrigation and hydropower and activities related to river transport
Hydroelectric power plants are primarily financed through private sector funds (dotted line)
Government expenditure includes some Official Development Assistance (ODA) It has not been possible to separate funds from government sources and ODA as the General Appropriations Act the law setting the operating budget of the Philippines combines funds from the national governments and ODA
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
Government water-related investments over the period 2002 to 2012bull There were significant expenditures from 2002 to 2004 in hydroelectric power plants a period when new hydroelectric power plants were constructed following the Electric Power Industry Reform Act (2001) which enabled private sector fundingbull The sharp increase in disaster prevention and flood protection in 2011 is attributed to a large loan from a multilateral donor agencybull The bulk of expenditure over this period has been channeled into hydroelectric power agricultural water resources and river development bull Expenditure in agricultural water resources has effec-tively doubled in real terms over this period
Water-related official development assistance over the period 2002 to 2011bull From 2006 onwards an emphasis has been placed by one bilateral agency on disaster prevention and prepar-edness and flood protection and controlbull ODA for agricultural water resources peaked in 2008 and in 2007 for hydroelectric power plants which account for second and third place in terms of overall ODA flows for this period
Actual expenditure refers to the amount spent by the government during a given year Where actual expenditure is not available the government budget is used and refers to the amount that the government reportedly budgeted for the given year The OECD Creditor Reporting System categories were chosen for the collection of these water-related investments and the data was obtained by the WCB project through in-country research in cooperation with the government (during 2012) while ODA data stems from the OECD Creditor Reporting System (collected November 2012)
Official development assistance gross disburse-ments during the period 2002 - 2011(million constant 2010 US$)
Status and Trends
Water supply and sanitation in large systems Waterdesalination plants intakes storage treatment pumpingstations conveyance and distribution systems seweragedomestic and industrial wastewater treatment plants
Basic drinking water supply and basic sanitationWater supply and sanitation through low-cost technologiessuch as hand-pumps spring catchment gravity-fed systemsrainwater collection storage tanks small distributionsystems latrines small-bore sewers on-site disposal (septictanks)
Water resources policy and administrative manage-ment Water sector policy planning and programmes water legislation and management institution capacity building and advice water supply assessments and studies ground-water water quality and watershed studies hydrogeology Excluding agricultural water resources
Disaster prevention and preparednessFloodprotection and control Disaster risk reduction activitiessuch as developing knowledge natural risks cartographylegal norms for construction early warning systemsemergency contingency stocks and contingency planningincluding preparations for forced displacement Floodsfrom rivers or the sea including sea water intrusion controland sea level rise related activities
Agricultural water resources Irrigation reservoirs hydraulic structures groundwater exploitation for agricultur-al use
Hydroelectric power plants Including power-gen-erating river barrages
Water resources protection Inland surface waters(rivers lakes etc) conservation and rehabilitation ofgroundwater prevention of water contamination fromagrochemicals industrial effluents
River development Integrated river basin projectsriver flow control dams and reservoirs Excluding damsprimarily for irrigation and hydropower and activities relatedto river transport
0
25
50
75
100
20022002 20042004 20062006 20082008 20102010 2012
Government expenditure during the period2002 ndash 2011 and budget for the year 2012(million constant 2010 US$)
Mill
ion
cons
tant
201
0 U
S$
Hydroelectric power plants are primarily financed through private sector funds (dotted line)
Government expenditure includes some Official Development Assistance (ODA) It has not been possible to separate funds from government sources and ODA as the General Appropriations Act the law setting the operating budget of the Philippines combines funds from the national governments and ODA
Water - relatedDisasters
Impact for developmentThe Philippines is highly exposed to water-related disasters On average 10 water-related disaster events occur annually in the Philippines which on average cause economic damage equivalent to 01 percent of the countryrsquos current GDP every year Climate data for the past 50 years has shown increasing temperature changes in rainfall patterns as well as an increase in extreme weather events such as typhoons flooding and droughts
The government is currently embarked on creating a National Water Resources Management Office (NWRMO) to act as the central coordinating agency for the water resourcessector responsible mainly for policy-making managing and regulating the countrys waters based on scientific data The NWRMO is also to oversee the implementation ofintegrated water resources management (IWRM) policy and plans
Enabling environment for the developmentmanagement and use of water resources
Gov
erna
nce
syst
ems
for t
he d
evel
opm
ent
man
agem
ent a
nd u
seof
wat
er re
sour
ces
Decentralized structures for water resourcesmanagement (other than above)
Infr
astr
uctu
re d
evel
opm
ent f
orth
e de
velo
pmen
t m
anag
emen
tan
d us
e of
wat
er re
sour
ces
12345
12345
Institutional Frameworks
Stak
ehol
der P
artic
ipat
ion
Capacity Building
UN-Water survey on integrated approaches in the development management and use of water resources governance 2012 (UN-Water)
1 Under development2 Developed but implementation not yet started3 Implementation started
4 Implementation advanced5 Fully implemented
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
num
ber o
f eve
nts
num
ber o
f peo
ple
kille
d
peop
le a
ffect
ed in
mill
ion
Number of disaster events
Number of people killed
Affected population in million
Water-related disasters impacts (NDRRMC)
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
240
480
720
960
1 200
0
3
6
9
12
15
0
1 600
3 200
4 800
6 400
8 000
Environment andEcosystem Health
Impact for developmentThe annual economic losses caused by water pollution are estimated at PhP 78 billion annually (current 2013 US$ 1 883 million) Losses due to environmental damage in terms of compensation and claims are on the rise in the Philippines There is considerable under-investment by the government in sanitation and sewerage indicating a low spending priority though ranked as a high priority in the Philippines Agenda 21 of 1996
Water quality index 2010
A score of 100 indicates that water quality targets are met for all five parameters (DO pH conductivity total
nitrogen and total phosphorus)
711
(UNEP-GEMSWater)
The discharge of municipal and industrial wastewater and agricultural runoff has caused extensive pollution of the receiving water-bodies Deforestation limited reforestation activities and the consequent degrada-tion of water-related ecosystem services in particular catchments have resulted in reduced streamflows decreased volumes of stored water in aquifers and artificial reservoirs and lower water quality
Economic damage in million current US$
dam
age
in m
illio
n cu
rren
t US$
lsquoWater-related disastersrsquo within the scope of this WCB study do not include droughts
Estimated municipal wastewater treatmentin 2010 (total produced 3 365 million m3 of which total collected and treated 441 million m3)
Primary treatment90 Secondary treatment7 Tertiary treatment3
Impact for developmentThe major institutional problem that has beset water management in the Philippines is the multiplicity of agencies and consequent fragmentation of water resources planning and management There are more than 40 government agencies involved in the water sector There are no cross-sectoral water resources plans to integrate various water and land use activities water quantity and quality manage-ment or the use of surface water and groundwater Due to the range of functions relative to the development and management of water resources some overlaps of responsibility and conflicts reportedly exist among agencies Fragmented public investment programmes for development and management of water resources that fail to take into account the interdependencies among users and the impact on other (non-water) economic and non-economic activities have resulted in the inadequate management of the countrys water resources
Tracking WaterGovernance
sanitation drinking water
Is the right to sanitationdrinking-waterexplicitly recognized in policy or law
urban urbanrural rural
sanitation drinking water
Already fully recognized in law or policy
Already fully recognized in law or policy
Already fully recognized in law or policy
Already fully recognized in law or policy
urban urbanrural rural
No No Yes but little used
Yes but little used
Can people claim their human right to sanitation or drinking-water in a domestic court
UN-Water GLAAS (WHO 2012)
Water Intensity
Impact for development Water is a driver for industry both from the perspective of securing stable supply sources as well as from the standpoint of enhancing operat-ing efficiency It is also increasingly recognized by businesses as fundamental to the health of its customers workers and communities
Energy for Water
Impact for development With an installed capacity of 3 291 MW the Philippines generated 9 843 GWh in 2008 which represents around 49 percent of the nationrsquos hydropower technically exploitable capability As water quality deteriorates more energy is required to treat the supply to acceptable standards Inversely energy production requires water in large quantities and produces effluents to be treated In cognizance of the need to efficiently use both water and energy as a resource some local governments in the Philippines have adopted innovative technolo-gies that have allowed them to generate savings in energy costs through reuse of reclaimed water and the generation of soil conditioners for agricultural purposes resulting from wastewater by-products
Drinking Water Supply in Industry Water for Energy and Sanitation
Impact for development According to a 2008 Water and Sanitation Program report the economic costs of poor sanitation in the Philippines are in the order of US$ 14 billion equivalent to about 15 percent of GDP in 2005 and translated to per capita losses of US$ 168 per year
Ratification of the International Covenant on Economic Value generated by industry per m3 of water Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) 7 June 1974(FAO AQUASTAT World Bank)
50 000
mill
ion
cons
tant
200
0 U
S$
105 96
47 46
(The right to water is implicit within the right to an adequate standard of living and inextricably related to the right to the
40 000 highest attainable standard of health outlined in the ICESCR)
30 000
Access to drinking water and sanitation 20 000 amp under-5 child mortality (UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (IGME) and 10 000 WHOUNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme)
0 100 70 1995 2000 2005 Hydropower capacity and generation 2008
60in GWhyear (World Energy Council) 90 Value generated by industry
80 50
per 1
000
live
birt
hs
in constant 2000 US$ per m3 of water
9 843 10 157
70 40Value added by industry in million constant 2000 US$ Actual Technically 60 30
generation exploitable capability In 2010 based on the National Water Resources Board not yet generated 50 20 (NWRB) reports industrial users represented the second largest user Fifteen percent of wastewater genershyated is attributable to industries From 2000 to 2006 the value generated by industry per m3 of water decreased by almost 12 percent per year and by 2 percent per year between 1995 and 2000
Irrigated Agriculture
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Improved drinking water source Improved sanitation facilities (both indicators above in of total population) Under 5 child mortality rate
(probability of dying by age 5 per 1000 live births)
Since 1990 the rate of use of an improved drinking water supply source in urban areas has been stable at around 93 percent while significant improvements have occurred in rural areas which now have a similar rate of use While the rate of use of improved sanitation facilities has also improved significantly since 1990 31 percent of rural resshyidents and 21 percent of urban residents still do not use improved sanitation facilities
Impact for development Agriculture is a key sector of the Philippines economy contributing some 12 percent to gross domestic product and employing around 33 percent of the labour force In 2012 women accounted for 24 percent of the economshyically active population in agriculture Since the 1960s there have been substantial investments in irrigation technology predominantly to increase the production of rice which covers 90 percent of the harvested irrigated crop area Despite this investment only 60 percent of the irrigation potential has been developed for irrigation and the government is currently investing further in irrigated agriculture to enhance food security
Rainfall variability and agricultural GDP Value generated by agriculture per m3 of water Economic viability of establishing new irrigation (FAO AQUASTAT World Bank) (FAO AQUASTAT and World Bank) schemes for rice
40 655
mill
ion
cons
tant
200
0 U
S$ 16 000
0213
0224 194 29930
Economic viability threshold 20 10
0
15 000
14 000 Pessimistic Mid-point Optimistic
scenario scenario 13 000 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
The figure above shows analysis of expanding irrigation Value generated by agriculture for a dominant crop such as rice for the Philippines It 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 in constant US$ per m3 of water indicates that the expansion of irrigation is likely to be
National rainfall index variability (percentage of deviation from average national
Value added by agriculture economically viable even where relatively high capital in million constant 2000 US$ and operating costs are assumed However the analysis is rainfall index)
Variability in agricultural GDP based on benefits and costs of converting existing cleared The investments made in irrigation may in part have agricultural land Where vegetation clearing and other
(percentage of deviation from trend of agricultural goods shielded the national agricultural output from significant major land management is required prior to irrigation produced per km2 of agricultural land) rainfall variability in the Philippines expansion development costs will be higher and the ratio
The value generated by agriculture per m3 of water The economic viability of new irrigation schemes is highly of benefit to costs will decline It should be noted that increased 49 percent from 2006 to 2009 dependent on the ability to achieve agronomic practice this analysis does not include any costs associated with
productivity gains in addition to gains directly related negative externalities such as increased pollution loads to a move from dryland cropping to irrigated cropping into waterway associated with expanded irrigation
-40 -30 -20 -10
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
Government water-related investments over the period 2002 to 2012bull There were significant expenditures from 2002 to 2004 in hydroelectric power plants a period when new hydroelectric power plants were constructed following the Electric Power Industry Reform Act (2001) which enabled private sector fundingbull The sharp increase in disaster prevention and flood protection in 2011 is attributed to a large loan from a multilateral donor agencybull The bulk of expenditure over this period has been channeled into hydroelectric power agricultural water resources and river development bull Expenditure in agricultural water resources has effec-tively doubled in real terms over this period
Water-related official development assistance over the period 2002 to 2011bull From 2006 onwards an emphasis has been placed by one bilateral agency on disaster prevention and prepar-edness and flood protection and controlbull ODA for agricultural water resources peaked in 2008 and in 2007 for hydroelectric power plants which account for second and third place in terms of overall ODA flows for this period
Actual expenditure refers to the amount spent by the government during a given year Where actual expenditure is not available the government budget is used and refers to the amount that the government reportedly budgeted for the given year The OECD Creditor Reporting System categories were chosen for the collection of these water-related investments and the data was obtained by the WCB project through in-country research in cooperation with the government (during 2012) while ODA data stems from the OECD Creditor Reporting System (collected November 2012)
Official development assistance gross disburse-ments during the period 2002 - 2011(million constant 2010 US$)
Irrigated Agriculture
Impact for developmentAgriculture is a key sector of the Philippines economy contributing some 12 percent to gross domestic productand employing around 33 percent of the labour force In 2012 women accounted for 24 percent of the econom-ically active population in agriculture Since the 1960s there have been substantial investments in irrigationtechnology predominantly to increase the production of rice which covers 90 percent of the harvested irrigatedcrop area Despite this investment only 60 percent of the irrigation potential has been developed for irrigationand the government is currently investing further in irrigated agriculture to enhance food security
Status and Trends
Water supply and sanitation in large systems Waterdesalination plants intakes storage treatment pumpingstations conveyance and distribution systems seweragedomestic and industrial wastewater treatment plants
Basic drinking water supply and basic sanitationWater supply and sanitation through low-cost technologiessuch as hand-pumps spring catchment gravity-fed systemsrainwater collection storage tanks small distributionsystems latrines small-bore sewers on-site disposal (septictanks)
Water resources policy and administrative manage-ment Water sector policy planning and programmes water legislation and management institution capacity building and advice water supply assessments and studies ground-water water quality and watershed studies hydrogeology Excluding agricultural water resources
Disaster prevention and preparednessFloodprotection and control Disaster risk reduction activitiessuch as developing knowledge natural risks cartographylegal norms for construction early warning systemsemergency contingency stocks and contingency planningincluding preparations for forced displacement Floodsfrom rivers or the sea including sea water intrusion controland sea level rise related activities
Agricultural water resources Irrigation reservoirs hydraulic structures groundwater exploitation for agricultur-al use
Hydroelectric power plants Including power-gen-erating river barrages
Water resources protection Inland surface waters(rivers lakes etc) conservation and rehabilitation ofgroundwater prevention of water contamination fromagrochemicals industrial effluents
River development Integrated river basin projectsriver flow control dams and reservoirs Excluding damsprimarily for irrigation and hydropower and activities relatedto river transport
The figure above shows analysis of expanding irrigation for a dominant crop such as rice for the Philippines It indicates that the expansion of irrigation is likely to be economically viable even where relatively high capital and operating costs are assumed However the analysis is based on benefits and costs of converting existing cleared agricultural land Where vegetation clearing and other major land management is required prior to irrigation expansion development costs will be higher and the ratio of benefit to costs will decline It should be noted that this analysis does not include any costs associated with negative externalities such as increased pollution loads into waterway associated with expanded irrigation
The investments made in irrigation may in part have shielded the national agricultural output from significant rainfall variability in the Philippines
The economic viability of new irrigation schemes is highlydependent on the ability to achieve agronomic practiceproductivity gains in addition to gains directly relatedto a move from dryland cropping to irrigated cropping
Impact for developmentWith an installed capacity of 3 291 MW the Philippines generated 9 843 GWh in 2008 which represents around 49 percent of the nationrsquos hydropower technically exploitable capability As water quality deteriorates more energy is required to treat the supply to acceptable standards Inversely energy production requires water in large quantities and produces effluents to be treated In cognizance of the need to efficiently use both water and energy as a resource some local governments in the Philippines have adopted innovative technolo-gies that have allowed them to generate savings in energy costs through reuse of reclaimed water and the generation of soil conditioners for agricultural purposes resulting from wastewater by-products
Energy for WaterWater for Energy
0
25
50
75
100
20022002 20042004 20062006 20082008 20102010 2012
Government expenditure during the period2002 ndash 2011 and budget for the year 2012(million constant 2010 US$)
Mill
ion
cons
tant
201
0 U
S$
mill
ion
cons
tant
200
0 U
S$
Value added by agriculturein million constant 2000 US$
Value generated by agriculturein constant US$ per m3 of water
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Since 1990 the rate of use of an improved drinking water supply source in urban areas has been stable at around 93 percent while significant improvements have occurred in rural areas which now have a similar rate of use While the rate of use of improved sanitation facilities has also improved significantly since 1990 31 percent of rural res-idents and 21 percent of urban residents still do not use improved sanitation facilities
Drinking Water Supplyand Sanitation
Impact for developmentAccording to a 2008 Water and Sanitation Program report the economic costs of poor sanitation in the Philippines are in the order of US$ 14 billion equivalent to about 15 percent of GDP in 2005 and translated to per capita losses of US$ 168 per year
0
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
50 000
Impact for developmentWater is a driver for industry both from the perspective of securing stable supply sources as well as from the standpoint of enhancing operat-ing efficiency It is also increasingly recognized by businesses as fundamental to the health of its customers workers and communities
Water Intensityin Industry
Value added by industryin million constant 2000 US$
Value generated by industry per m3 of water(FAO AQUASTAT World Bank)
mill
ion
cons
tant
200
0 U
S$
In 2010 based on the National Water Resources Board (NWRB) reports industrial users represented the second largest user Fifteen percent of wastewater gener-ated is attributable to industries From 2000 to 2006 the value generated by industry per m3 of water decreased by almost 12 percent per year and by 2 percent per year between 1995 and 2000
20051995 2000
10596
47 46
Rainfall variability and agricultural GDP(FAO AQUASTAT World Bank)
National rainfall index variability(percentage of deviation from average national
rainfall index)
Variability in agricultural GDP(percentage of deviation from trend of agricultural goods
produced per km2 of agricultural land)
1961 1971 1981 1991 2001-40-30-20-10
010203040
13 000
14 000
15 000
16 000
0213
0224
Value generated by agriculture per m3 of water(FAO AQUASTAT and World Bank)
Access to drinking water and sanitationamp under-5 child mortality(UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (IGME) and WHOUNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme)
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
per 1
000
live
birt
hs
50
60
70
80
90
100
20
30
40
50
60
70
Economic viability of establishing new irrigationschemes for rice
Mid-pointscenario
194 299 655
Pessimisticscenario
Optimistic
Economic viability threshold
The value generated by agriculture per m3 of water increased 49 percent from 2006 to 2009
Actualgeneration
Technicallyexploitable capabilitynot yet generated
9 843 10 157
Hydropower capacity and generation 2008in GWhyear (World Energy Council)Value generated by industry
in constant 2000 US$ per m3 of water
Hydroelectric power plants are primarily financed through private sector funds (dotted line)
Government expenditure includes some Official Development Assistance (ODA) It has not been possible to separate funds from government sources and ODA as the General Appropriations Act the law setting the operating budget of the Philippines combines funds from the national governments and ODA
Under 5 child mortality rate (probability of dying by age 5 per 1000 live births)
Improved drinking water sourceImproved sanitation facilities (both indicators above in of total population)
Ratification of the International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) 7 June 1974
(The right to water is implicit within the right to an adequate standard of living and inextricably related to the right to the highest attainable standard of health outlined in the ICESCR)
Environment and Water - related Ecosystem Health Disasters
Impact for development The Philippines is highly exposed to water-related disasters On average 10 water-related disaster events occur annually in the Philippines which on average cause economic damage equivalent to 01 percent of the countryrsquos current GDP every year Climate data for the past 50 years has shown increasing temperature changes in rainfall patterns as well as an increase in extreme weather events such as typhoons flooding and droughts
Estimated municipal wastewater treatment in 2010 (total produced 3 365 million m3 of which total collected and treated 441 million m3)
Impact for development The annual economic losses caused by water pollution are estimated at PhP 78 billion annually (current 2013 US$ 1 883 million) Losses due to environmental damage in terms of compensation and claims are on the rise in the Philippines There is considerable under-investment by the government in sanitation and sewerage indicating a low spending priority though ranked as a high priority in the Philippines Agenda 21 of 1996
Water quality index 2010
90 Primary treatment
7 Secondary treatment
3 Tertiary treatment
The discharge of municipal and industrial wastewater and agricultural runoff has caused extensive pollution of the receiving water-bodies Deforestation limited
(UNEP-GEMSWater) reforestation activities and the consequent degradashy Water-related disasters impacts (NDRRMC)
711
tion of water-related ecosystem services in particular catchments have resulted in reduced streamflows decreased volumes of stored water in aquifers and artificial reservoirs and lower water quality
15 8 000
peop
le a
ff ec
ted
in m
illio
n
num
ber o
f peo
ple
kille
d
0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
12 6 400
9 4 800
6 3 200
A score of 100 indicates that water quality targets are met for all five parameters (DO pH conductivity total
nitrogen and total phosphorus)
3 1 600
0
Affected population in million
Number of people killed
25 1 200
Enabling environment for the development management and use of water resources
Gov
erna
nce
syst
ems
for t
he d
evel
opm
ent
man
agem
ent a
nd u
seof
wat
er re
sour
ces
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
Institutional Frameworks
Stak
ehol
der P
artic
ipat
ion
Capacity Building
UN-Water survey on integrated approaches in the development management and use of water resources governance 2012 (UN-Water)
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
num
ber o
f eve
nts
Number of disaster events
0
5
10
15
20
0
240
480
720
960
Economic damage in million current US$
dam
age
in m
illio
n cu
rren
t US$
lsquoWater-related disastersrsquo within the scope of this WCB study do not include droughts
Impact for development The major institutional problem that has beset water management in the Philippines is the multiplicity of agencies and consequent fragmentation of water resources planning and management There are more than 40 government agencies involved in the water sector There are no cross-sectoral water resources plans to integrate various water and land use activities water quantity and quality manageshyment or the use of surface water and groundwater Due to the range of functions relative to the development and management of water resources some overlaps of responsibility and conflicts reportedly exist among agencies Fragmented public investment programmes for development and management of water resources that fail to take into account the interdependencies among users and the impact on other (non-water) economic and non-economic activities have resulted in the inadequate management of the countrys water resources
Tracking Water Governance
sanitation drinking water
Is the right to sanitationdrinking-water explicitly recognized in policy or law
urban urban rural rural
sanitation drinking water
Already fully recognized in law or policy
Already fully recognized in law or policy
Already fully recognized in law or policy
Already fully recognized in law or policy
urban urban rural rural
Can people claim their human right to sanitation or drinking-water in a domestic court
No No Yes but little used
Yes but little used
Infr
astr
uctu
re d
evel
opm
ent f
orth
e de
velo
pmen
t m
anag
emen
tan
d us
e of
wat
er re
sour
ces
Decentralized structures for water resources management (other than above)
UN-Water GLAAS (WHO 2012) 1 Under development 2 Developed but implementation not yet started 4 Implementation advanced 3 Implementation started 5 Fully implemented
The government is currently embarked on creating a National Water Resources Management Office (NWRMO) to act as the central coordinating agency for the water resources sector responsible mainly for policy-making managing and regulating the countrys waters based on scientific data The NWRMO is also to oversee the implementation of integrated water resources management (IWRM) policy and plans
UN-Water Country Brief
year
The Money StreamFrom 2002 to 2011 the government has expended US$ 47865 million (in constant 2010 US$) on average peryear on water-related infrastructure and programmes
During this period close to half of the governments expenditure was channeled into agricultural waterresources (485 percent) Spending priority was then allocated to river development (324 percent) anddisaster prevention and preparedness and flood prevention and control (102 percent)
Official development assistance (ODA) gross disbursements amounted to US$ 8188 million on average peryear channeling close to half of the disbursements into disaster prevention and preparedness and floodprevention and control (487 percent) Over the period 2002 to 2011 the Government of the Philippinesrsquowater-related investments accounted for an estimated 30 percent of total government expenditures
30
9647 million inhabitants
300 000 km2
322 inhabitantskm2
0654114
0418
55
2 348 mmyear
479 000 million m3year
4 965 m3inhabitant
17
4
1 879 000 ha
60
5 sites
154 234 hectares
Total population (UN Population Division)
Total area
Population density
Human Development Index (UNDP)
(between 0 and 1 1 is highest)Country rank (total 186 countries 1 is highest)Gender Inequality Index (0 is equality between women and men 1 is least equality)
Water sanitation and hygiene-related deaths of total deaths (WHO)
Long-term average annual precipitation (CRU CL 20)
Long-term average actual renewable water resources (FAO AQUASTAT)
Actual annual renewable water resources per capita (FAO AQUASTAT)
of total actual renewable freshwater resources withdrawn (MDG Water Indicator) (FAO AQUASTAT)
Groundwater withdrawal as of total freshwater withdrawal (FAO AQUASTAT)
Total area equipped for irrigation (FAO AQUASTAT)
of irrigation potential equipped for irrigation(FAO AQUASTAT and AQUASTAT)
Ramsar sites (Ramsar) ndash number ndash total area
2012
2011
2012
2012
2004
2011
2011
2012
2009
2009
2006
2006
2013
Estimated of water-related government expenditure to total government expenditure 2002 - 2011o
ordmTotal government expenditure excludes ODA Water-related government expenditure includes some ODA but excludes investments in hydroelectric power plants which are funded primarily through private sector funds
Annual average official development assistance gross disbursements during the period 2002 ndash 2011(million constant 2010 US$)
Annual average government expenditure duringthe period 2002 - 2011
(million constant 2010 US$)
2320815552
489920511976
157022
32186
1588476
3990447282264226915
total annual average total annual average47865 8188
Municipal
Industrial
Water withdrawals by sector(total 81 819 million m3 in 2009)
76101
Cooling of thermoelectric plants03
820 Agricultural
Disaster prevention and prepared-nessflood protection and control
485325
10243410301
___100
19458
48755343228
112___100
Data ConcernsData is a vital input to water management and invest-ment in water related infrastructure and projectsData for the Philippines is relatively good when com-pared to many developing nations However the lack of published economic data (eg infrastructure costsoperating costs crop values etc) in the Philippinesmakes water-related investment decisions inherentlymore complex and investments more risky for investors
An assessment of priority data needs from the basis of national decision-makers and international investors(donors and loan capital) is prudent for countries toestablish a forward-looking work programme of datamanagement Modest investments in coordinated
Disclaimersbull The most recent and updated information can be found in the original databases cited throughout
bull The rapid assessment methodology presentedhere is an advocacy tool designed to generatedebate and attention to the issues and is devel-oped in conjunction with national governmentfocal points
bull Data presented herein stems either from existing databases or was collected from national reports experts and institutions and in some cases raw data underwent various manipulations to categorize the information for this presentation
bull Due to data limitations the investment-relatedestimates may not include water-related invest-ments that are counted under other categoriesof investments and some investment categories(ie disaster prevention and preparedness)may include some investments that are not directly water-related Moreover water being acrosscutting issue investments in other parts ofthe government (not calculated here) may also benefit water management
bull The words investments invested funded for ODA refer to gross disbursements of ODAaccording to the OECD definitions The wordsinvestments invested funded for governmentrefer to government expenditure (2002 - 2011)and budget (2012) In the Philippines it has notbeen possible to separate funds from governmentsources and ODA therefore governmentinvestments include some ODA
bull The benefit-cost analysis on expansion of irrigation is based on very limited data and any decisions should be based on detailed cost-benefit analysis that incorporates all relevant local data
data collection collation analysis and disseminationare vital to demonstrate the benefits of water-relatedinvestments to governments donors and ultimatelyprivate capital investors
It is to be noted that it is virtually impossible to find national-level gender-disaggregated data for almost allthemes contained in the UN-Water Country Briefs
This project was implemented by the AQUASTAT Programme of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) on behalf of UN-Water with financial support from United States Department of State (USDS) Brief produced 13 June 2013
Additional information on the project data and methodologies can be accessed at
httpwwwunwaterorgWaterCountryBriefshtml
Philippines
REGION I(Ilocos region)
REGION II(Cagayan Valley)
CORDILLERAADMINISTRATIVE
REGION
REGION III(Central Luzon) REGION IV-A
(CALABARZON)
NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
REGION IV-B(MIMAROPA)
REGION V(Bicol Region)
REGION VII(Central Visayas)
REGION VI(Western Visayas)
REGION VII(Eastern Visayas)
REGION IX(ZamboangaPeninsula)
REGION X(Northern Mindanao)
REGION XI(Davao Region)
REGION XII(SOCCSKSARGEN)
REGION XIII(Caraga)AUTONOMOUS REGION
IN MUSLIM MINDANAO
SouthChina
Sea
PhilippineSea
SuluSea
CelebesSea
LUZON
VISAYAS
MINDANAO
GeneralSantos
Calapan
Vigan inIlocos Sur
Ca
ga
yan
Agusan
Pam
panga
Ag
no
Panay
Magat
Ambukalo
Palangui IVAgus II
Agus IVAgus V
Magat
Laoag
Tuguegarao
San Fernando
Zamboanga
Jolo
Cotabato
KoronadalDigos
DavaoTagum
DipologOroquieta
Surigao
ButuanCagayande Oro
Illigan
Iloilo
Roxas
NegrosBago
Cadiz
BaisDumaguete
Tagbilaran
Cebu
TaclobanOrmoc
Maasin
Puerto Princesa
NagaIriga
Legaspi
Masbate
Bashi Channel
BanaweTerraces
Min
dan
ao
0 100 200 30050 km
Albers Equal Area Projection WGS 1984
Legend
Lake
Dam
River
Capital Regional Capital Town
Zone of Irrigation Development
International Boundary
Administrative Boundary
The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of theFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country territory city or area or of its authorities
or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries
Disclaimer
FAO - AQUASTAT 2011PHILIPPINES
Irrigation Scheme
ManilaSanta Cruz
Calamba
Lucena
Infanta
BatangasLipa
San PabloTagaytay
Trece Martires
PasigQuezonCaloocanBalanga La Mesa
Angat
Pantabangan
Angat Maasim
Malolos
San FernandoAngeles
Tarlac CabanatuanPalayan
San CarlosDagupan
San Roque
UpperPampanga
PhlippineSea
Ipo
Lagunade
Bay
LakeTaal
Pam
pang
a
Government expenditure includes some Official Development Assistance (ODA) It has not been possible to separate funds from government sources and ODA as the General Appropriations Act the law setting the operating budget of the Philippines combines funds from the national governments and ODA
Hydroelectric power plants are primarily financed through private sector funds
Legend The rapid assessment of the situation above based on available data was established in conjunction with in-country experts and officials It provides an overview of trends according to the following
trends are of significant concern
trends are of concern
trends are stable or progressing on certain issues but not on others
trends show some measure of improvement in all relevant indicators assessed
trends show significant improveshyment and there is no concern
insufficient data
Rapid Assessment
Accurate assessments of progress require relevant accurate and timely data The above data quality assessment ranges from
very poor very good
Investments Currently given that developments in the water sector are capital-intensive and that competing demands for limited public sector funds is a prevalent challenge the country experiences insufficient investment levels to meet the growing demand for water It is expected that the demand for water resources and the associated investment requirements will continue to grow over the years in parallel with increasing population and socioecoshynomic improvement The Philippine Development Plan 2011-2016 calls for additional infrastructure investments in water to be able to sufficiently provide the growing demand for water Encouraging private sector participation has been given priority to bridge the gap between the extensive capital investment reshyquirements needed to build and operate the required water resources-related infrastructure projects in the country
Pressures on water The Philippines is endowed with abundant water resources but they are under severe pressure from growing populations rapid urbanization and industrialization that increase the extraction and exploitation and competition with water needed for irrigated agriculture A large portion of the population is without adequate and sustained access to basic drinking water supply and especially basic sanitation Inadequate water and wastewater management infrastructure and policies often result in inefficiencies in water use and pollution of waters Degradation of the environment and the catchments in particular also impacts negatively on the availability of water resources Climate either increases the pressure on the resource during El Nintildeo or causes damage to properties and livelihood in the event of La Nintildea and extreme storms A major hindrance to the full adoption and implementation of IWRM in the country has been the institutional fragmentation in the sector
Overall
Data Quality
Data is available
Limited data on drinking water quality available
Insufficient information is available about industriesrsquo water use
Data is available
There is no data available as to the energy needs of supplying and treating water nor for the water needed to generate electricity Therefore no assessment could be undertaken
While there is a move to change to a river qualishyty-based monitoring it is still just a vision that will require considerable effort from many different agencies both from the private and public sectors
Lack of up-to-date harmonized and comprehenshysive data Such data is critical in implementing a coordinated water resources management among competing users among others
Assessments Irrigated agriculture The current level of investment in irrigation is trending upwards in recent years 40 percent of the irrigation potential is not equipped for irrigation
Drinking water supply and sanitation Some 8 percent of the population do not use an improved drinking water source and 26 percent do not use improved sanitation facilities There is considerable under-investment by the government in sanitation and sewerage indicating a low spending priority Estimates show that over a 10-year period the country will need to invest PhP 250 billion (current 2013 US$ 6 billion) in physical infrastructure
Water intensity in industry The value generated by industry per m3 of water has sharply decreased and industry is the third largest source of water pollution nationwide
Water-related disasters Gap between rising trends in the number and damage of water-related disasters and the current level of government investment
Water for energy energy for water Additional capacity from hydropower sources could be tapped in Mindanao after a careful consideration of all impacts to meet demand needs power which require substantial investments
Environment and ecosystem health Reduced streamflows decreased volumes of stored water in aquifers and artificial reservoirs and lower water quality issues Substantive gap to fill between wastewater produced and treated Current level of investment is of concern in this context Estimates show that over a 10-year period the country will need to invest PhP 250 billion (current 2013 US$ 5 000 million) in physical infrastructure
Tracking governance Fragmentation of water resource planning and management with over 40 government agencies involved in the sector Current expenditure on water resources policy administration and data alongside fragmented governance systems pose risks The government however is in the midst of creating a central coordinating agency
UN-Water Country Brief
Legend The rapid assessment of the situation above based on available data was established in conjunction with in-country experts and officials It provides an overview of trends according to the following
trends are of significant concern
trends are of concern
trends are stable or progressing on certain issues but not on others
trends show some measure of improvement in all relevant indicators assessed
trends show significant improve-ment and there is no concern
insufficient data
Rapid Assessmentyear
The Money StreamFrom 2002 to 2011 the government has expended US$ 47865 million (in constant 2010 US$) on average per year on water-related infrastructure and programmes
During this period close to half of the governments expenditure was channeled into agricultural water resources (485 percent) Spending priority was then allocated to river development (324 percent) and disaster prevention and preparedness and flood prevention and control (102 percent)
Official development assistance (ODA) gross disbursements amounted to US$ 8188 million on average per year channeling close to half of the disbursements into disaster prevention and preparedness and flood prevention and control (487 percent) Over the period 2002 to 2011 the Government of the Philippinesrsquo water-related investments accounted for an estimated 30 percent of total government expenditures
Accurate assessments of progress require relevant accurate and timely data The above data quality assessment ranges from
very poor very good
InvestmentsCurrently given that developments in the water sector are capital-intensive and that competing demands for limited public sector funds is a prevalent challenge the country experiences insufficient investment levels to meet the growing demand for water It is expected that the demand for water resources and the associated investment requirements will continue to grow over the years in parallel with increasing population and socioeco-nomic improvement The Philippine Development Plan 2011-2016 calls for additional infrastructure investments in water to be able to sufficiently provide the growing demand for water Encouraging private sector participation has been given priority to bridge the gap between the extensive capital investment re-quirements needed to build and operate the required water resources-related infrastructure projects in the country
Pressures on waterThe Philippines is endowed with abundant water resources but they are under severe pressure from growing populations rapid urbanization and industrialization that increase the extraction and exploitation and competition with water needed for irrigated agriculture A large portion of the population is without adequate and sustained access to basic drinking water supply and especially basic sanitation Inadequate water and wastewater management infrastructure and policies often result in inefficiencies in water use and pollution of waters Degradation of the environment and the catchments in particular also impacts negatively on the availability of water resources Climate either increases the pressure on the resource during El Nintildeo or causes damage to properties and livelihood in the event of La Nintildea and extreme storms A major hindrance to the full adoption and implementation of IWRM in the country has been the institutional fragmentation in the sector
Overall
30
9647 million inhabitants
300 000 km2
322 inhabitantskm2
0654114
0418
55
2 348 mmyear
479 000 million m3year
4 965 m3inhabitant
17
4
1 879 000 ha
60
5 sites
154 234 hectares
Total population (UN Population Division)
Total area
Population density
Human Development Index (UNDP)
(between 0 and 1 1 is highest)Country rank (total 186 countries 1 is highest)Gender Inequality Index (0 is equality between women and men 1 is least equality)
Water sanitation and hygiene-related deaths of total deaths (WHO)
Long-term average annual precipitation (CRU CL 20)
Long-term average actual renewable water resources (FAO AQUASTAT)
Actual annual renewable water resources per capita (FAO AQUASTAT)
of total actual renewable freshwater resources withdrawn (MDG Water Indicator) (FAO AQUASTAT)
Groundwater withdrawal as of total freshwater withdrawal (FAO AQUASTAT)
Total area equipped for irrigation (FAO AQUASTAT)
of irrigation potential equipped for irrigation(FAO AQUASTAT and AQUASTAT)
Ramsar sites (Ramsar) ndash number ndash total area
2012
2011
2012
2012
2004
2011
2011
2012
2009
2009
2006
2006
2013Data Quality
Data is available
Limited data on drinking water quality available
Insufficient information is available about industriesrsquo water use
Data is available
There is no data available as to the energy needs of supplying and treating water nor for the water needed to generate electricity Therefore no assessment could be undertaken
While there is a move to change to a river quali-ty-based monitoring it is still just a vision that will require considerable effort from many different agencies both from the private and public sectors
Lack of up-to-date harmonized and comprehen-sive data Such data is critical in implementing a coordinated water resources management among competing users among others
AssessmentsIrrigated agricultureThe current level of investment in irrigation is trending upwards in recent years 40 percent of the irrigation potential is not equipped for irrigation
Drinking water supply and sanitationSome 8 percent of the population do not use an improved drinking water source and 26 percent do not use improved sanitation facilities There is considerable under-investment by the government in sanitation and sewerage indicating a low spending priority Estimates show that over a 10-year period the country will need to invest PhP 250 billion (current 2013 US$ 6 billion) in physical infrastructure
Water intensity in industry The value generated by industry per m3 of water has sharply decreased and industry is the third largest source of water pollution nationwide
Water-related disasters Gap between rising trends in the number and damage of water-related disasters and the current level of government investment
Water for energy energy for water Additional capacity from hydropower sources could be tapped in Mindanao after a careful consideration of all impacts to meet demand needs power which require substantial investments
Environment and ecosystem healthReduced streamflows decreased volumes of stored water in aquifers and artificial reservoirs and lower water quality issues Substantive gap to fill between wastewater produced and treated Current level of investment is of concern in this context Estimates show that over a 10-year period the country will need to invest PhP 250 billion (current 2013 US$ 5 000 million) in physical infrastructure
Tracking governanceFragmentation of water resource planning and management with over 40 government agencies involved in the sector Current expenditure on water resources policy administration and data alongside fragmented governance systems pose risks The government however is in the midst of creating a central coordinating agency
Estimated of water-related government expenditure to total government expenditure 2002 - 2011o
ordmTotal government expenditure excludes ODA Water-related government expenditure includes some ODA but excludes investments in hydroelectric power plants which are funded primarily through private sector funds
Annual average official development assistance gross disbursements during the period 2002 ndash 2011(million constant 2010 US$)
Annual average government expenditure duringthe period 2002 - 2011
(million constant 2010 US$)
2320815552
489920511976
157022
32186
1588476
3990447282264226915
total annual average total annual average47865 8188
Municipal
Industrial
Water withdrawals by sector(total 81 819 million m3 in 2009)
76101
Cooling of thermoelectric plants03
820 Agricultural
Disaster prevention and prepared-nessflood protection and control
485325
10243410301
___100
19458
48755343228
112___100
Philippines
e e esSea
Government expenditure includes some Official Development Assistance (ODA) It has not been possible to separate funds from government sources and ODA as the General Appropriations Act the law setting the operating budget of the Philippines combines funds from the national governments and ODA
Hydroelectric power plants are primarily financed through private sector funds
Cg
ayan
Agusan
Pam
panga
Ag
no
Min
dan
ao
Pam
pang
a
Data Concerns Data is a vital input to water management and investshyment in water related infrastructure and projects Data for the Philippines is relatively good when comshypared to many developing nations However the lack of published economic data (eg infrastructure costs operating costs crop values etc) in the Philippines makes water-related investment decisions inherently more complex and investments more risky for investors
An assessment of priority data needs from the basis of national decision-makers and international investors (donors and loan capital) is prudent for countries to establish a forward-looking work programme of data management Modest investments in coordinated
Bashi Channel
data collection collation analysis and dissemination are vital to demonstrate the benefits of water-related investments to governments donors and ultimately private capital investors
It is to be noted that it is virtually impossible to find national-level gender-disaggregated data for almost all themes contained in the UN-Water Country Briefs
San Roque
Dagupan San Carlos
Pantabangan Upper
Pampanga Palayan
This project was implemented by the AQUASTAT Programme of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) on behalf of UN-Water with financial support from United States Department of State (USDS) Brief produced 13 June 2013
Additional information on the project data and methodologies can be accessed at
httpwwwunwaterorg WaterCountryBriefshtml CORDILLERA Tarlac
(Zamboanga Dipolog
Cabanatuan ADMINISTRATIVE Phlippine
Sea REGION Philippine
Angeles Sea REGION I Laoag San Fernando Angat Maasim Angat (Ilocos region)
a
Tuguegarao Ipo Malolos Vigan in
Ilocos Sur La Mesa Infanta Balanga Caloocan Manila Quezon Banawe
REGION II (Cagayan Valley)
Pasig Laguna Santa Cruz de
LUZON Terr aces Magat Magat Bay San Fernando South Trece Martires Ambukalo Calamba
China Lake Tagaytay Taal San Pablo
Sea REGION III
(Central Luzon)
Lipa Lucena Batangas DisclaimersREGION IV-A
(CALABARZON)
NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
REGION V Naga (Bicol Region)
Iriga Calapan Legaspi
Masbate REGION IV-B REGION VII (MIMAROPA)
REGION VI Roxas (Eastern Visayas) (Western Visayas) Tacloban
Cadiz Panay Ormoc Iloilo VISAYAS
Bago Cebu Maasin Negros REGION VII REGION X Puerto Princesa (Central Visayas) Surigao
Bais Tagbilaran (Northern Mindanao)
Dumaguete Butuan
REGION IX Cagayande Oro MINDANAO
bull The most recent and updated information can be found in the original databases cited throughout
bull The rapid assessment methodology presented here is an advocacy tool designed to generate debate and attention to the issues and is develshyoped in conjunction with national government focal points
bull Data presented herein stems either from existing databases or was collected from national reports experts and institutions and in some cases raw data underwent various manipulations to categorize the information for this presentation
bull Due to data limitations the investment-related Agus V Oroquieta Sulu Peninsula) Agus IVAgus I IIlligan estimates may not include water-related invest-Sea Palangui IV REGION XIII
AUTONOMOUS REGION Tagum (Caraga) ments that are counted under other categories IN MUSLIM MINDANAO Cotabato Davao of investments and some investment categories
Digos Zamboanga (ie disaster prevention and preparedness) Koronadal
General may include some investments that are not REGION XII Jolo Santos REGION XI (SOCCSKSARGEN) directly water-related Moreover water being a (Davao Region)
C l b
Legend
International Boundary River Administrative Boundary Lake
Capital Regional Capital Town Dam
Zone of Irrigation Development Irrigation Scheme
0 50 100 200 300 km
Albers Equal Area Projection WGS 1984
PHILIPPINES FAO - AQUASTAT 2011
Disclaimer The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country territory city or area or of its authoritiesor concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries
crosscutting issue investments in other parts of the government (not calculated here) may also benefit water management
bull The words investments invested funded for ODA refer to gross disbursements of ODA according to the OECD definitions The words investments invested funded for government refer to government expenditure (2002 - 2011) and budget (2012) In the Philippines it has not been possible to separate funds from government sources and ODA therefore government investments include some ODA
bull The benefit-cost analysis on expansion of irrigation is based on very limited data and any decisions should be based on detailed cost-benefit analysis that incorporates all relevant local data
Irrigated Agriculture
Impact for developmentAgriculture is a key sector of the Philippines economy contributing some 12 percent to gross domestic productand employing around 33 percent of the labour force In 2012 women accounted for 24 percent of the econom-ically active population in agriculture Since the 1960s there have been substantial investments in irrigationtechnology predominantly to increase the production of rice which covers 90 percent of the harvested irrigatedcrop area Despite this investment only 60 percent of the irrigation potential has been developed for irrigationand the government is currently investing further in irrigated agriculture to enhance food security
The figure above shows analysis of expanding irrigation for a dominant crop such as rice for the Philippines It indicates that the expansion of irrigation is likely to be economically viable even where relatively high capital and operating costs are assumed However the analysis is based on benefits and costs of converting existing cleared agricultural land Where vegetation clearing and other major land management is required prior to irrigation expansion development costs will be higher and the ratio of benefit to costs will decline It should be noted that this analysis does not include any costs associated with negative externalities such as increased pollution loads into waterway associated with expanded irrigation
The investments made in irrigation may in part have shielded the national agricultural output from significant rainfall variability in the Philippines
The economic viability of new irrigation schemes is highlydependent on the ability to achieve agronomic practiceproductivity gains in addition to gains directly relatedto a move from dryland cropping to irrigated cropping
Impact for developmentWith an installed capacity of 3 291 MW the Philippines generated 9 843 GWh in 2008 which represents around 49 percent of the nationrsquos hydropower technically exploitable capability As water quality deteriorates more energy is required to treat the supply to acceptable standards Inversely energy production requires water in large quantities and produces effluents to be treated In cognizance of the need to efficiently use both water and energy as a resource some local governments in the Philippines have adopted innovative technolo-gies that have allowed them to generate savings in energy costs through reuse of reclaimed water and the generation of soil conditioners for agricultural purposes resulting from wastewater by-products
Energy for WaterWater for Energy
mill
ion
cons
tant
200
0 U
S$
Value added by agriculturein million constant 2000 US$
Value generated by agriculturein constant US$ per m3 of water
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Since 1990 the rate of use of an improved drinking water supply source in urban areas has been stable at around 93 percent while significant improvements have occurred in rural areas which now have a similar rate of use While the rate of use of improved sanitation facilities has also improved significantly since 1990 31 percent of rural res-idents and 21 percent of urban residents still do not use improved sanitation facilities
Drinking Water Supplyand Sanitation
Impact for developmentAccording to a 2008 Water and Sanitation Program report the economic costs of poor sanitation in the Philippines are in the order of US$ 14 billion equivalent to about 15 percent of GDP in 2005 and translated to per capita losses of US$ 168 per year
0
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
50 000
Impact for developmentWater is a driver for industry both from the perspective of securing stable supply sources as well as from the standpoint of enhancing operat-ing efficiency It is also increasingly recognized by businesses as fundamental to the health of its customers workers and communities
Water Intensityin Industry
Value added by industryin million constant 2000 US$
Value generated by industry per m3 of water(FAO AQUASTAT World Bank)
mill
ion
cons
tant
200
0 U
S$
In 2010 based on the National Water Resources Board (NWRB) reports industrial users represented the second largest user Fifteen percent of wastewater gener-ated is attributable to industries From 2000 to 2006 the value generated by industry per m3 of water decreased by almost 12 percent per year and by 2 percent per year between 1995 and 2000
20051995 2000
10596
47 46
Rainfall variability and agricultural GDP(FAO AQUASTAT World Bank)
National rainfall index variability(percentage of deviation from average national
rainfall index)
Variability in agricultural GDP(percentage of deviation from trend of agricultural goods
produced per km2 of agricultural land)
1961 1971 1981 1991 2001-40-30-20-10
010203040
13 000
14 000
15 000
16 000
0213
0224
Value generated by agriculture per m3 of water(FAO AQUASTAT and World Bank)
Access to drinking water and sanitationamp under-5 child mortality(UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (IGME) and WHOUNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme)
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
per 1
000
live
birt
hs
50
60
70
80
90
100
20
30
40
50
60
70
Economic viability of establishing new irrigationschemes for rice
Mid-pointscenario
194 299 655
Pessimisticscenario
Optimistic
Economic viability threshold
The value generated by agriculture per m3 of water increased 49 percent from 2006 to 2009
Actualgeneration
Technicallyexploitable capabilitynot yet generated
9 843 10 157
Hydropower capacity and generation 2008in GWhyear (World Energy Council)Value generated by industry
in constant 2000 US$ per m3 of water
Water - relatedDisasters
Impact for developmentThe Philippines is highly exposed to water-related disasters On average 10 water-related disaster events occur annually in the Philippines which on average cause economic damage equivalent to 01 percent of the countryrsquos current GDP every year Climate data for the past 50 years has shown increasing temperature changes in rainfall patterns as well as an increase in extreme weather events such as typhoons flooding and droughts
The government is currently embarked on creating a National Water Resources Management Office (NWRMO) to act as the central coordinating agency for the water resourcessector responsible mainly for policy-making managing and regulating the countrys waters based on scientific data The NWRMO is also to oversee the implementation ofintegrated water resources management (IWRM) policy and plans
Enabling environment for the developmentmanagement and use of water resources
Gov
erna
nce
syst
ems
for t
he d
evel
opm
ent
man
agem
ent a
nd u
seof
wat
er re
sour
ces
Decentralized structures for water resourcesmanagement (other than above)
Infr
astr
uctu
re d
evel
opm
ent f
orth
e de
velo
pmen
t m
anag
emen
tan
d us
e of
wat
er re
sour
ces
12345
12345
Institutional Frameworks
Stak
ehol
der P
artic
ipat
ion
Capacity Building
UN-Water survey on integrated approaches in the development management and use of water resources governance 2012 (UN-Water)
1 Under development2 Developed but implementation not yet started3 Implementation started
4 Implementation advanced5 Fully implemented
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
num
ber o
f eve
nts
num
ber o
f peo
ple
kille
d
peop
le a
ffect
ed in
mill
ion
Number of disaster events
Number of people killed
Affected population in million
Water-related disasters impacts (NDRRMC)
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
240
480
720
960
1 200
0
3
6
9
12
15
0
1 600
3 200
4 800
6 400
8 000
Environment andEcosystem Health
Impact for developmentThe annual economic losses caused by water pollution are estimated at PhP 78 billion annually (current 2013 US$ 1 883 million) Losses due to environmental damage in terms of compensation and claims are on the rise in the Philippines There is considerable under-investment by the government in sanitation and sewerage indicating a low spending priority though ranked as a high priority in the Philippines Agenda 21 of 1996
Water quality index 2010
A score of 100 indicates that water quality targets are met for all five parameters (DO pH conductivity total
nitrogen and total phosphorus)
711
(UNEP-GEMSWater)
The discharge of municipal and industrial wastewater and agricultural runoff has caused extensive pollution of the receiving water-bodies Deforestation limited reforestation activities and the consequent degrada-tion of water-related ecosystem services in particular catchments have resulted in reduced streamflows decreased volumes of stored water in aquifers and artificial reservoirs and lower water quality
Economic damage in million current US$
dam
age
in m
illio
n cu
rren
t US$
lsquoWater-related disastersrsquo within the scope of this WCB study do not include droughts
Estimated municipal wastewater treatmentin 2010 (total produced 3 365 million m3 of which total collected and treated 441 million m3)
Primary treatment90 Secondary treatment7 Tertiary treatment3
Under 5 child mortality rate (probability of dying by age 5 per 1000 live births)
Improved drinking water sourceImproved sanitation facilities (both indicators above in of total population)
Ratification of the International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) 7 June 1974
(The right to water is implicit within the right to an adequate standard of living and inextricably related to the right to the highest attainable standard of health outlined in the ICESCR)
Impact for developmentThe major institutional problem that has beset water management in the Philippines is the multiplicity of agencies and consequent fragmentation of water resources planning and management There are more than 40 government agencies involved in the water sector There are no cross-sectoral water resources plans to integrate various water and land use activities water quantity and quality manage-ment or the use of surface water and groundwater Due to the range of functions relative to the development and management of water resources some overlaps of responsibility and conflicts reportedly exist among agencies Fragmented public investment programmes for development and management of water resources that fail to take into account the interdependencies among users and the impact on other (non-water) economic and non-economic activities have resulted in the inadequate management of the countrys water resources
Tracking WaterGovernance
sanitation drinking water
Is the right to sanitationdrinking-waterexplicitly recognized in policy or law
urban urbanrural rural
sanitation drinking water
Already fully recognized in law or policy
Already fully recognized in law or policy
Already fully recognized in law or policy
Already fully recognized in law or policy
urban urbanrural rural
No No Yes but little used
Yes but little used
Can people claim their human right to sanitation or drinking-water in a domestic court
UN-Water GLAAS (WHO 2012)
Status and Trends
Government expenditure during the period Official development assistance gross disburseshy2002 ndash 2011 and budget for the year 2012 ments during the period 2002 - 2011 (million constant 2010 US$) (million constant 2010 US$)
1500 100
Mill
ion
cons
tant
201
0 U
S$
1200
75
900
50
600
25
300
0 0
2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Government water-related investments over the period 2002 to 2012 bull There were significant expenditures from 2002 to 2004 in hydroelectric power plants a period when new hydroelectric power plants were constructed following the Electric Power Industry Reform Act (2001) which enabled private sector funding bull The sharp increase in disaster prevention and flood protection in 2011 is attributed to a large loan from a multilateral donor agency bull The bulk of expenditure over this period has been channeled into hydroelectric power agricultural water resources and river development bull Expenditure in agricultural water resources has effecshytively doubled in real terms over this period
Water-related official development assistance over the period 2002 to 2011 bull From 2006 onwards an emphasis has been placed by one bilateral agency on disaster prevention and preparshyedness and flood protection and control bull ODA for agricultural water resources peaked in 2008 and in 2007 for hydroelectric power plants which account for second and third place in terms of overall ODA flows for this period
Actual expenditure refers to the amount spent by the government during a given year Where actual expenditure is not available the government budget is used and refers to the amount that the government reportedly budgeted for the given year The OECD Creditor Reporting System categories were chosen for the collection of these water-related investments and the data was obtained by the WCB project through in-country research in cooperation with the government (during 2012) while ODA data stems from the OECD Creditor Reporting System (collected November 2012)
Water supply and sanitation in large systems Water desalination plants intakes storage treatment pumping stations conveyance and distribution systems sewerage domestic and industrial wastewater treatment plants
Basic drinking water supply and basic sanitation Water supply and sanitation through low-cost technologies such as hand-pumps spring catchment gravity-fed systems rainwater collection storage tanks small distribution systems latrines small-bore sewers on-site disposal (septic tanks)
Water resources policy and administrative manageshyment Water sector policy planning and programmes water legislation and management institution capacity building and advice water supply assessments and studies groundshywater water quality and watershed studies hydrogeology Excluding agricultural water resources
Disaster prevention and preparednessFlood protection and control Disaster risk reduction activities such as developing knowledge natural risks cartography legal norms for construction early warning systems emergency contingency stocks and contingency planning including preparations for forced displacement Floods from rivers or the sea including sea water intrusion control and sea level rise related activities
Agricultural water resources Irrigation reservoirs hydraulic structures groundwater exploitation for agriculturshyal use
Hydroelectric power plants Including power-genshyerating river barrages
Water resources protection Inland surface waters (rivers lakes etc) conservation and rehabilitation of groundwater prevention of water contamination from agrochemicals industrial effluents
River development Integrated river basin projects river flow control dams and reservoirs Excluding dams primarily for irrigation and hydropower and activities related to river transport
Hydroelectric power plants are primarily financed through private sector funds (dotted line)
Government expenditure includes some Official Development Assistance (ODA) It has not been possible to separate funds from government sources and ODA as the General Appropriations Act the law setting the operating budget of the Philippines combines funds from the national governments and ODA
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
Government water-related investments over the period 2002 to 2012bull There were significant expenditures from 2002 to 2004 in hydroelectric power plants a period when new hydroelectric power plants were constructed following the Electric Power Industry Reform Act (2001) which enabled private sector fundingbull The sharp increase in disaster prevention and flood protection in 2011 is attributed to a large loan from a multilateral donor agencybull The bulk of expenditure over this period has been channeled into hydroelectric power agricultural water resources and river development bull Expenditure in agricultural water resources has effec-tively doubled in real terms over this period
Water-related official development assistance over the period 2002 to 2011bull From 2006 onwards an emphasis has been placed by one bilateral agency on disaster prevention and prepar-edness and flood protection and controlbull ODA for agricultural water resources peaked in 2008 and in 2007 for hydroelectric power plants which account for second and third place in terms of overall ODA flows for this period
Actual expenditure refers to the amount spent by the government during a given year Where actual expenditure is not available the government budget is used and refers to the amount that the government reportedly budgeted for the given year The OECD Creditor Reporting System categories were chosen for the collection of these water-related investments and the data was obtained by the WCB project through in-country research in cooperation with the government (during 2012) while ODA data stems from the OECD Creditor Reporting System (collected November 2012)
Official development assistance gross disburse-ments during the period 2002 - 2011(million constant 2010 US$)
Status and Trends
Water supply and sanitation in large systems Waterdesalination plants intakes storage treatment pumpingstations conveyance and distribution systems seweragedomestic and industrial wastewater treatment plants
Basic drinking water supply and basic sanitationWater supply and sanitation through low-cost technologiessuch as hand-pumps spring catchment gravity-fed systemsrainwater collection storage tanks small distributionsystems latrines small-bore sewers on-site disposal (septictanks)
Water resources policy and administrative manage-ment Water sector policy planning and programmes water legislation and management institution capacity building and advice water supply assessments and studies ground-water water quality and watershed studies hydrogeology Excluding agricultural water resources
Disaster prevention and preparednessFloodprotection and control Disaster risk reduction activitiessuch as developing knowledge natural risks cartographylegal norms for construction early warning systemsemergency contingency stocks and contingency planningincluding preparations for forced displacement Floodsfrom rivers or the sea including sea water intrusion controland sea level rise related activities
Agricultural water resources Irrigation reservoirs hydraulic structures groundwater exploitation for agricultur-al use
Hydroelectric power plants Including power-gen-erating river barrages
Water resources protection Inland surface waters(rivers lakes etc) conservation and rehabilitation ofgroundwater prevention of water contamination fromagrochemicals industrial effluents
River development Integrated river basin projectsriver flow control dams and reservoirs Excluding damsprimarily for irrigation and hydropower and activities relatedto river transport
0
25
50
75
100
20022002 20042004 20062006 20082008 20102010 2012
Government expenditure during the period2002 ndash 2011 and budget for the year 2012(million constant 2010 US$)
Mill
ion
cons
tant
201
0 U
S$
Hydroelectric power plants are primarily financed through private sector funds (dotted line)
Government expenditure includes some Official Development Assistance (ODA) It has not been possible to separate funds from government sources and ODA as the General Appropriations Act the law setting the operating budget of the Philippines combines funds from the national governments and ODA
Water - relatedDisasters
Impact for developmentThe Philippines is highly exposed to water-related disasters On average 10 water-related disaster events occur annually in the Philippines which on average cause economic damage equivalent to 01 percent of the countryrsquos current GDP every year Climate data for the past 50 years has shown increasing temperature changes in rainfall patterns as well as an increase in extreme weather events such as typhoons flooding and droughts
The government is currently embarked on creating a National Water Resources Management Office (NWRMO) to act as the central coordinating agency for the water resourcessector responsible mainly for policy-making managing and regulating the countrys waters based on scientific data The NWRMO is also to oversee the implementation ofintegrated water resources management (IWRM) policy and plans
Enabling environment for the developmentmanagement and use of water resources
Gov
erna
nce
syst
ems
for t
he d
evel
opm
ent
man
agem
ent a
nd u
seof
wat
er re
sour
ces
Decentralized structures for water resourcesmanagement (other than above)
Infr
astr
uctu
re d
evel
opm
ent f
orth
e de
velo
pmen
t m
anag
emen
tan
d us
e of
wat
er re
sour
ces
12345
12345
Institutional Frameworks
Stak
ehol
der P
artic
ipat
ion
Capacity Building
UN-Water survey on integrated approaches in the development management and use of water resources governance 2012 (UN-Water)
1 Under development2 Developed but implementation not yet started3 Implementation started
4 Implementation advanced5 Fully implemented
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
num
ber o
f eve
nts
num
ber o
f peo
ple
kille
d
peop
le a
ffect
ed in
mill
ion
Number of disaster events
Number of people killed
Affected population in million
Water-related disasters impacts (NDRRMC)
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
240
480
720
960
1 200
0
3
6
9
12
15
0
1 600
3 200
4 800
6 400
8 000
Environment andEcosystem Health
Impact for developmentThe annual economic losses caused by water pollution are estimated at PhP 78 billion annually (current 2013 US$ 1 883 million) Losses due to environmental damage in terms of compensation and claims are on the rise in the Philippines There is considerable under-investment by the government in sanitation and sewerage indicating a low spending priority though ranked as a high priority in the Philippines Agenda 21 of 1996
Water quality index 2010
A score of 100 indicates that water quality targets are met for all five parameters (DO pH conductivity total
nitrogen and total phosphorus)
711
(UNEP-GEMSWater)
The discharge of municipal and industrial wastewater and agricultural runoff has caused extensive pollution of the receiving water-bodies Deforestation limited reforestation activities and the consequent degrada-tion of water-related ecosystem services in particular catchments have resulted in reduced streamflows decreased volumes of stored water in aquifers and artificial reservoirs and lower water quality
Economic damage in million current US$
dam
age
in m
illio
n cu
rren
t US$
lsquoWater-related disastersrsquo within the scope of this WCB study do not include droughts
Estimated municipal wastewater treatmentin 2010 (total produced 3 365 million m3 of which total collected and treated 441 million m3)
Primary treatment90 Secondary treatment7 Tertiary treatment3
Impact for developmentThe major institutional problem that has beset water management in the Philippines is the multiplicity of agencies and consequent fragmentation of water resources planning and management There are more than 40 government agencies involved in the water sector There are no cross-sectoral water resources plans to integrate various water and land use activities water quantity and quality manage-ment or the use of surface water and groundwater Due to the range of functions relative to the development and management of water resources some overlaps of responsibility and conflicts reportedly exist among agencies Fragmented public investment programmes for development and management of water resources that fail to take into account the interdependencies among users and the impact on other (non-water) economic and non-economic activities have resulted in the inadequate management of the countrys water resources
Tracking WaterGovernance
sanitation drinking water
Is the right to sanitationdrinking-waterexplicitly recognized in policy or law
urban urbanrural rural
sanitation drinking water
Already fully recognized in law or policy
Already fully recognized in law or policy
Already fully recognized in law or policy
Already fully recognized in law or policy
urban urbanrural rural
No No Yes but little used
Yes but little used
Can people claim their human right to sanitation or drinking-water in a domestic court
UN-Water GLAAS (WHO 2012)
Water Intensity
Impact for development Water is a driver for industry both from the perspective of securing stable supply sources as well as from the standpoint of enhancing operat-ing efficiency It is also increasingly recognized by businesses as fundamental to the health of its customers workers and communities
Energy for Water
Impact for development With an installed capacity of 3 291 MW the Philippines generated 9 843 GWh in 2008 which represents around 49 percent of the nationrsquos hydropower technically exploitable capability As water quality deteriorates more energy is required to treat the supply to acceptable standards Inversely energy production requires water in large quantities and produces effluents to be treated In cognizance of the need to efficiently use both water and energy as a resource some local governments in the Philippines have adopted innovative technolo-gies that have allowed them to generate savings in energy costs through reuse of reclaimed water and the generation of soil conditioners for agricultural purposes resulting from wastewater by-products
Drinking Water Supply in Industry Water for Energy and Sanitation
Impact for development According to a 2008 Water and Sanitation Program report the economic costs of poor sanitation in the Philippines are in the order of US$ 14 billion equivalent to about 15 percent of GDP in 2005 and translated to per capita losses of US$ 168 per year
Ratification of the International Covenant on Economic Value generated by industry per m3 of water Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) 7 June 1974(FAO AQUASTAT World Bank)
50 000
mill
ion
cons
tant
200
0 U
S$
105 96
47 46
(The right to water is implicit within the right to an adequate standard of living and inextricably related to the right to the
40 000 highest attainable standard of health outlined in the ICESCR)
30 000
Access to drinking water and sanitation 20 000 amp under-5 child mortality (UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (IGME) and 10 000 WHOUNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme)
0 100 70 1995 2000 2005 Hydropower capacity and generation 2008
60in GWhyear (World Energy Council) 90 Value generated by industry
80 50
per 1
000
live
birt
hs
in constant 2000 US$ per m3 of water
9 843 10 157
70 40Value added by industry in million constant 2000 US$ Actual Technically 60 30
generation exploitable capability In 2010 based on the National Water Resources Board not yet generated 50 20 (NWRB) reports industrial users represented the second largest user Fifteen percent of wastewater genershyated is attributable to industries From 2000 to 2006 the value generated by industry per m3 of water decreased by almost 12 percent per year and by 2 percent per year between 1995 and 2000
Irrigated Agriculture
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Improved drinking water source Improved sanitation facilities (both indicators above in of total population) Under 5 child mortality rate
(probability of dying by age 5 per 1000 live births)
Since 1990 the rate of use of an improved drinking water supply source in urban areas has been stable at around 93 percent while significant improvements have occurred in rural areas which now have a similar rate of use While the rate of use of improved sanitation facilities has also improved significantly since 1990 31 percent of rural resshyidents and 21 percent of urban residents still do not use improved sanitation facilities
Impact for development Agriculture is a key sector of the Philippines economy contributing some 12 percent to gross domestic product and employing around 33 percent of the labour force In 2012 women accounted for 24 percent of the economshyically active population in agriculture Since the 1960s there have been substantial investments in irrigation technology predominantly to increase the production of rice which covers 90 percent of the harvested irrigated crop area Despite this investment only 60 percent of the irrigation potential has been developed for irrigation and the government is currently investing further in irrigated agriculture to enhance food security
Rainfall variability and agricultural GDP Value generated by agriculture per m3 of water Economic viability of establishing new irrigation (FAO AQUASTAT World Bank) (FAO AQUASTAT and World Bank) schemes for rice
40 655
mill
ion
cons
tant
200
0 U
S$ 16 000
0213
0224 194 29930
Economic viability threshold 20 10
0
15 000
14 000 Pessimistic Mid-point Optimistic
scenario scenario 13 000 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
The figure above shows analysis of expanding irrigation Value generated by agriculture for a dominant crop such as rice for the Philippines It 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 in constant US$ per m3 of water indicates that the expansion of irrigation is likely to be
National rainfall index variability (percentage of deviation from average national
Value added by agriculture economically viable even where relatively high capital in million constant 2000 US$ and operating costs are assumed However the analysis is rainfall index)
Variability in agricultural GDP based on benefits and costs of converting existing cleared The investments made in irrigation may in part have agricultural land Where vegetation clearing and other
(percentage of deviation from trend of agricultural goods shielded the national agricultural output from significant major land management is required prior to irrigation produced per km2 of agricultural land) rainfall variability in the Philippines expansion development costs will be higher and the ratio
The value generated by agriculture per m3 of water The economic viability of new irrigation schemes is highly of benefit to costs will decline It should be noted that increased 49 percent from 2006 to 2009 dependent on the ability to achieve agronomic practice this analysis does not include any costs associated with
productivity gains in addition to gains directly related negative externalities such as increased pollution loads to a move from dryland cropping to irrigated cropping into waterway associated with expanded irrigation
-40 -30 -20 -10
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
Government water-related investments over the period 2002 to 2012bull There were significant expenditures from 2002 to 2004 in hydroelectric power plants a period when new hydroelectric power plants were constructed following the Electric Power Industry Reform Act (2001) which enabled private sector fundingbull The sharp increase in disaster prevention and flood protection in 2011 is attributed to a large loan from a multilateral donor agencybull The bulk of expenditure over this period has been channeled into hydroelectric power agricultural water resources and river development bull Expenditure in agricultural water resources has effec-tively doubled in real terms over this period
Water-related official development assistance over the period 2002 to 2011bull From 2006 onwards an emphasis has been placed by one bilateral agency on disaster prevention and prepar-edness and flood protection and controlbull ODA for agricultural water resources peaked in 2008 and in 2007 for hydroelectric power plants which account for second and third place in terms of overall ODA flows for this period
Actual expenditure refers to the amount spent by the government during a given year Where actual expenditure is not available the government budget is used and refers to the amount that the government reportedly budgeted for the given year The OECD Creditor Reporting System categories were chosen for the collection of these water-related investments and the data was obtained by the WCB project through in-country research in cooperation with the government (during 2012) while ODA data stems from the OECD Creditor Reporting System (collected November 2012)
Official development assistance gross disburse-ments during the period 2002 - 2011(million constant 2010 US$)
Irrigated Agriculture
Impact for developmentAgriculture is a key sector of the Philippines economy contributing some 12 percent to gross domestic productand employing around 33 percent of the labour force In 2012 women accounted for 24 percent of the econom-ically active population in agriculture Since the 1960s there have been substantial investments in irrigationtechnology predominantly to increase the production of rice which covers 90 percent of the harvested irrigatedcrop area Despite this investment only 60 percent of the irrigation potential has been developed for irrigationand the government is currently investing further in irrigated agriculture to enhance food security
Status and Trends
Water supply and sanitation in large systems Waterdesalination plants intakes storage treatment pumpingstations conveyance and distribution systems seweragedomestic and industrial wastewater treatment plants
Basic drinking water supply and basic sanitationWater supply and sanitation through low-cost technologiessuch as hand-pumps spring catchment gravity-fed systemsrainwater collection storage tanks small distributionsystems latrines small-bore sewers on-site disposal (septictanks)
Water resources policy and administrative manage-ment Water sector policy planning and programmes water legislation and management institution capacity building and advice water supply assessments and studies ground-water water quality and watershed studies hydrogeology Excluding agricultural water resources
Disaster prevention and preparednessFloodprotection and control Disaster risk reduction activitiessuch as developing knowledge natural risks cartographylegal norms for construction early warning systemsemergency contingency stocks and contingency planningincluding preparations for forced displacement Floodsfrom rivers or the sea including sea water intrusion controland sea level rise related activities
Agricultural water resources Irrigation reservoirs hydraulic structures groundwater exploitation for agricultur-al use
Hydroelectric power plants Including power-gen-erating river barrages
Water resources protection Inland surface waters(rivers lakes etc) conservation and rehabilitation ofgroundwater prevention of water contamination fromagrochemicals industrial effluents
River development Integrated river basin projectsriver flow control dams and reservoirs Excluding damsprimarily for irrigation and hydropower and activities relatedto river transport
The figure above shows analysis of expanding irrigation for a dominant crop such as rice for the Philippines It indicates that the expansion of irrigation is likely to be economically viable even where relatively high capital and operating costs are assumed However the analysis is based on benefits and costs of converting existing cleared agricultural land Where vegetation clearing and other major land management is required prior to irrigation expansion development costs will be higher and the ratio of benefit to costs will decline It should be noted that this analysis does not include any costs associated with negative externalities such as increased pollution loads into waterway associated with expanded irrigation
The investments made in irrigation may in part have shielded the national agricultural output from significant rainfall variability in the Philippines
The economic viability of new irrigation schemes is highlydependent on the ability to achieve agronomic practiceproductivity gains in addition to gains directly relatedto a move from dryland cropping to irrigated cropping
Impact for developmentWith an installed capacity of 3 291 MW the Philippines generated 9 843 GWh in 2008 which represents around 49 percent of the nationrsquos hydropower technically exploitable capability As water quality deteriorates more energy is required to treat the supply to acceptable standards Inversely energy production requires water in large quantities and produces effluents to be treated In cognizance of the need to efficiently use both water and energy as a resource some local governments in the Philippines have adopted innovative technolo-gies that have allowed them to generate savings in energy costs through reuse of reclaimed water and the generation of soil conditioners for agricultural purposes resulting from wastewater by-products
Energy for WaterWater for Energy
0
25
50
75
100
20022002 20042004 20062006 20082008 20102010 2012
Government expenditure during the period2002 ndash 2011 and budget for the year 2012(million constant 2010 US$)
Mill
ion
cons
tant
201
0 U
S$
mill
ion
cons
tant
200
0 U
S$
Value added by agriculturein million constant 2000 US$
Value generated by agriculturein constant US$ per m3 of water
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Since 1990 the rate of use of an improved drinking water supply source in urban areas has been stable at around 93 percent while significant improvements have occurred in rural areas which now have a similar rate of use While the rate of use of improved sanitation facilities has also improved significantly since 1990 31 percent of rural res-idents and 21 percent of urban residents still do not use improved sanitation facilities
Drinking Water Supplyand Sanitation
Impact for developmentAccording to a 2008 Water and Sanitation Program report the economic costs of poor sanitation in the Philippines are in the order of US$ 14 billion equivalent to about 15 percent of GDP in 2005 and translated to per capita losses of US$ 168 per year
0
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
50 000
Impact for developmentWater is a driver for industry both from the perspective of securing stable supply sources as well as from the standpoint of enhancing operat-ing efficiency It is also increasingly recognized by businesses as fundamental to the health of its customers workers and communities
Water Intensityin Industry
Value added by industryin million constant 2000 US$
Value generated by industry per m3 of water(FAO AQUASTAT World Bank)
mill
ion
cons
tant
200
0 U
S$
In 2010 based on the National Water Resources Board (NWRB) reports industrial users represented the second largest user Fifteen percent of wastewater gener-ated is attributable to industries From 2000 to 2006 the value generated by industry per m3 of water decreased by almost 12 percent per year and by 2 percent per year between 1995 and 2000
20051995 2000
10596
47 46
Rainfall variability and agricultural GDP(FAO AQUASTAT World Bank)
National rainfall index variability(percentage of deviation from average national
rainfall index)
Variability in agricultural GDP(percentage of deviation from trend of agricultural goods
produced per km2 of agricultural land)
1961 1971 1981 1991 2001-40-30-20-10
010203040
13 000
14 000
15 000
16 000
0213
0224
Value generated by agriculture per m3 of water(FAO AQUASTAT and World Bank)
Access to drinking water and sanitationamp under-5 child mortality(UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (IGME) and WHOUNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme)
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
per 1
000
live
birt
hs
50
60
70
80
90
100
20
30
40
50
60
70
Economic viability of establishing new irrigationschemes for rice
Mid-pointscenario
194 299 655
Pessimisticscenario
Optimistic
Economic viability threshold
The value generated by agriculture per m3 of water increased 49 percent from 2006 to 2009
Actualgeneration
Technicallyexploitable capabilitynot yet generated
9 843 10 157
Hydropower capacity and generation 2008in GWhyear (World Energy Council)Value generated by industry
in constant 2000 US$ per m3 of water
Hydroelectric power plants are primarily financed through private sector funds (dotted line)
Government expenditure includes some Official Development Assistance (ODA) It has not been possible to separate funds from government sources and ODA as the General Appropriations Act the law setting the operating budget of the Philippines combines funds from the national governments and ODA
Under 5 child mortality rate (probability of dying by age 5 per 1000 live births)
Improved drinking water sourceImproved sanitation facilities (both indicators above in of total population)
Ratification of the International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) 7 June 1974
(The right to water is implicit within the right to an adequate standard of living and inextricably related to the right to the highest attainable standard of health outlined in the ICESCR)
Environment and Water - related Ecosystem Health Disasters
Impact for development The Philippines is highly exposed to water-related disasters On average 10 water-related disaster events occur annually in the Philippines which on average cause economic damage equivalent to 01 percent of the countryrsquos current GDP every year Climate data for the past 50 years has shown increasing temperature changes in rainfall patterns as well as an increase in extreme weather events such as typhoons flooding and droughts
Estimated municipal wastewater treatment in 2010 (total produced 3 365 million m3 of which total collected and treated 441 million m3)
Impact for development The annual economic losses caused by water pollution are estimated at PhP 78 billion annually (current 2013 US$ 1 883 million) Losses due to environmental damage in terms of compensation and claims are on the rise in the Philippines There is considerable under-investment by the government in sanitation and sewerage indicating a low spending priority though ranked as a high priority in the Philippines Agenda 21 of 1996
Water quality index 2010
90 Primary treatment
7 Secondary treatment
3 Tertiary treatment
The discharge of municipal and industrial wastewater and agricultural runoff has caused extensive pollution of the receiving water-bodies Deforestation limited
(UNEP-GEMSWater) reforestation activities and the consequent degradashy Water-related disasters impacts (NDRRMC)
711
tion of water-related ecosystem services in particular catchments have resulted in reduced streamflows decreased volumes of stored water in aquifers and artificial reservoirs and lower water quality
15 8 000
peop
le a
ff ec
ted
in m
illio
n
num
ber o
f peo
ple
kille
d
0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
12 6 400
9 4 800
6 3 200
A score of 100 indicates that water quality targets are met for all five parameters (DO pH conductivity total
nitrogen and total phosphorus)
3 1 600
0
Affected population in million
Number of people killed
25 1 200
Enabling environment for the development management and use of water resources
Gov
erna
nce
syst
ems
for t
he d
evel
opm
ent
man
agem
ent a
nd u
seof
wat
er re
sour
ces
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
Institutional Frameworks
Stak
ehol
der P
artic
ipat
ion
Capacity Building
UN-Water survey on integrated approaches in the development management and use of water resources governance 2012 (UN-Water)
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
num
ber o
f eve
nts
Number of disaster events
0
5
10
15
20
0
240
480
720
960
Economic damage in million current US$
dam
age
in m
illio
n cu
rren
t US$
lsquoWater-related disastersrsquo within the scope of this WCB study do not include droughts
Impact for development The major institutional problem that has beset water management in the Philippines is the multiplicity of agencies and consequent fragmentation of water resources planning and management There are more than 40 government agencies involved in the water sector There are no cross-sectoral water resources plans to integrate various water and land use activities water quantity and quality manageshyment or the use of surface water and groundwater Due to the range of functions relative to the development and management of water resources some overlaps of responsibility and conflicts reportedly exist among agencies Fragmented public investment programmes for development and management of water resources that fail to take into account the interdependencies among users and the impact on other (non-water) economic and non-economic activities have resulted in the inadequate management of the countrys water resources
Tracking Water Governance
sanitation drinking water
Is the right to sanitationdrinking-water explicitly recognized in policy or law
urban urban rural rural
sanitation drinking water
Already fully recognized in law or policy
Already fully recognized in law or policy
Already fully recognized in law or policy
Already fully recognized in law or policy
urban urban rural rural
Can people claim their human right to sanitation or drinking-water in a domestic court
No No Yes but little used
Yes but little used
Infr
astr
uctu
re d
evel
opm
ent f
orth
e de
velo
pmen
t m
anag
emen
tan
d us
e of
wat
er re
sour
ces
Decentralized structures for water resources management (other than above)
UN-Water GLAAS (WHO 2012) 1 Under development 2 Developed but implementation not yet started 4 Implementation advanced 3 Implementation started 5 Fully implemented
The government is currently embarked on creating a National Water Resources Management Office (NWRMO) to act as the central coordinating agency for the water resources sector responsible mainly for policy-making managing and regulating the countrys waters based on scientific data The NWRMO is also to oversee the implementation of integrated water resources management (IWRM) policy and plans
UN-Water Country Brief
year
The Money StreamFrom 2002 to 2011 the government has expended US$ 47865 million (in constant 2010 US$) on average peryear on water-related infrastructure and programmes
During this period close to half of the governments expenditure was channeled into agricultural waterresources (485 percent) Spending priority was then allocated to river development (324 percent) anddisaster prevention and preparedness and flood prevention and control (102 percent)
Official development assistance (ODA) gross disbursements amounted to US$ 8188 million on average peryear channeling close to half of the disbursements into disaster prevention and preparedness and floodprevention and control (487 percent) Over the period 2002 to 2011 the Government of the Philippinesrsquowater-related investments accounted for an estimated 30 percent of total government expenditures
30
9647 million inhabitants
300 000 km2
322 inhabitantskm2
0654114
0418
55
2 348 mmyear
479 000 million m3year
4 965 m3inhabitant
17
4
1 879 000 ha
60
5 sites
154 234 hectares
Total population (UN Population Division)
Total area
Population density
Human Development Index (UNDP)
(between 0 and 1 1 is highest)Country rank (total 186 countries 1 is highest)Gender Inequality Index (0 is equality between women and men 1 is least equality)
Water sanitation and hygiene-related deaths of total deaths (WHO)
Long-term average annual precipitation (CRU CL 20)
Long-term average actual renewable water resources (FAO AQUASTAT)
Actual annual renewable water resources per capita (FAO AQUASTAT)
of total actual renewable freshwater resources withdrawn (MDG Water Indicator) (FAO AQUASTAT)
Groundwater withdrawal as of total freshwater withdrawal (FAO AQUASTAT)
Total area equipped for irrigation (FAO AQUASTAT)
of irrigation potential equipped for irrigation(FAO AQUASTAT and AQUASTAT)
Ramsar sites (Ramsar) ndash number ndash total area
2012
2011
2012
2012
2004
2011
2011
2012
2009
2009
2006
2006
2013
Estimated of water-related government expenditure to total government expenditure 2002 - 2011o
ordmTotal government expenditure excludes ODA Water-related government expenditure includes some ODA but excludes investments in hydroelectric power plants which are funded primarily through private sector funds
Annual average official development assistance gross disbursements during the period 2002 ndash 2011(million constant 2010 US$)
Annual average government expenditure duringthe period 2002 - 2011
(million constant 2010 US$)
2320815552
489920511976
157022
32186
1588476
3990447282264226915
total annual average total annual average47865 8188
Municipal
Industrial
Water withdrawals by sector(total 81 819 million m3 in 2009)
76101
Cooling of thermoelectric plants03
820 Agricultural
Disaster prevention and prepared-nessflood protection and control
485325
10243410301
___100
19458
48755343228
112___100
Data ConcernsData is a vital input to water management and invest-ment in water related infrastructure and projectsData for the Philippines is relatively good when com-pared to many developing nations However the lack of published economic data (eg infrastructure costsoperating costs crop values etc) in the Philippinesmakes water-related investment decisions inherentlymore complex and investments more risky for investors
An assessment of priority data needs from the basis of national decision-makers and international investors(donors and loan capital) is prudent for countries toestablish a forward-looking work programme of datamanagement Modest investments in coordinated
Disclaimersbull The most recent and updated information can be found in the original databases cited throughout
bull The rapid assessment methodology presentedhere is an advocacy tool designed to generatedebate and attention to the issues and is devel-oped in conjunction with national governmentfocal points
bull Data presented herein stems either from existing databases or was collected from national reports experts and institutions and in some cases raw data underwent various manipulations to categorize the information for this presentation
bull Due to data limitations the investment-relatedestimates may not include water-related invest-ments that are counted under other categoriesof investments and some investment categories(ie disaster prevention and preparedness)may include some investments that are not directly water-related Moreover water being acrosscutting issue investments in other parts ofthe government (not calculated here) may also benefit water management
bull The words investments invested funded for ODA refer to gross disbursements of ODAaccording to the OECD definitions The wordsinvestments invested funded for governmentrefer to government expenditure (2002 - 2011)and budget (2012) In the Philippines it has notbeen possible to separate funds from governmentsources and ODA therefore governmentinvestments include some ODA
bull The benefit-cost analysis on expansion of irrigation is based on very limited data and any decisions should be based on detailed cost-benefit analysis that incorporates all relevant local data
data collection collation analysis and disseminationare vital to demonstrate the benefits of water-relatedinvestments to governments donors and ultimatelyprivate capital investors
It is to be noted that it is virtually impossible to find national-level gender-disaggregated data for almost allthemes contained in the UN-Water Country Briefs
This project was implemented by the AQUASTAT Programme of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) on behalf of UN-Water with financial support from United States Department of State (USDS) Brief produced 13 June 2013
Additional information on the project data and methodologies can be accessed at
httpwwwunwaterorgWaterCountryBriefshtml
Philippines
REGION I(Ilocos region)
REGION II(Cagayan Valley)
CORDILLERAADMINISTRATIVE
REGION
REGION III(Central Luzon) REGION IV-A
(CALABARZON)
NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
REGION IV-B(MIMAROPA)
REGION V(Bicol Region)
REGION VII(Central Visayas)
REGION VI(Western Visayas)
REGION VII(Eastern Visayas)
REGION IX(ZamboangaPeninsula)
REGION X(Northern Mindanao)
REGION XI(Davao Region)
REGION XII(SOCCSKSARGEN)
REGION XIII(Caraga)AUTONOMOUS REGION
IN MUSLIM MINDANAO
SouthChina
Sea
PhilippineSea
SuluSea
CelebesSea
LUZON
VISAYAS
MINDANAO
GeneralSantos
Calapan
Vigan inIlocos Sur
Ca
ga
yan
Agusan
Pam
panga
Ag
no
Panay
Magat
Ambukalo
Palangui IVAgus II
Agus IVAgus V
Magat
Laoag
Tuguegarao
San Fernando
Zamboanga
Jolo
Cotabato
KoronadalDigos
DavaoTagum
DipologOroquieta
Surigao
ButuanCagayande Oro
Illigan
Iloilo
Roxas
NegrosBago
Cadiz
BaisDumaguete
Tagbilaran
Cebu
TaclobanOrmoc
Maasin
Puerto Princesa
NagaIriga
Legaspi
Masbate
Bashi Channel
BanaweTerraces
Min
dan
ao
0 100 200 30050 km
Albers Equal Area Projection WGS 1984
Legend
Lake
Dam
River
Capital Regional Capital Town
Zone of Irrigation Development
International Boundary
Administrative Boundary
The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of theFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country territory city or area or of its authorities
or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries
Disclaimer
FAO - AQUASTAT 2011PHILIPPINES
Irrigation Scheme
ManilaSanta Cruz
Calamba
Lucena
Infanta
BatangasLipa
San PabloTagaytay
Trece Martires
PasigQuezonCaloocanBalanga La Mesa
Angat
Pantabangan
Angat Maasim
Malolos
San FernandoAngeles
Tarlac CabanatuanPalayan
San CarlosDagupan
San Roque
UpperPampanga
PhlippineSea
Ipo
Lagunade
Bay
LakeTaal
Pam
pang
a
Government expenditure includes some Official Development Assistance (ODA) It has not been possible to separate funds from government sources and ODA as the General Appropriations Act the law setting the operating budget of the Philippines combines funds from the national governments and ODA
Hydroelectric power plants are primarily financed through private sector funds
Legend The rapid assessment of the situation above based on available data was established in conjunction with in-country experts and officials It provides an overview of trends according to the following
trends are of significant concern
trends are of concern
trends are stable or progressing on certain issues but not on others
trends show some measure of improvement in all relevant indicators assessed
trends show significant improveshyment and there is no concern
insufficient data
Rapid Assessment
Accurate assessments of progress require relevant accurate and timely data The above data quality assessment ranges from
very poor very good
Investments Currently given that developments in the water sector are capital-intensive and that competing demands for limited public sector funds is a prevalent challenge the country experiences insufficient investment levels to meet the growing demand for water It is expected that the demand for water resources and the associated investment requirements will continue to grow over the years in parallel with increasing population and socioecoshynomic improvement The Philippine Development Plan 2011-2016 calls for additional infrastructure investments in water to be able to sufficiently provide the growing demand for water Encouraging private sector participation has been given priority to bridge the gap between the extensive capital investment reshyquirements needed to build and operate the required water resources-related infrastructure projects in the country
Pressures on water The Philippines is endowed with abundant water resources but they are under severe pressure from growing populations rapid urbanization and industrialization that increase the extraction and exploitation and competition with water needed for irrigated agriculture A large portion of the population is without adequate and sustained access to basic drinking water supply and especially basic sanitation Inadequate water and wastewater management infrastructure and policies often result in inefficiencies in water use and pollution of waters Degradation of the environment and the catchments in particular also impacts negatively on the availability of water resources Climate either increases the pressure on the resource during El Nintildeo or causes damage to properties and livelihood in the event of La Nintildea and extreme storms A major hindrance to the full adoption and implementation of IWRM in the country has been the institutional fragmentation in the sector
Overall
Data Quality
Data is available
Limited data on drinking water quality available
Insufficient information is available about industriesrsquo water use
Data is available
There is no data available as to the energy needs of supplying and treating water nor for the water needed to generate electricity Therefore no assessment could be undertaken
While there is a move to change to a river qualishyty-based monitoring it is still just a vision that will require considerable effort from many different agencies both from the private and public sectors
Lack of up-to-date harmonized and comprehenshysive data Such data is critical in implementing a coordinated water resources management among competing users among others
Assessments Irrigated agriculture The current level of investment in irrigation is trending upwards in recent years 40 percent of the irrigation potential is not equipped for irrigation
Drinking water supply and sanitation Some 8 percent of the population do not use an improved drinking water source and 26 percent do not use improved sanitation facilities There is considerable under-investment by the government in sanitation and sewerage indicating a low spending priority Estimates show that over a 10-year period the country will need to invest PhP 250 billion (current 2013 US$ 6 billion) in physical infrastructure
Water intensity in industry The value generated by industry per m3 of water has sharply decreased and industry is the third largest source of water pollution nationwide
Water-related disasters Gap between rising trends in the number and damage of water-related disasters and the current level of government investment
Water for energy energy for water Additional capacity from hydropower sources could be tapped in Mindanao after a careful consideration of all impacts to meet demand needs power which require substantial investments
Environment and ecosystem health Reduced streamflows decreased volumes of stored water in aquifers and artificial reservoirs and lower water quality issues Substantive gap to fill between wastewater produced and treated Current level of investment is of concern in this context Estimates show that over a 10-year period the country will need to invest PhP 250 billion (current 2013 US$ 5 000 million) in physical infrastructure
Tracking governance Fragmentation of water resource planning and management with over 40 government agencies involved in the sector Current expenditure on water resources policy administration and data alongside fragmented governance systems pose risks The government however is in the midst of creating a central coordinating agency
UN-Water Country Brief
Legend The rapid assessment of the situation above based on available data was established in conjunction with in-country experts and officials It provides an overview of trends according to the following
trends are of significant concern
trends are of concern
trends are stable or progressing on certain issues but not on others
trends show some measure of improvement in all relevant indicators assessed
trends show significant improve-ment and there is no concern
insufficient data
Rapid Assessmentyear
The Money StreamFrom 2002 to 2011 the government has expended US$ 47865 million (in constant 2010 US$) on average per year on water-related infrastructure and programmes
During this period close to half of the governments expenditure was channeled into agricultural water resources (485 percent) Spending priority was then allocated to river development (324 percent) and disaster prevention and preparedness and flood prevention and control (102 percent)
Official development assistance (ODA) gross disbursements amounted to US$ 8188 million on average per year channeling close to half of the disbursements into disaster prevention and preparedness and flood prevention and control (487 percent) Over the period 2002 to 2011 the Government of the Philippinesrsquo water-related investments accounted for an estimated 30 percent of total government expenditures
Accurate assessments of progress require relevant accurate and timely data The above data quality assessment ranges from
very poor very good
InvestmentsCurrently given that developments in the water sector are capital-intensive and that competing demands for limited public sector funds is a prevalent challenge the country experiences insufficient investment levels to meet the growing demand for water It is expected that the demand for water resources and the associated investment requirements will continue to grow over the years in parallel with increasing population and socioeco-nomic improvement The Philippine Development Plan 2011-2016 calls for additional infrastructure investments in water to be able to sufficiently provide the growing demand for water Encouraging private sector participation has been given priority to bridge the gap between the extensive capital investment re-quirements needed to build and operate the required water resources-related infrastructure projects in the country
Pressures on waterThe Philippines is endowed with abundant water resources but they are under severe pressure from growing populations rapid urbanization and industrialization that increase the extraction and exploitation and competition with water needed for irrigated agriculture A large portion of the population is without adequate and sustained access to basic drinking water supply and especially basic sanitation Inadequate water and wastewater management infrastructure and policies often result in inefficiencies in water use and pollution of waters Degradation of the environment and the catchments in particular also impacts negatively on the availability of water resources Climate either increases the pressure on the resource during El Nintildeo or causes damage to properties and livelihood in the event of La Nintildea and extreme storms A major hindrance to the full adoption and implementation of IWRM in the country has been the institutional fragmentation in the sector
Overall
30
9647 million inhabitants
300 000 km2
322 inhabitantskm2
0654114
0418
55
2 348 mmyear
479 000 million m3year
4 965 m3inhabitant
17
4
1 879 000 ha
60
5 sites
154 234 hectares
Total population (UN Population Division)
Total area
Population density
Human Development Index (UNDP)
(between 0 and 1 1 is highest)Country rank (total 186 countries 1 is highest)Gender Inequality Index (0 is equality between women and men 1 is least equality)
Water sanitation and hygiene-related deaths of total deaths (WHO)
Long-term average annual precipitation (CRU CL 20)
Long-term average actual renewable water resources (FAO AQUASTAT)
Actual annual renewable water resources per capita (FAO AQUASTAT)
of total actual renewable freshwater resources withdrawn (MDG Water Indicator) (FAO AQUASTAT)
Groundwater withdrawal as of total freshwater withdrawal (FAO AQUASTAT)
Total area equipped for irrigation (FAO AQUASTAT)
of irrigation potential equipped for irrigation(FAO AQUASTAT and AQUASTAT)
Ramsar sites (Ramsar) ndash number ndash total area
2012
2011
2012
2012
2004
2011
2011
2012
2009
2009
2006
2006
2013Data Quality
Data is available
Limited data on drinking water quality available
Insufficient information is available about industriesrsquo water use
Data is available
There is no data available as to the energy needs of supplying and treating water nor for the water needed to generate electricity Therefore no assessment could be undertaken
While there is a move to change to a river quali-ty-based monitoring it is still just a vision that will require considerable effort from many different agencies both from the private and public sectors
Lack of up-to-date harmonized and comprehen-sive data Such data is critical in implementing a coordinated water resources management among competing users among others
AssessmentsIrrigated agricultureThe current level of investment in irrigation is trending upwards in recent years 40 percent of the irrigation potential is not equipped for irrigation
Drinking water supply and sanitationSome 8 percent of the population do not use an improved drinking water source and 26 percent do not use improved sanitation facilities There is considerable under-investment by the government in sanitation and sewerage indicating a low spending priority Estimates show that over a 10-year period the country will need to invest PhP 250 billion (current 2013 US$ 6 billion) in physical infrastructure
Water intensity in industry The value generated by industry per m3 of water has sharply decreased and industry is the third largest source of water pollution nationwide
Water-related disasters Gap between rising trends in the number and damage of water-related disasters and the current level of government investment
Water for energy energy for water Additional capacity from hydropower sources could be tapped in Mindanao after a careful consideration of all impacts to meet demand needs power which require substantial investments
Environment and ecosystem healthReduced streamflows decreased volumes of stored water in aquifers and artificial reservoirs and lower water quality issues Substantive gap to fill between wastewater produced and treated Current level of investment is of concern in this context Estimates show that over a 10-year period the country will need to invest PhP 250 billion (current 2013 US$ 5 000 million) in physical infrastructure
Tracking governanceFragmentation of water resource planning and management with over 40 government agencies involved in the sector Current expenditure on water resources policy administration and data alongside fragmented governance systems pose risks The government however is in the midst of creating a central coordinating agency
Estimated of water-related government expenditure to total government expenditure 2002 - 2011o
ordmTotal government expenditure excludes ODA Water-related government expenditure includes some ODA but excludes investments in hydroelectric power plants which are funded primarily through private sector funds
Annual average official development assistance gross disbursements during the period 2002 ndash 2011(million constant 2010 US$)
Annual average government expenditure duringthe period 2002 - 2011
(million constant 2010 US$)
2320815552
489920511976
157022
32186
1588476
3990447282264226915
total annual average total annual average47865 8188
Municipal
Industrial
Water withdrawals by sector(total 81 819 million m3 in 2009)
76101
Cooling of thermoelectric plants03
820 Agricultural
Disaster prevention and prepared-nessflood protection and control
485325
10243410301
___100
19458
48755343228
112___100
Philippines
e e esSea
Government expenditure includes some Official Development Assistance (ODA) It has not been possible to separate funds from government sources and ODA as the General Appropriations Act the law setting the operating budget of the Philippines combines funds from the national governments and ODA
Hydroelectric power plants are primarily financed through private sector funds
Cg
ayan
Agusan
Pam
panga
Ag
no
Min
dan
ao
Pam
pang
a
Data Concerns Data is a vital input to water management and investshyment in water related infrastructure and projects Data for the Philippines is relatively good when comshypared to many developing nations However the lack of published economic data (eg infrastructure costs operating costs crop values etc) in the Philippines makes water-related investment decisions inherently more complex and investments more risky for investors
An assessment of priority data needs from the basis of national decision-makers and international investors (donors and loan capital) is prudent for countries to establish a forward-looking work programme of data management Modest investments in coordinated
Bashi Channel
data collection collation analysis and dissemination are vital to demonstrate the benefits of water-related investments to governments donors and ultimately private capital investors
It is to be noted that it is virtually impossible to find national-level gender-disaggregated data for almost all themes contained in the UN-Water Country Briefs
San Roque
Dagupan San Carlos
Pantabangan Upper
Pampanga Palayan
This project was implemented by the AQUASTAT Programme of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) on behalf of UN-Water with financial support from United States Department of State (USDS) Brief produced 13 June 2013
Additional information on the project data and methodologies can be accessed at
httpwwwunwaterorg WaterCountryBriefshtml CORDILLERA Tarlac
(Zamboanga Dipolog
Cabanatuan ADMINISTRATIVE Phlippine
Sea REGION Philippine
Angeles Sea REGION I Laoag San Fernando Angat Maasim Angat (Ilocos region)
a
Tuguegarao Ipo Malolos Vigan in
Ilocos Sur La Mesa Infanta Balanga Caloocan Manila Quezon Banawe
REGION II (Cagayan Valley)
Pasig Laguna Santa Cruz de
LUZON Terr aces Magat Magat Bay San Fernando South Trece Martires Ambukalo Calamba
China Lake Tagaytay Taal San Pablo
Sea REGION III
(Central Luzon)
Lipa Lucena Batangas DisclaimersREGION IV-A
(CALABARZON)
NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
REGION V Naga (Bicol Region)
Iriga Calapan Legaspi
Masbate REGION IV-B REGION VII (MIMAROPA)
REGION VI Roxas (Eastern Visayas) (Western Visayas) Tacloban
Cadiz Panay Ormoc Iloilo VISAYAS
Bago Cebu Maasin Negros REGION VII REGION X Puerto Princesa (Central Visayas) Surigao
Bais Tagbilaran (Northern Mindanao)
Dumaguete Butuan
REGION IX Cagayande Oro MINDANAO
bull The most recent and updated information can be found in the original databases cited throughout
bull The rapid assessment methodology presented here is an advocacy tool designed to generate debate and attention to the issues and is develshyoped in conjunction with national government focal points
bull Data presented herein stems either from existing databases or was collected from national reports experts and institutions and in some cases raw data underwent various manipulations to categorize the information for this presentation
bull Due to data limitations the investment-related Agus V Oroquieta Sulu Peninsula) Agus IVAgus I IIlligan estimates may not include water-related invest-Sea Palangui IV REGION XIII
AUTONOMOUS REGION Tagum (Caraga) ments that are counted under other categories IN MUSLIM MINDANAO Cotabato Davao of investments and some investment categories
Digos Zamboanga (ie disaster prevention and preparedness) Koronadal
General may include some investments that are not REGION XII Jolo Santos REGION XI (SOCCSKSARGEN) directly water-related Moreover water being a (Davao Region)
C l b
Legend
International Boundary River Administrative Boundary Lake
Capital Regional Capital Town Dam
Zone of Irrigation Development Irrigation Scheme
0 50 100 200 300 km
Albers Equal Area Projection WGS 1984
PHILIPPINES FAO - AQUASTAT 2011
Disclaimer The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country territory city or area or of its authoritiesor concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries
crosscutting issue investments in other parts of the government (not calculated here) may also benefit water management
bull The words investments invested funded for ODA refer to gross disbursements of ODA according to the OECD definitions The words investments invested funded for government refer to government expenditure (2002 - 2011) and budget (2012) In the Philippines it has not been possible to separate funds from government sources and ODA therefore government investments include some ODA
bull The benefit-cost analysis on expansion of irrigation is based on very limited data and any decisions should be based on detailed cost-benefit analysis that incorporates all relevant local data
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
Government water-related investments over the period 2002 to 2012bull There were significant expenditures from 2002 to 2004 in hydroelectric power plants a period when new hydroelectric power plants were constructed following the Electric Power Industry Reform Act (2001) which enabled private sector fundingbull The sharp increase in disaster prevention and flood protection in 2011 is attributed to a large loan from a multilateral donor agencybull The bulk of expenditure over this period has been channeled into hydroelectric power agricultural water resources and river development bull Expenditure in agricultural water resources has effec-tively doubled in real terms over this period
Water-related official development assistance over the period 2002 to 2011bull From 2006 onwards an emphasis has been placed by one bilateral agency on disaster prevention and prepar-edness and flood protection and controlbull ODA for agricultural water resources peaked in 2008 and in 2007 for hydroelectric power plants which account for second and third place in terms of overall ODA flows for this period
Actual expenditure refers to the amount spent by the government during a given year Where actual expenditure is not available the government budget is used and refers to the amount that the government reportedly budgeted for the given year The OECD Creditor Reporting System categories were chosen for the collection of these water-related investments and the data was obtained by the WCB project through in-country research in cooperation with the government (during 2012) while ODA data stems from the OECD Creditor Reporting System (collected November 2012)
Official development assistance gross disburse-ments during the period 2002 - 2011(million constant 2010 US$)
Status and Trends
Water supply and sanitation in large systems Waterdesalination plants intakes storage treatment pumpingstations conveyance and distribution systems seweragedomestic and industrial wastewater treatment plants
Basic drinking water supply and basic sanitationWater supply and sanitation through low-cost technologiessuch as hand-pumps spring catchment gravity-fed systemsrainwater collection storage tanks small distributionsystems latrines small-bore sewers on-site disposal (septictanks)
Water resources policy and administrative manage-ment Water sector policy planning and programmes water legislation and management institution capacity building and advice water supply assessments and studies ground-water water quality and watershed studies hydrogeology Excluding agricultural water resources
Disaster prevention and preparednessFloodprotection and control Disaster risk reduction activitiessuch as developing knowledge natural risks cartographylegal norms for construction early warning systemsemergency contingency stocks and contingency planningincluding preparations for forced displacement Floodsfrom rivers or the sea including sea water intrusion controland sea level rise related activities
Agricultural water resources Irrigation reservoirs hydraulic structures groundwater exploitation for agricultur-al use
Hydroelectric power plants Including power-gen-erating river barrages
Water resources protection Inland surface waters(rivers lakes etc) conservation and rehabilitation ofgroundwater prevention of water contamination fromagrochemicals industrial effluents
River development Integrated river basin projectsriver flow control dams and reservoirs Excluding damsprimarily for irrigation and hydropower and activities relatedto river transport
0
25
50
75
100
20022002 20042004 20062006 20082008 20102010 2012
Government expenditure during the period2002 ndash 2011 and budget for the year 2012(million constant 2010 US$)
Mill
ion
cons
tant
201
0 U
S$
Hydroelectric power plants are primarily financed through private sector funds (dotted line)
Government expenditure includes some Official Development Assistance (ODA) It has not been possible to separate funds from government sources and ODA as the General Appropriations Act the law setting the operating budget of the Philippines combines funds from the national governments and ODA
Water - relatedDisasters
Impact for developmentThe Philippines is highly exposed to water-related disasters On average 10 water-related disaster events occur annually in the Philippines which on average cause economic damage equivalent to 01 percent of the countryrsquos current GDP every year Climate data for the past 50 years has shown increasing temperature changes in rainfall patterns as well as an increase in extreme weather events such as typhoons flooding and droughts
The government is currently embarked on creating a National Water Resources Management Office (NWRMO) to act as the central coordinating agency for the water resourcessector responsible mainly for policy-making managing and regulating the countrys waters based on scientific data The NWRMO is also to oversee the implementation ofintegrated water resources management (IWRM) policy and plans
Enabling environment for the developmentmanagement and use of water resources
Gov
erna
nce
syst
ems
for t
he d
evel
opm
ent
man
agem
ent a
nd u
seof
wat
er re
sour
ces
Decentralized structures for water resourcesmanagement (other than above)
Infr
astr
uctu
re d
evel
opm
ent f
orth
e de
velo
pmen
t m
anag
emen
tan
d us
e of
wat
er re
sour
ces
12345
12345
Institutional Frameworks
Stak
ehol
der P
artic
ipat
ion
Capacity Building
UN-Water survey on integrated approaches in the development management and use of water resources governance 2012 (UN-Water)
1 Under development2 Developed but implementation not yet started3 Implementation started
4 Implementation advanced5 Fully implemented
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
num
ber o
f eve
nts
num
ber o
f peo
ple
kille
d
peop
le a
ffect
ed in
mill
ion
Number of disaster events
Number of people killed
Affected population in million
Water-related disasters impacts (NDRRMC)
0
5
10
15
20
25
0
240
480
720
960
1 200
0
3
6
9
12
15
0
1 600
3 200
4 800
6 400
8 000
Environment andEcosystem Health
Impact for developmentThe annual economic losses caused by water pollution are estimated at PhP 78 billion annually (current 2013 US$ 1 883 million) Losses due to environmental damage in terms of compensation and claims are on the rise in the Philippines There is considerable under-investment by the government in sanitation and sewerage indicating a low spending priority though ranked as a high priority in the Philippines Agenda 21 of 1996
Water quality index 2010
A score of 100 indicates that water quality targets are met for all five parameters (DO pH conductivity total
nitrogen and total phosphorus)
711
(UNEP-GEMSWater)
The discharge of municipal and industrial wastewater and agricultural runoff has caused extensive pollution of the receiving water-bodies Deforestation limited reforestation activities and the consequent degrada-tion of water-related ecosystem services in particular catchments have resulted in reduced streamflows decreased volumes of stored water in aquifers and artificial reservoirs and lower water quality
Economic damage in million current US$
dam
age
in m
illio
n cu
rren
t US$
lsquoWater-related disastersrsquo within the scope of this WCB study do not include droughts
Estimated municipal wastewater treatmentin 2010 (total produced 3 365 million m3 of which total collected and treated 441 million m3)
Primary treatment90 Secondary treatment7 Tertiary treatment3
Impact for developmentThe major institutional problem that has beset water management in the Philippines is the multiplicity of agencies and consequent fragmentation of water resources planning and management There are more than 40 government agencies involved in the water sector There are no cross-sectoral water resources plans to integrate various water and land use activities water quantity and quality manage-ment or the use of surface water and groundwater Due to the range of functions relative to the development and management of water resources some overlaps of responsibility and conflicts reportedly exist among agencies Fragmented public investment programmes for development and management of water resources that fail to take into account the interdependencies among users and the impact on other (non-water) economic and non-economic activities have resulted in the inadequate management of the countrys water resources
Tracking WaterGovernance
sanitation drinking water
Is the right to sanitationdrinking-waterexplicitly recognized in policy or law
urban urbanrural rural
sanitation drinking water
Already fully recognized in law or policy
Already fully recognized in law or policy
Already fully recognized in law or policy
Already fully recognized in law or policy
urban urbanrural rural
No No Yes but little used
Yes but little used
Can people claim their human right to sanitation or drinking-water in a domestic court
UN-Water GLAAS (WHO 2012)
Water Intensity
Impact for development Water is a driver for industry both from the perspective of securing stable supply sources as well as from the standpoint of enhancing operat-ing efficiency It is also increasingly recognized by businesses as fundamental to the health of its customers workers and communities
Energy for Water
Impact for development With an installed capacity of 3 291 MW the Philippines generated 9 843 GWh in 2008 which represents around 49 percent of the nationrsquos hydropower technically exploitable capability As water quality deteriorates more energy is required to treat the supply to acceptable standards Inversely energy production requires water in large quantities and produces effluents to be treated In cognizance of the need to efficiently use both water and energy as a resource some local governments in the Philippines have adopted innovative technolo-gies that have allowed them to generate savings in energy costs through reuse of reclaimed water and the generation of soil conditioners for agricultural purposes resulting from wastewater by-products
Drinking Water Supply in Industry Water for Energy and Sanitation
Impact for development According to a 2008 Water and Sanitation Program report the economic costs of poor sanitation in the Philippines are in the order of US$ 14 billion equivalent to about 15 percent of GDP in 2005 and translated to per capita losses of US$ 168 per year
Ratification of the International Covenant on Economic Value generated by industry per m3 of water Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) 7 June 1974(FAO AQUASTAT World Bank)
50 000
mill
ion
cons
tant
200
0 U
S$
105 96
47 46
(The right to water is implicit within the right to an adequate standard of living and inextricably related to the right to the
40 000 highest attainable standard of health outlined in the ICESCR)
30 000
Access to drinking water and sanitation 20 000 amp under-5 child mortality (UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (IGME) and 10 000 WHOUNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme)
0 100 70 1995 2000 2005 Hydropower capacity and generation 2008
60in GWhyear (World Energy Council) 90 Value generated by industry
80 50
per 1
000
live
birt
hs
in constant 2000 US$ per m3 of water
9 843 10 157
70 40Value added by industry in million constant 2000 US$ Actual Technically 60 30
generation exploitable capability In 2010 based on the National Water Resources Board not yet generated 50 20 (NWRB) reports industrial users represented the second largest user Fifteen percent of wastewater genershyated is attributable to industries From 2000 to 2006 the value generated by industry per m3 of water decreased by almost 12 percent per year and by 2 percent per year between 1995 and 2000
Irrigated Agriculture
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Improved drinking water source Improved sanitation facilities (both indicators above in of total population) Under 5 child mortality rate
(probability of dying by age 5 per 1000 live births)
Since 1990 the rate of use of an improved drinking water supply source in urban areas has been stable at around 93 percent while significant improvements have occurred in rural areas which now have a similar rate of use While the rate of use of improved sanitation facilities has also improved significantly since 1990 31 percent of rural resshyidents and 21 percent of urban residents still do not use improved sanitation facilities
Impact for development Agriculture is a key sector of the Philippines economy contributing some 12 percent to gross domestic product and employing around 33 percent of the labour force In 2012 women accounted for 24 percent of the economshyically active population in agriculture Since the 1960s there have been substantial investments in irrigation technology predominantly to increase the production of rice which covers 90 percent of the harvested irrigated crop area Despite this investment only 60 percent of the irrigation potential has been developed for irrigation and the government is currently investing further in irrigated agriculture to enhance food security
Rainfall variability and agricultural GDP Value generated by agriculture per m3 of water Economic viability of establishing new irrigation (FAO AQUASTAT World Bank) (FAO AQUASTAT and World Bank) schemes for rice
40 655
mill
ion
cons
tant
200
0 U
S$ 16 000
0213
0224 194 29930
Economic viability threshold 20 10
0
15 000
14 000 Pessimistic Mid-point Optimistic
scenario scenario 13 000 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
The figure above shows analysis of expanding irrigation Value generated by agriculture for a dominant crop such as rice for the Philippines It 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 in constant US$ per m3 of water indicates that the expansion of irrigation is likely to be
National rainfall index variability (percentage of deviation from average national
Value added by agriculture economically viable even where relatively high capital in million constant 2000 US$ and operating costs are assumed However the analysis is rainfall index)
Variability in agricultural GDP based on benefits and costs of converting existing cleared The investments made in irrigation may in part have agricultural land Where vegetation clearing and other
(percentage of deviation from trend of agricultural goods shielded the national agricultural output from significant major land management is required prior to irrigation produced per km2 of agricultural land) rainfall variability in the Philippines expansion development costs will be higher and the ratio
The value generated by agriculture per m3 of water The economic viability of new irrigation schemes is highly of benefit to costs will decline It should be noted that increased 49 percent from 2006 to 2009 dependent on the ability to achieve agronomic practice this analysis does not include any costs associated with
productivity gains in addition to gains directly related negative externalities such as increased pollution loads to a move from dryland cropping to irrigated cropping into waterway associated with expanded irrigation
-40 -30 -20 -10
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
Government water-related investments over the period 2002 to 2012bull There were significant expenditures from 2002 to 2004 in hydroelectric power plants a period when new hydroelectric power plants were constructed following the Electric Power Industry Reform Act (2001) which enabled private sector fundingbull The sharp increase in disaster prevention and flood protection in 2011 is attributed to a large loan from a multilateral donor agencybull The bulk of expenditure over this period has been channeled into hydroelectric power agricultural water resources and river development bull Expenditure in agricultural water resources has effec-tively doubled in real terms over this period
Water-related official development assistance over the period 2002 to 2011bull From 2006 onwards an emphasis has been placed by one bilateral agency on disaster prevention and prepar-edness and flood protection and controlbull ODA for agricultural water resources peaked in 2008 and in 2007 for hydroelectric power plants which account for second and third place in terms of overall ODA flows for this period
Actual expenditure refers to the amount spent by the government during a given year Where actual expenditure is not available the government budget is used and refers to the amount that the government reportedly budgeted for the given year The OECD Creditor Reporting System categories were chosen for the collection of these water-related investments and the data was obtained by the WCB project through in-country research in cooperation with the government (during 2012) while ODA data stems from the OECD Creditor Reporting System (collected November 2012)
Official development assistance gross disburse-ments during the period 2002 - 2011(million constant 2010 US$)
Irrigated Agriculture
Impact for developmentAgriculture is a key sector of the Philippines economy contributing some 12 percent to gross domestic productand employing around 33 percent of the labour force In 2012 women accounted for 24 percent of the econom-ically active population in agriculture Since the 1960s there have been substantial investments in irrigationtechnology predominantly to increase the production of rice which covers 90 percent of the harvested irrigatedcrop area Despite this investment only 60 percent of the irrigation potential has been developed for irrigationand the government is currently investing further in irrigated agriculture to enhance food security
Status and Trends
Water supply and sanitation in large systems Waterdesalination plants intakes storage treatment pumpingstations conveyance and distribution systems seweragedomestic and industrial wastewater treatment plants
Basic drinking water supply and basic sanitationWater supply and sanitation through low-cost technologiessuch as hand-pumps spring catchment gravity-fed systemsrainwater collection storage tanks small distributionsystems latrines small-bore sewers on-site disposal (septictanks)
Water resources policy and administrative manage-ment Water sector policy planning and programmes water legislation and management institution capacity building and advice water supply assessments and studies ground-water water quality and watershed studies hydrogeology Excluding agricultural water resources
Disaster prevention and preparednessFloodprotection and control Disaster risk reduction activitiessuch as developing knowledge natural risks cartographylegal norms for construction early warning systemsemergency contingency stocks and contingency planningincluding preparations for forced displacement Floodsfrom rivers or the sea including sea water intrusion controland sea level rise related activities
Agricultural water resources Irrigation reservoirs hydraulic structures groundwater exploitation for agricultur-al use
Hydroelectric power plants Including power-gen-erating river barrages
Water resources protection Inland surface waters(rivers lakes etc) conservation and rehabilitation ofgroundwater prevention of water contamination fromagrochemicals industrial effluents
River development Integrated river basin projectsriver flow control dams and reservoirs Excluding damsprimarily for irrigation and hydropower and activities relatedto river transport
The figure above shows analysis of expanding irrigation for a dominant crop such as rice for the Philippines It indicates that the expansion of irrigation is likely to be economically viable even where relatively high capital and operating costs are assumed However the analysis is based on benefits and costs of converting existing cleared agricultural land Where vegetation clearing and other major land management is required prior to irrigation expansion development costs will be higher and the ratio of benefit to costs will decline It should be noted that this analysis does not include any costs associated with negative externalities such as increased pollution loads into waterway associated with expanded irrigation
The investments made in irrigation may in part have shielded the national agricultural output from significant rainfall variability in the Philippines
The economic viability of new irrigation schemes is highlydependent on the ability to achieve agronomic practiceproductivity gains in addition to gains directly relatedto a move from dryland cropping to irrigated cropping
Impact for developmentWith an installed capacity of 3 291 MW the Philippines generated 9 843 GWh in 2008 which represents around 49 percent of the nationrsquos hydropower technically exploitable capability As water quality deteriorates more energy is required to treat the supply to acceptable standards Inversely energy production requires water in large quantities and produces effluents to be treated In cognizance of the need to efficiently use both water and energy as a resource some local governments in the Philippines have adopted innovative technolo-gies that have allowed them to generate savings in energy costs through reuse of reclaimed water and the generation of soil conditioners for agricultural purposes resulting from wastewater by-products
Energy for WaterWater for Energy
0
25
50
75
100
20022002 20042004 20062006 20082008 20102010 2012
Government expenditure during the period2002 ndash 2011 and budget for the year 2012(million constant 2010 US$)
Mill
ion
cons
tant
201
0 U
S$
mill
ion
cons
tant
200
0 U
S$
Value added by agriculturein million constant 2000 US$
Value generated by agriculturein constant US$ per m3 of water
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Since 1990 the rate of use of an improved drinking water supply source in urban areas has been stable at around 93 percent while significant improvements have occurred in rural areas which now have a similar rate of use While the rate of use of improved sanitation facilities has also improved significantly since 1990 31 percent of rural res-idents and 21 percent of urban residents still do not use improved sanitation facilities
Drinking Water Supplyand Sanitation
Impact for developmentAccording to a 2008 Water and Sanitation Program report the economic costs of poor sanitation in the Philippines are in the order of US$ 14 billion equivalent to about 15 percent of GDP in 2005 and translated to per capita losses of US$ 168 per year
0
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
50 000
Impact for developmentWater is a driver for industry both from the perspective of securing stable supply sources as well as from the standpoint of enhancing operat-ing efficiency It is also increasingly recognized by businesses as fundamental to the health of its customers workers and communities
Water Intensityin Industry
Value added by industryin million constant 2000 US$
Value generated by industry per m3 of water(FAO AQUASTAT World Bank)
mill
ion
cons
tant
200
0 U
S$
In 2010 based on the National Water Resources Board (NWRB) reports industrial users represented the second largest user Fifteen percent of wastewater gener-ated is attributable to industries From 2000 to 2006 the value generated by industry per m3 of water decreased by almost 12 percent per year and by 2 percent per year between 1995 and 2000
20051995 2000
10596
47 46
Rainfall variability and agricultural GDP(FAO AQUASTAT World Bank)
National rainfall index variability(percentage of deviation from average national
rainfall index)
Variability in agricultural GDP(percentage of deviation from trend of agricultural goods
produced per km2 of agricultural land)
1961 1971 1981 1991 2001-40-30-20-10
010203040
13 000
14 000
15 000
16 000
0213
0224
Value generated by agriculture per m3 of water(FAO AQUASTAT and World Bank)
Access to drinking water and sanitationamp under-5 child mortality(UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (IGME) and WHOUNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme)
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
per 1
000
live
birt
hs
50
60
70
80
90
100
20
30
40
50
60
70
Economic viability of establishing new irrigationschemes for rice
Mid-pointscenario
194 299 655
Pessimisticscenario
Optimistic
Economic viability threshold
The value generated by agriculture per m3 of water increased 49 percent from 2006 to 2009
Actualgeneration
Technicallyexploitable capabilitynot yet generated
9 843 10 157
Hydropower capacity and generation 2008in GWhyear (World Energy Council)Value generated by industry
in constant 2000 US$ per m3 of water
Hydroelectric power plants are primarily financed through private sector funds (dotted line)
Government expenditure includes some Official Development Assistance (ODA) It has not been possible to separate funds from government sources and ODA as the General Appropriations Act the law setting the operating budget of the Philippines combines funds from the national governments and ODA
Under 5 child mortality rate (probability of dying by age 5 per 1000 live births)
Improved drinking water sourceImproved sanitation facilities (both indicators above in of total population)
Ratification of the International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) 7 June 1974
(The right to water is implicit within the right to an adequate standard of living and inextricably related to the right to the highest attainable standard of health outlined in the ICESCR)
Environment and Water - related Ecosystem Health Disasters
Impact for development The Philippines is highly exposed to water-related disasters On average 10 water-related disaster events occur annually in the Philippines which on average cause economic damage equivalent to 01 percent of the countryrsquos current GDP every year Climate data for the past 50 years has shown increasing temperature changes in rainfall patterns as well as an increase in extreme weather events such as typhoons flooding and droughts
Estimated municipal wastewater treatment in 2010 (total produced 3 365 million m3 of which total collected and treated 441 million m3)
Impact for development The annual economic losses caused by water pollution are estimated at PhP 78 billion annually (current 2013 US$ 1 883 million) Losses due to environmental damage in terms of compensation and claims are on the rise in the Philippines There is considerable under-investment by the government in sanitation and sewerage indicating a low spending priority though ranked as a high priority in the Philippines Agenda 21 of 1996
Water quality index 2010
90 Primary treatment
7 Secondary treatment
3 Tertiary treatment
The discharge of municipal and industrial wastewater and agricultural runoff has caused extensive pollution of the receiving water-bodies Deforestation limited
(UNEP-GEMSWater) reforestation activities and the consequent degradashy Water-related disasters impacts (NDRRMC)
711
tion of water-related ecosystem services in particular catchments have resulted in reduced streamflows decreased volumes of stored water in aquifers and artificial reservoirs and lower water quality
15 8 000
peop
le a
ff ec
ted
in m
illio
n
num
ber o
f peo
ple
kille
d
0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
12 6 400
9 4 800
6 3 200
A score of 100 indicates that water quality targets are met for all five parameters (DO pH conductivity total
nitrogen and total phosphorus)
3 1 600
0
Affected population in million
Number of people killed
25 1 200
Enabling environment for the development management and use of water resources
Gov
erna
nce
syst
ems
for t
he d
evel
opm
ent
man
agem
ent a
nd u
seof
wat
er re
sour
ces
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
Institutional Frameworks
Stak
ehol
der P
artic
ipat
ion
Capacity Building
UN-Water survey on integrated approaches in the development management and use of water resources governance 2012 (UN-Water)
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
num
ber o
f eve
nts
Number of disaster events
0
5
10
15
20
0
240
480
720
960
Economic damage in million current US$
dam
age
in m
illio
n cu
rren
t US$
lsquoWater-related disastersrsquo within the scope of this WCB study do not include droughts
Impact for development The major institutional problem that has beset water management in the Philippines is the multiplicity of agencies and consequent fragmentation of water resources planning and management There are more than 40 government agencies involved in the water sector There are no cross-sectoral water resources plans to integrate various water and land use activities water quantity and quality manageshyment or the use of surface water and groundwater Due to the range of functions relative to the development and management of water resources some overlaps of responsibility and conflicts reportedly exist among agencies Fragmented public investment programmes for development and management of water resources that fail to take into account the interdependencies among users and the impact on other (non-water) economic and non-economic activities have resulted in the inadequate management of the countrys water resources
Tracking Water Governance
sanitation drinking water
Is the right to sanitationdrinking-water explicitly recognized in policy or law
urban urban rural rural
sanitation drinking water
Already fully recognized in law or policy
Already fully recognized in law or policy
Already fully recognized in law or policy
Already fully recognized in law or policy
urban urban rural rural
Can people claim their human right to sanitation or drinking-water in a domestic court
No No Yes but little used
Yes but little used
Infr
astr
uctu
re d
evel
opm
ent f
orth
e de
velo
pmen
t m
anag
emen
tan
d us
e of
wat
er re
sour
ces
Decentralized structures for water resources management (other than above)
UN-Water GLAAS (WHO 2012) 1 Under development 2 Developed but implementation not yet started 4 Implementation advanced 3 Implementation started 5 Fully implemented
The government is currently embarked on creating a National Water Resources Management Office (NWRMO) to act as the central coordinating agency for the water resources sector responsible mainly for policy-making managing and regulating the countrys waters based on scientific data The NWRMO is also to oversee the implementation of integrated water resources management (IWRM) policy and plans
UN-Water Country Brief
year
The Money StreamFrom 2002 to 2011 the government has expended US$ 47865 million (in constant 2010 US$) on average peryear on water-related infrastructure and programmes
During this period close to half of the governments expenditure was channeled into agricultural waterresources (485 percent) Spending priority was then allocated to river development (324 percent) anddisaster prevention and preparedness and flood prevention and control (102 percent)
Official development assistance (ODA) gross disbursements amounted to US$ 8188 million on average peryear channeling close to half of the disbursements into disaster prevention and preparedness and floodprevention and control (487 percent) Over the period 2002 to 2011 the Government of the Philippinesrsquowater-related investments accounted for an estimated 30 percent of total government expenditures
30
9647 million inhabitants
300 000 km2
322 inhabitantskm2
0654114
0418
55
2 348 mmyear
479 000 million m3year
4 965 m3inhabitant
17
4
1 879 000 ha
60
5 sites
154 234 hectares
Total population (UN Population Division)
Total area
Population density
Human Development Index (UNDP)
(between 0 and 1 1 is highest)Country rank (total 186 countries 1 is highest)Gender Inequality Index (0 is equality between women and men 1 is least equality)
Water sanitation and hygiene-related deaths of total deaths (WHO)
Long-term average annual precipitation (CRU CL 20)
Long-term average actual renewable water resources (FAO AQUASTAT)
Actual annual renewable water resources per capita (FAO AQUASTAT)
of total actual renewable freshwater resources withdrawn (MDG Water Indicator) (FAO AQUASTAT)
Groundwater withdrawal as of total freshwater withdrawal (FAO AQUASTAT)
Total area equipped for irrigation (FAO AQUASTAT)
of irrigation potential equipped for irrigation(FAO AQUASTAT and AQUASTAT)
Ramsar sites (Ramsar) ndash number ndash total area
2012
2011
2012
2012
2004
2011
2011
2012
2009
2009
2006
2006
2013
Estimated of water-related government expenditure to total government expenditure 2002 - 2011o
ordmTotal government expenditure excludes ODA Water-related government expenditure includes some ODA but excludes investments in hydroelectric power plants which are funded primarily through private sector funds
Annual average official development assistance gross disbursements during the period 2002 ndash 2011(million constant 2010 US$)
Annual average government expenditure duringthe period 2002 - 2011
(million constant 2010 US$)
2320815552
489920511976
157022
32186
1588476
3990447282264226915
total annual average total annual average47865 8188
Municipal
Industrial
Water withdrawals by sector(total 81 819 million m3 in 2009)
76101
Cooling of thermoelectric plants03
820 Agricultural
Disaster prevention and prepared-nessflood protection and control
485325
10243410301
___100
19458
48755343228
112___100
Data ConcernsData is a vital input to water management and invest-ment in water related infrastructure and projectsData for the Philippines is relatively good when com-pared to many developing nations However the lack of published economic data (eg infrastructure costsoperating costs crop values etc) in the Philippinesmakes water-related investment decisions inherentlymore complex and investments more risky for investors
An assessment of priority data needs from the basis of national decision-makers and international investors(donors and loan capital) is prudent for countries toestablish a forward-looking work programme of datamanagement Modest investments in coordinated
Disclaimersbull The most recent and updated information can be found in the original databases cited throughout
bull The rapid assessment methodology presentedhere is an advocacy tool designed to generatedebate and attention to the issues and is devel-oped in conjunction with national governmentfocal points
bull Data presented herein stems either from existing databases or was collected from national reports experts and institutions and in some cases raw data underwent various manipulations to categorize the information for this presentation
bull Due to data limitations the investment-relatedestimates may not include water-related invest-ments that are counted under other categoriesof investments and some investment categories(ie disaster prevention and preparedness)may include some investments that are not directly water-related Moreover water being acrosscutting issue investments in other parts ofthe government (not calculated here) may also benefit water management
bull The words investments invested funded for ODA refer to gross disbursements of ODAaccording to the OECD definitions The wordsinvestments invested funded for governmentrefer to government expenditure (2002 - 2011)and budget (2012) In the Philippines it has notbeen possible to separate funds from governmentsources and ODA therefore governmentinvestments include some ODA
bull The benefit-cost analysis on expansion of irrigation is based on very limited data and any decisions should be based on detailed cost-benefit analysis that incorporates all relevant local data
data collection collation analysis and disseminationare vital to demonstrate the benefits of water-relatedinvestments to governments donors and ultimatelyprivate capital investors
It is to be noted that it is virtually impossible to find national-level gender-disaggregated data for almost allthemes contained in the UN-Water Country Briefs
This project was implemented by the AQUASTAT Programme of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) on behalf of UN-Water with financial support from United States Department of State (USDS) Brief produced 13 June 2013
Additional information on the project data and methodologies can be accessed at
httpwwwunwaterorgWaterCountryBriefshtml
Philippines
REGION I(Ilocos region)
REGION II(Cagayan Valley)
CORDILLERAADMINISTRATIVE
REGION
REGION III(Central Luzon) REGION IV-A
(CALABARZON)
NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
REGION IV-B(MIMAROPA)
REGION V(Bicol Region)
REGION VII(Central Visayas)
REGION VI(Western Visayas)
REGION VII(Eastern Visayas)
REGION IX(ZamboangaPeninsula)
REGION X(Northern Mindanao)
REGION XI(Davao Region)
REGION XII(SOCCSKSARGEN)
REGION XIII(Caraga)AUTONOMOUS REGION
IN MUSLIM MINDANAO
SouthChina
Sea
PhilippineSea
SuluSea
CelebesSea
LUZON
VISAYAS
MINDANAO
GeneralSantos
Calapan
Vigan inIlocos Sur
Ca
ga
yan
Agusan
Pam
panga
Ag
no
Panay
Magat
Ambukalo
Palangui IVAgus II
Agus IVAgus V
Magat
Laoag
Tuguegarao
San Fernando
Zamboanga
Jolo
Cotabato
KoronadalDigos
DavaoTagum
DipologOroquieta
Surigao
ButuanCagayande Oro
Illigan
Iloilo
Roxas
NegrosBago
Cadiz
BaisDumaguete
Tagbilaran
Cebu
TaclobanOrmoc
Maasin
Puerto Princesa
NagaIriga
Legaspi
Masbate
Bashi Channel
BanaweTerraces
Min
dan
ao
0 100 200 30050 km
Albers Equal Area Projection WGS 1984
Legend
Lake
Dam
River
Capital Regional Capital Town
Zone of Irrigation Development
International Boundary
Administrative Boundary
The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of theFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country territory city or area or of its authorities
or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries
Disclaimer
FAO - AQUASTAT 2011PHILIPPINES
Irrigation Scheme
ManilaSanta Cruz
Calamba
Lucena
Infanta
BatangasLipa
San PabloTagaytay
Trece Martires
PasigQuezonCaloocanBalanga La Mesa
Angat
Pantabangan
Angat Maasim
Malolos
San FernandoAngeles
Tarlac CabanatuanPalayan
San CarlosDagupan
San Roque
UpperPampanga
PhlippineSea
Ipo
Lagunade
Bay
LakeTaal
Pam
pang
a
Government expenditure includes some Official Development Assistance (ODA) It has not been possible to separate funds from government sources and ODA as the General Appropriations Act the law setting the operating budget of the Philippines combines funds from the national governments and ODA
Hydroelectric power plants are primarily financed through private sector funds
Legend The rapid assessment of the situation above based on available data was established in conjunction with in-country experts and officials It provides an overview of trends according to the following
trends are of significant concern
trends are of concern
trends are stable or progressing on certain issues but not on others
trends show some measure of improvement in all relevant indicators assessed
trends show significant improveshyment and there is no concern
insufficient data
Rapid Assessment
Accurate assessments of progress require relevant accurate and timely data The above data quality assessment ranges from
very poor very good
Investments Currently given that developments in the water sector are capital-intensive and that competing demands for limited public sector funds is a prevalent challenge the country experiences insufficient investment levels to meet the growing demand for water It is expected that the demand for water resources and the associated investment requirements will continue to grow over the years in parallel with increasing population and socioecoshynomic improvement The Philippine Development Plan 2011-2016 calls for additional infrastructure investments in water to be able to sufficiently provide the growing demand for water Encouraging private sector participation has been given priority to bridge the gap between the extensive capital investment reshyquirements needed to build and operate the required water resources-related infrastructure projects in the country
Pressures on water The Philippines is endowed with abundant water resources but they are under severe pressure from growing populations rapid urbanization and industrialization that increase the extraction and exploitation and competition with water needed for irrigated agriculture A large portion of the population is without adequate and sustained access to basic drinking water supply and especially basic sanitation Inadequate water and wastewater management infrastructure and policies often result in inefficiencies in water use and pollution of waters Degradation of the environment and the catchments in particular also impacts negatively on the availability of water resources Climate either increases the pressure on the resource during El Nintildeo or causes damage to properties and livelihood in the event of La Nintildea and extreme storms A major hindrance to the full adoption and implementation of IWRM in the country has been the institutional fragmentation in the sector
Overall
Data Quality
Data is available
Limited data on drinking water quality available
Insufficient information is available about industriesrsquo water use
Data is available
There is no data available as to the energy needs of supplying and treating water nor for the water needed to generate electricity Therefore no assessment could be undertaken
While there is a move to change to a river qualishyty-based monitoring it is still just a vision that will require considerable effort from many different agencies both from the private and public sectors
Lack of up-to-date harmonized and comprehenshysive data Such data is critical in implementing a coordinated water resources management among competing users among others
Assessments Irrigated agriculture The current level of investment in irrigation is trending upwards in recent years 40 percent of the irrigation potential is not equipped for irrigation
Drinking water supply and sanitation Some 8 percent of the population do not use an improved drinking water source and 26 percent do not use improved sanitation facilities There is considerable under-investment by the government in sanitation and sewerage indicating a low spending priority Estimates show that over a 10-year period the country will need to invest PhP 250 billion (current 2013 US$ 6 billion) in physical infrastructure
Water intensity in industry The value generated by industry per m3 of water has sharply decreased and industry is the third largest source of water pollution nationwide
Water-related disasters Gap between rising trends in the number and damage of water-related disasters and the current level of government investment
Water for energy energy for water Additional capacity from hydropower sources could be tapped in Mindanao after a careful consideration of all impacts to meet demand needs power which require substantial investments
Environment and ecosystem health Reduced streamflows decreased volumes of stored water in aquifers and artificial reservoirs and lower water quality issues Substantive gap to fill between wastewater produced and treated Current level of investment is of concern in this context Estimates show that over a 10-year period the country will need to invest PhP 250 billion (current 2013 US$ 5 000 million) in physical infrastructure
Tracking governance Fragmentation of water resource planning and management with over 40 government agencies involved in the sector Current expenditure on water resources policy administration and data alongside fragmented governance systems pose risks The government however is in the midst of creating a central coordinating agency
UN-Water Country Brief
Legend The rapid assessment of the situation above based on available data was established in conjunction with in-country experts and officials It provides an overview of trends according to the following
trends are of significant concern
trends are of concern
trends are stable or progressing on certain issues but not on others
trends show some measure of improvement in all relevant indicators assessed
trends show significant improve-ment and there is no concern
insufficient data
Rapid Assessmentyear
The Money StreamFrom 2002 to 2011 the government has expended US$ 47865 million (in constant 2010 US$) on average per year on water-related infrastructure and programmes
During this period close to half of the governments expenditure was channeled into agricultural water resources (485 percent) Spending priority was then allocated to river development (324 percent) and disaster prevention and preparedness and flood prevention and control (102 percent)
Official development assistance (ODA) gross disbursements amounted to US$ 8188 million on average per year channeling close to half of the disbursements into disaster prevention and preparedness and flood prevention and control (487 percent) Over the period 2002 to 2011 the Government of the Philippinesrsquo water-related investments accounted for an estimated 30 percent of total government expenditures
Accurate assessments of progress require relevant accurate and timely data The above data quality assessment ranges from
very poor very good
InvestmentsCurrently given that developments in the water sector are capital-intensive and that competing demands for limited public sector funds is a prevalent challenge the country experiences insufficient investment levels to meet the growing demand for water It is expected that the demand for water resources and the associated investment requirements will continue to grow over the years in parallel with increasing population and socioeco-nomic improvement The Philippine Development Plan 2011-2016 calls for additional infrastructure investments in water to be able to sufficiently provide the growing demand for water Encouraging private sector participation has been given priority to bridge the gap between the extensive capital investment re-quirements needed to build and operate the required water resources-related infrastructure projects in the country
Pressures on waterThe Philippines is endowed with abundant water resources but they are under severe pressure from growing populations rapid urbanization and industrialization that increase the extraction and exploitation and competition with water needed for irrigated agriculture A large portion of the population is without adequate and sustained access to basic drinking water supply and especially basic sanitation Inadequate water and wastewater management infrastructure and policies often result in inefficiencies in water use and pollution of waters Degradation of the environment and the catchments in particular also impacts negatively on the availability of water resources Climate either increases the pressure on the resource during El Nintildeo or causes damage to properties and livelihood in the event of La Nintildea and extreme storms A major hindrance to the full adoption and implementation of IWRM in the country has been the institutional fragmentation in the sector
Overall
30
9647 million inhabitants
300 000 km2
322 inhabitantskm2
0654114
0418
55
2 348 mmyear
479 000 million m3year
4 965 m3inhabitant
17
4
1 879 000 ha
60
5 sites
154 234 hectares
Total population (UN Population Division)
Total area
Population density
Human Development Index (UNDP)
(between 0 and 1 1 is highest)Country rank (total 186 countries 1 is highest)Gender Inequality Index (0 is equality between women and men 1 is least equality)
Water sanitation and hygiene-related deaths of total deaths (WHO)
Long-term average annual precipitation (CRU CL 20)
Long-term average actual renewable water resources (FAO AQUASTAT)
Actual annual renewable water resources per capita (FAO AQUASTAT)
of total actual renewable freshwater resources withdrawn (MDG Water Indicator) (FAO AQUASTAT)
Groundwater withdrawal as of total freshwater withdrawal (FAO AQUASTAT)
Total area equipped for irrigation (FAO AQUASTAT)
of irrigation potential equipped for irrigation(FAO AQUASTAT and AQUASTAT)
Ramsar sites (Ramsar) ndash number ndash total area
2012
2011
2012
2012
2004
2011
2011
2012
2009
2009
2006
2006
2013Data Quality
Data is available
Limited data on drinking water quality available
Insufficient information is available about industriesrsquo water use
Data is available
There is no data available as to the energy needs of supplying and treating water nor for the water needed to generate electricity Therefore no assessment could be undertaken
While there is a move to change to a river quali-ty-based monitoring it is still just a vision that will require considerable effort from many different agencies both from the private and public sectors
Lack of up-to-date harmonized and comprehen-sive data Such data is critical in implementing a coordinated water resources management among competing users among others
AssessmentsIrrigated agricultureThe current level of investment in irrigation is trending upwards in recent years 40 percent of the irrigation potential is not equipped for irrigation
Drinking water supply and sanitationSome 8 percent of the population do not use an improved drinking water source and 26 percent do not use improved sanitation facilities There is considerable under-investment by the government in sanitation and sewerage indicating a low spending priority Estimates show that over a 10-year period the country will need to invest PhP 250 billion (current 2013 US$ 6 billion) in physical infrastructure
Water intensity in industry The value generated by industry per m3 of water has sharply decreased and industry is the third largest source of water pollution nationwide
Water-related disasters Gap between rising trends in the number and damage of water-related disasters and the current level of government investment
Water for energy energy for water Additional capacity from hydropower sources could be tapped in Mindanao after a careful consideration of all impacts to meet demand needs power which require substantial investments
Environment and ecosystem healthReduced streamflows decreased volumes of stored water in aquifers and artificial reservoirs and lower water quality issues Substantive gap to fill between wastewater produced and treated Current level of investment is of concern in this context Estimates show that over a 10-year period the country will need to invest PhP 250 billion (current 2013 US$ 5 000 million) in physical infrastructure
Tracking governanceFragmentation of water resource planning and management with over 40 government agencies involved in the sector Current expenditure on water resources policy administration and data alongside fragmented governance systems pose risks The government however is in the midst of creating a central coordinating agency
Estimated of water-related government expenditure to total government expenditure 2002 - 2011o
ordmTotal government expenditure excludes ODA Water-related government expenditure includes some ODA but excludes investments in hydroelectric power plants which are funded primarily through private sector funds
Annual average official development assistance gross disbursements during the period 2002 ndash 2011(million constant 2010 US$)
Annual average government expenditure duringthe period 2002 - 2011
(million constant 2010 US$)
2320815552
489920511976
157022
32186
1588476
3990447282264226915
total annual average total annual average47865 8188
Municipal
Industrial
Water withdrawals by sector(total 81 819 million m3 in 2009)
76101
Cooling of thermoelectric plants03
820 Agricultural
Disaster prevention and prepared-nessflood protection and control
485325
10243410301
___100
19458
48755343228
112___100
Philippines
e e esSea
Government expenditure includes some Official Development Assistance (ODA) It has not been possible to separate funds from government sources and ODA as the General Appropriations Act the law setting the operating budget of the Philippines combines funds from the national governments and ODA
Hydroelectric power plants are primarily financed through private sector funds
Cg
ayan
Agusan
Pam
panga
Ag
no
Min
dan
ao
Pam
pang
a
Data Concerns Data is a vital input to water management and investshyment in water related infrastructure and projects Data for the Philippines is relatively good when comshypared to many developing nations However the lack of published economic data (eg infrastructure costs operating costs crop values etc) in the Philippines makes water-related investment decisions inherently more complex and investments more risky for investors
An assessment of priority data needs from the basis of national decision-makers and international investors (donors and loan capital) is prudent for countries to establish a forward-looking work programme of data management Modest investments in coordinated
Bashi Channel
data collection collation analysis and dissemination are vital to demonstrate the benefits of water-related investments to governments donors and ultimately private capital investors
It is to be noted that it is virtually impossible to find national-level gender-disaggregated data for almost all themes contained in the UN-Water Country Briefs
San Roque
Dagupan San Carlos
Pantabangan Upper
Pampanga Palayan
This project was implemented by the AQUASTAT Programme of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) on behalf of UN-Water with financial support from United States Department of State (USDS) Brief produced 13 June 2013
Additional information on the project data and methodologies can be accessed at
httpwwwunwaterorg WaterCountryBriefshtml CORDILLERA Tarlac
(Zamboanga Dipolog
Cabanatuan ADMINISTRATIVE Phlippine
Sea REGION Philippine
Angeles Sea REGION I Laoag San Fernando Angat Maasim Angat (Ilocos region)
a
Tuguegarao Ipo Malolos Vigan in
Ilocos Sur La Mesa Infanta Balanga Caloocan Manila Quezon Banawe
REGION II (Cagayan Valley)
Pasig Laguna Santa Cruz de
LUZON Terr aces Magat Magat Bay San Fernando South Trece Martires Ambukalo Calamba
China Lake Tagaytay Taal San Pablo
Sea REGION III
(Central Luzon)
Lipa Lucena Batangas DisclaimersREGION IV-A
(CALABARZON)
NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
REGION V Naga (Bicol Region)
Iriga Calapan Legaspi
Masbate REGION IV-B REGION VII (MIMAROPA)
REGION VI Roxas (Eastern Visayas) (Western Visayas) Tacloban
Cadiz Panay Ormoc Iloilo VISAYAS
Bago Cebu Maasin Negros REGION VII REGION X Puerto Princesa (Central Visayas) Surigao
Bais Tagbilaran (Northern Mindanao)
Dumaguete Butuan
REGION IX Cagayande Oro MINDANAO
bull The most recent and updated information can be found in the original databases cited throughout
bull The rapid assessment methodology presented here is an advocacy tool designed to generate debate and attention to the issues and is develshyoped in conjunction with national government focal points
bull Data presented herein stems either from existing databases or was collected from national reports experts and institutions and in some cases raw data underwent various manipulations to categorize the information for this presentation
bull Due to data limitations the investment-related Agus V Oroquieta Sulu Peninsula) Agus IVAgus I IIlligan estimates may not include water-related invest-Sea Palangui IV REGION XIII
AUTONOMOUS REGION Tagum (Caraga) ments that are counted under other categories IN MUSLIM MINDANAO Cotabato Davao of investments and some investment categories
Digos Zamboanga (ie disaster prevention and preparedness) Koronadal
General may include some investments that are not REGION XII Jolo Santos REGION XI (SOCCSKSARGEN) directly water-related Moreover water being a (Davao Region)
C l b
Legend
International Boundary River Administrative Boundary Lake
Capital Regional Capital Town Dam
Zone of Irrigation Development Irrigation Scheme
0 50 100 200 300 km
Albers Equal Area Projection WGS 1984
PHILIPPINES FAO - AQUASTAT 2011
Disclaimer The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country territory city or area or of its authoritiesor concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries
crosscutting issue investments in other parts of the government (not calculated here) may also benefit water management
bull The words investments invested funded for ODA refer to gross disbursements of ODA according to the OECD definitions The words investments invested funded for government refer to government expenditure (2002 - 2011) and budget (2012) In the Philippines it has not been possible to separate funds from government sources and ODA therefore government investments include some ODA
bull The benefit-cost analysis on expansion of irrigation is based on very limited data and any decisions should be based on detailed cost-benefit analysis that incorporates all relevant local data
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
Government water-related investments over the period 2002 to 2012bull There were significant expenditures from 2002 to 2004 in hydroelectric power plants a period when new hydroelectric power plants were constructed following the Electric Power Industry Reform Act (2001) which enabled private sector fundingbull The sharp increase in disaster prevention and flood protection in 2011 is attributed to a large loan from a multilateral donor agencybull The bulk of expenditure over this period has been channeled into hydroelectric power agricultural water resources and river development bull Expenditure in agricultural water resources has effec-tively doubled in real terms over this period
Water-related official development assistance over the period 2002 to 2011bull From 2006 onwards an emphasis has been placed by one bilateral agency on disaster prevention and prepar-edness and flood protection and controlbull ODA for agricultural water resources peaked in 2008 and in 2007 for hydroelectric power plants which account for second and third place in terms of overall ODA flows for this period
Actual expenditure refers to the amount spent by the government during a given year Where actual expenditure is not available the government budget is used and refers to the amount that the government reportedly budgeted for the given year The OECD Creditor Reporting System categories were chosen for the collection of these water-related investments and the data was obtained by the WCB project through in-country research in cooperation with the government (during 2012) while ODA data stems from the OECD Creditor Reporting System (collected November 2012)
Official development assistance gross disburse-ments during the period 2002 - 2011(million constant 2010 US$)
Irrigated Agriculture
Impact for developmentAgriculture is a key sector of the Philippines economy contributing some 12 percent to gross domestic productand employing around 33 percent of the labour force In 2012 women accounted for 24 percent of the econom-ically active population in agriculture Since the 1960s there have been substantial investments in irrigationtechnology predominantly to increase the production of rice which covers 90 percent of the harvested irrigatedcrop area Despite this investment only 60 percent of the irrigation potential has been developed for irrigationand the government is currently investing further in irrigated agriculture to enhance food security
Status and Trends
Water supply and sanitation in large systems Waterdesalination plants intakes storage treatment pumpingstations conveyance and distribution systems seweragedomestic and industrial wastewater treatment plants
Basic drinking water supply and basic sanitationWater supply and sanitation through low-cost technologiessuch as hand-pumps spring catchment gravity-fed systemsrainwater collection storage tanks small distributionsystems latrines small-bore sewers on-site disposal (septictanks)
Water resources policy and administrative manage-ment Water sector policy planning and programmes water legislation and management institution capacity building and advice water supply assessments and studies ground-water water quality and watershed studies hydrogeology Excluding agricultural water resources
Disaster prevention and preparednessFloodprotection and control Disaster risk reduction activitiessuch as developing knowledge natural risks cartographylegal norms for construction early warning systemsemergency contingency stocks and contingency planningincluding preparations for forced displacement Floodsfrom rivers or the sea including sea water intrusion controland sea level rise related activities
Agricultural water resources Irrigation reservoirs hydraulic structures groundwater exploitation for agricultur-al use
Hydroelectric power plants Including power-gen-erating river barrages
Water resources protection Inland surface waters(rivers lakes etc) conservation and rehabilitation ofgroundwater prevention of water contamination fromagrochemicals industrial effluents
River development Integrated river basin projectsriver flow control dams and reservoirs Excluding damsprimarily for irrigation and hydropower and activities relatedto river transport
The figure above shows analysis of expanding irrigation for a dominant crop such as rice for the Philippines It indicates that the expansion of irrigation is likely to be economically viable even where relatively high capital and operating costs are assumed However the analysis is based on benefits and costs of converting existing cleared agricultural land Where vegetation clearing and other major land management is required prior to irrigation expansion development costs will be higher and the ratio of benefit to costs will decline It should be noted that this analysis does not include any costs associated with negative externalities such as increased pollution loads into waterway associated with expanded irrigation
The investments made in irrigation may in part have shielded the national agricultural output from significant rainfall variability in the Philippines
The economic viability of new irrigation schemes is highlydependent on the ability to achieve agronomic practiceproductivity gains in addition to gains directly relatedto a move from dryland cropping to irrigated cropping
Impact for developmentWith an installed capacity of 3 291 MW the Philippines generated 9 843 GWh in 2008 which represents around 49 percent of the nationrsquos hydropower technically exploitable capability As water quality deteriorates more energy is required to treat the supply to acceptable standards Inversely energy production requires water in large quantities and produces effluents to be treated In cognizance of the need to efficiently use both water and energy as a resource some local governments in the Philippines have adopted innovative technolo-gies that have allowed them to generate savings in energy costs through reuse of reclaimed water and the generation of soil conditioners for agricultural purposes resulting from wastewater by-products
Energy for WaterWater for Energy
0
25
50
75
100
20022002 20042004 20062006 20082008 20102010 2012
Government expenditure during the period2002 ndash 2011 and budget for the year 2012(million constant 2010 US$)
Mill
ion
cons
tant
201
0 U
S$
mill
ion
cons
tant
200
0 U
S$
Value added by agriculturein million constant 2000 US$
Value generated by agriculturein constant US$ per m3 of water
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Since 1990 the rate of use of an improved drinking water supply source in urban areas has been stable at around 93 percent while significant improvements have occurred in rural areas which now have a similar rate of use While the rate of use of improved sanitation facilities has also improved significantly since 1990 31 percent of rural res-idents and 21 percent of urban residents still do not use improved sanitation facilities
Drinking Water Supplyand Sanitation
Impact for developmentAccording to a 2008 Water and Sanitation Program report the economic costs of poor sanitation in the Philippines are in the order of US$ 14 billion equivalent to about 15 percent of GDP in 2005 and translated to per capita losses of US$ 168 per year
0
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
50 000
Impact for developmentWater is a driver for industry both from the perspective of securing stable supply sources as well as from the standpoint of enhancing operat-ing efficiency It is also increasingly recognized by businesses as fundamental to the health of its customers workers and communities
Water Intensityin Industry
Value added by industryin million constant 2000 US$
Value generated by industry per m3 of water(FAO AQUASTAT World Bank)
mill
ion
cons
tant
200
0 U
S$
In 2010 based on the National Water Resources Board (NWRB) reports industrial users represented the second largest user Fifteen percent of wastewater gener-ated is attributable to industries From 2000 to 2006 the value generated by industry per m3 of water decreased by almost 12 percent per year and by 2 percent per year between 1995 and 2000
20051995 2000
10596
47 46
Rainfall variability and agricultural GDP(FAO AQUASTAT World Bank)
National rainfall index variability(percentage of deviation from average national
rainfall index)
Variability in agricultural GDP(percentage of deviation from trend of agricultural goods
produced per km2 of agricultural land)
1961 1971 1981 1991 2001-40-30-20-10
010203040
13 000
14 000
15 000
16 000
0213
0224
Value generated by agriculture per m3 of water(FAO AQUASTAT and World Bank)
Access to drinking water and sanitationamp under-5 child mortality(UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (IGME) and WHOUNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme)
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
per 1
000
live
birt
hs
50
60
70
80
90
100
20
30
40
50
60
70
Economic viability of establishing new irrigationschemes for rice
Mid-pointscenario
194 299 655
Pessimisticscenario
Optimistic
Economic viability threshold
The value generated by agriculture per m3 of water increased 49 percent from 2006 to 2009
Actualgeneration
Technicallyexploitable capabilitynot yet generated
9 843 10 157
Hydropower capacity and generation 2008in GWhyear (World Energy Council)Value generated by industry
in constant 2000 US$ per m3 of water
Hydroelectric power plants are primarily financed through private sector funds (dotted line)
Government expenditure includes some Official Development Assistance (ODA) It has not been possible to separate funds from government sources and ODA as the General Appropriations Act the law setting the operating budget of the Philippines combines funds from the national governments and ODA
Under 5 child mortality rate (probability of dying by age 5 per 1000 live births)
Improved drinking water sourceImproved sanitation facilities (both indicators above in of total population)
Ratification of the International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) 7 June 1974
(The right to water is implicit within the right to an adequate standard of living and inextricably related to the right to the highest attainable standard of health outlined in the ICESCR)
Environment and Water - related Ecosystem Health Disasters
Impact for development The Philippines is highly exposed to water-related disasters On average 10 water-related disaster events occur annually in the Philippines which on average cause economic damage equivalent to 01 percent of the countryrsquos current GDP every year Climate data for the past 50 years has shown increasing temperature changes in rainfall patterns as well as an increase in extreme weather events such as typhoons flooding and droughts
Estimated municipal wastewater treatment in 2010 (total produced 3 365 million m3 of which total collected and treated 441 million m3)
Impact for development The annual economic losses caused by water pollution are estimated at PhP 78 billion annually (current 2013 US$ 1 883 million) Losses due to environmental damage in terms of compensation and claims are on the rise in the Philippines There is considerable under-investment by the government in sanitation and sewerage indicating a low spending priority though ranked as a high priority in the Philippines Agenda 21 of 1996
Water quality index 2010
90 Primary treatment
7 Secondary treatment
3 Tertiary treatment
The discharge of municipal and industrial wastewater and agricultural runoff has caused extensive pollution of the receiving water-bodies Deforestation limited
(UNEP-GEMSWater) reforestation activities and the consequent degradashy Water-related disasters impacts (NDRRMC)
711
tion of water-related ecosystem services in particular catchments have resulted in reduced streamflows decreased volumes of stored water in aquifers and artificial reservoirs and lower water quality
15 8 000
peop
le a
ff ec
ted
in m
illio
n
num
ber o
f peo
ple
kille
d
0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
12 6 400
9 4 800
6 3 200
A score of 100 indicates that water quality targets are met for all five parameters (DO pH conductivity total
nitrogen and total phosphorus)
3 1 600
0
Affected population in million
Number of people killed
25 1 200
Enabling environment for the development management and use of water resources
Gov
erna
nce
syst
ems
for t
he d
evel
opm
ent
man
agem
ent a
nd u
seof
wat
er re
sour
ces
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
Institutional Frameworks
Stak
ehol
der P
artic
ipat
ion
Capacity Building
UN-Water survey on integrated approaches in the development management and use of water resources governance 2012 (UN-Water)
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
num
ber o
f eve
nts
Number of disaster events
0
5
10
15
20
0
240
480
720
960
Economic damage in million current US$
dam
age
in m
illio
n cu
rren
t US$
lsquoWater-related disastersrsquo within the scope of this WCB study do not include droughts
Impact for development The major institutional problem that has beset water management in the Philippines is the multiplicity of agencies and consequent fragmentation of water resources planning and management There are more than 40 government agencies involved in the water sector There are no cross-sectoral water resources plans to integrate various water and land use activities water quantity and quality manageshyment or the use of surface water and groundwater Due to the range of functions relative to the development and management of water resources some overlaps of responsibility and conflicts reportedly exist among agencies Fragmented public investment programmes for development and management of water resources that fail to take into account the interdependencies among users and the impact on other (non-water) economic and non-economic activities have resulted in the inadequate management of the countrys water resources
Tracking Water Governance
sanitation drinking water
Is the right to sanitationdrinking-water explicitly recognized in policy or law
urban urban rural rural
sanitation drinking water
Already fully recognized in law or policy
Already fully recognized in law or policy
Already fully recognized in law or policy
Already fully recognized in law or policy
urban urban rural rural
Can people claim their human right to sanitation or drinking-water in a domestic court
No No Yes but little used
Yes but little used
Infr
astr
uctu
re d
evel
opm
ent f
orth
e de
velo
pmen
t m
anag
emen
tan
d us
e of
wat
er re
sour
ces
Decentralized structures for water resources management (other than above)
UN-Water GLAAS (WHO 2012) 1 Under development 2 Developed but implementation not yet started 4 Implementation advanced 3 Implementation started 5 Fully implemented
The government is currently embarked on creating a National Water Resources Management Office (NWRMO) to act as the central coordinating agency for the water resources sector responsible mainly for policy-making managing and regulating the countrys waters based on scientific data The NWRMO is also to oversee the implementation of integrated water resources management (IWRM) policy and plans
UN-Water Country Brief
year
The Money StreamFrom 2002 to 2011 the government has expended US$ 47865 million (in constant 2010 US$) on average peryear on water-related infrastructure and programmes
During this period close to half of the governments expenditure was channeled into agricultural waterresources (485 percent) Spending priority was then allocated to river development (324 percent) anddisaster prevention and preparedness and flood prevention and control (102 percent)
Official development assistance (ODA) gross disbursements amounted to US$ 8188 million on average peryear channeling close to half of the disbursements into disaster prevention and preparedness and floodprevention and control (487 percent) Over the period 2002 to 2011 the Government of the Philippinesrsquowater-related investments accounted for an estimated 30 percent of total government expenditures
30
9647 million inhabitants
300 000 km2
322 inhabitantskm2
0654114
0418
55
2 348 mmyear
479 000 million m3year
4 965 m3inhabitant
17
4
1 879 000 ha
60
5 sites
154 234 hectares
Total population (UN Population Division)
Total area
Population density
Human Development Index (UNDP)
(between 0 and 1 1 is highest)Country rank (total 186 countries 1 is highest)Gender Inequality Index (0 is equality between women and men 1 is least equality)
Water sanitation and hygiene-related deaths of total deaths (WHO)
Long-term average annual precipitation (CRU CL 20)
Long-term average actual renewable water resources (FAO AQUASTAT)
Actual annual renewable water resources per capita (FAO AQUASTAT)
of total actual renewable freshwater resources withdrawn (MDG Water Indicator) (FAO AQUASTAT)
Groundwater withdrawal as of total freshwater withdrawal (FAO AQUASTAT)
Total area equipped for irrigation (FAO AQUASTAT)
of irrigation potential equipped for irrigation(FAO AQUASTAT and AQUASTAT)
Ramsar sites (Ramsar) ndash number ndash total area
2012
2011
2012
2012
2004
2011
2011
2012
2009
2009
2006
2006
2013
Estimated of water-related government expenditure to total government expenditure 2002 - 2011o
ordmTotal government expenditure excludes ODA Water-related government expenditure includes some ODA but excludes investments in hydroelectric power plants which are funded primarily through private sector funds
Annual average official development assistance gross disbursements during the period 2002 ndash 2011(million constant 2010 US$)
Annual average government expenditure duringthe period 2002 - 2011
(million constant 2010 US$)
2320815552
489920511976
157022
32186
1588476
3990447282264226915
total annual average total annual average47865 8188
Municipal
Industrial
Water withdrawals by sector(total 81 819 million m3 in 2009)
76101
Cooling of thermoelectric plants03
820 Agricultural
Disaster prevention and prepared-nessflood protection and control
485325
10243410301
___100
19458
48755343228
112___100
Data ConcernsData is a vital input to water management and invest-ment in water related infrastructure and projectsData for the Philippines is relatively good when com-pared to many developing nations However the lack of published economic data (eg infrastructure costsoperating costs crop values etc) in the Philippinesmakes water-related investment decisions inherentlymore complex and investments more risky for investors
An assessment of priority data needs from the basis of national decision-makers and international investors(donors and loan capital) is prudent for countries toestablish a forward-looking work programme of datamanagement Modest investments in coordinated
Disclaimersbull The most recent and updated information can be found in the original databases cited throughout
bull The rapid assessment methodology presentedhere is an advocacy tool designed to generatedebate and attention to the issues and is devel-oped in conjunction with national governmentfocal points
bull Data presented herein stems either from existing databases or was collected from national reports experts and institutions and in some cases raw data underwent various manipulations to categorize the information for this presentation
bull Due to data limitations the investment-relatedestimates may not include water-related invest-ments that are counted under other categoriesof investments and some investment categories(ie disaster prevention and preparedness)may include some investments that are not directly water-related Moreover water being acrosscutting issue investments in other parts ofthe government (not calculated here) may also benefit water management
bull The words investments invested funded for ODA refer to gross disbursements of ODAaccording to the OECD definitions The wordsinvestments invested funded for governmentrefer to government expenditure (2002 - 2011)and budget (2012) In the Philippines it has notbeen possible to separate funds from governmentsources and ODA therefore governmentinvestments include some ODA
bull The benefit-cost analysis on expansion of irrigation is based on very limited data and any decisions should be based on detailed cost-benefit analysis that incorporates all relevant local data
data collection collation analysis and disseminationare vital to demonstrate the benefits of water-relatedinvestments to governments donors and ultimatelyprivate capital investors
It is to be noted that it is virtually impossible to find national-level gender-disaggregated data for almost allthemes contained in the UN-Water Country Briefs
This project was implemented by the AQUASTAT Programme of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) on behalf of UN-Water with financial support from United States Department of State (USDS) Brief produced 13 June 2013
Additional information on the project data and methodologies can be accessed at
httpwwwunwaterorgWaterCountryBriefshtml
Philippines
REGION I(Ilocos region)
REGION II(Cagayan Valley)
CORDILLERAADMINISTRATIVE
REGION
REGION III(Central Luzon) REGION IV-A
(CALABARZON)
NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
REGION IV-B(MIMAROPA)
REGION V(Bicol Region)
REGION VII(Central Visayas)
REGION VI(Western Visayas)
REGION VII(Eastern Visayas)
REGION IX(ZamboangaPeninsula)
REGION X(Northern Mindanao)
REGION XI(Davao Region)
REGION XII(SOCCSKSARGEN)
REGION XIII(Caraga)AUTONOMOUS REGION
IN MUSLIM MINDANAO
SouthChina
Sea
PhilippineSea
SuluSea
CelebesSea
LUZON
VISAYAS
MINDANAO
GeneralSantos
Calapan
Vigan inIlocos Sur
Ca
ga
yan
Agusan
Pam
panga
Ag
no
Panay
Magat
Ambukalo
Palangui IVAgus II
Agus IVAgus V
Magat
Laoag
Tuguegarao
San Fernando
Zamboanga
Jolo
Cotabato
KoronadalDigos
DavaoTagum
DipologOroquieta
Surigao
ButuanCagayande Oro
Illigan
Iloilo
Roxas
NegrosBago
Cadiz
BaisDumaguete
Tagbilaran
Cebu
TaclobanOrmoc
Maasin
Puerto Princesa
NagaIriga
Legaspi
Masbate
Bashi Channel
BanaweTerraces
Min
dan
ao
0 100 200 30050 km
Albers Equal Area Projection WGS 1984
Legend
Lake
Dam
River
Capital Regional Capital Town
Zone of Irrigation Development
International Boundary
Administrative Boundary
The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of theFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country territory city or area or of its authorities
or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries
Disclaimer
FAO - AQUASTAT 2011PHILIPPINES
Irrigation Scheme
ManilaSanta Cruz
Calamba
Lucena
Infanta
BatangasLipa
San PabloTagaytay
Trece Martires
PasigQuezonCaloocanBalanga La Mesa
Angat
Pantabangan
Angat Maasim
Malolos
San FernandoAngeles
Tarlac CabanatuanPalayan
San CarlosDagupan
San Roque
UpperPampanga
PhlippineSea
Ipo
Lagunade
Bay
LakeTaal
Pam
pang
a
Government expenditure includes some Official Development Assistance (ODA) It has not been possible to separate funds from government sources and ODA as the General Appropriations Act the law setting the operating budget of the Philippines combines funds from the national governments and ODA
Hydroelectric power plants are primarily financed through private sector funds
Legend The rapid assessment of the situation above based on available data was established in conjunction with in-country experts and officials It provides an overview of trends according to the following
trends are of significant concern
trends are of concern
trends are stable or progressing on certain issues but not on others
trends show some measure of improvement in all relevant indicators assessed
trends show significant improveshyment and there is no concern
insufficient data
Rapid Assessment
Accurate assessments of progress require relevant accurate and timely data The above data quality assessment ranges from
very poor very good
Investments Currently given that developments in the water sector are capital-intensive and that competing demands for limited public sector funds is a prevalent challenge the country experiences insufficient investment levels to meet the growing demand for water It is expected that the demand for water resources and the associated investment requirements will continue to grow over the years in parallel with increasing population and socioecoshynomic improvement The Philippine Development Plan 2011-2016 calls for additional infrastructure investments in water to be able to sufficiently provide the growing demand for water Encouraging private sector participation has been given priority to bridge the gap between the extensive capital investment reshyquirements needed to build and operate the required water resources-related infrastructure projects in the country
Pressures on water The Philippines is endowed with abundant water resources but they are under severe pressure from growing populations rapid urbanization and industrialization that increase the extraction and exploitation and competition with water needed for irrigated agriculture A large portion of the population is without adequate and sustained access to basic drinking water supply and especially basic sanitation Inadequate water and wastewater management infrastructure and policies often result in inefficiencies in water use and pollution of waters Degradation of the environment and the catchments in particular also impacts negatively on the availability of water resources Climate either increases the pressure on the resource during El Nintildeo or causes damage to properties and livelihood in the event of La Nintildea and extreme storms A major hindrance to the full adoption and implementation of IWRM in the country has been the institutional fragmentation in the sector
Overall
Data Quality
Data is available
Limited data on drinking water quality available
Insufficient information is available about industriesrsquo water use
Data is available
There is no data available as to the energy needs of supplying and treating water nor for the water needed to generate electricity Therefore no assessment could be undertaken
While there is a move to change to a river qualishyty-based monitoring it is still just a vision that will require considerable effort from many different agencies both from the private and public sectors
Lack of up-to-date harmonized and comprehenshysive data Such data is critical in implementing a coordinated water resources management among competing users among others
Assessments Irrigated agriculture The current level of investment in irrigation is trending upwards in recent years 40 percent of the irrigation potential is not equipped for irrigation
Drinking water supply and sanitation Some 8 percent of the population do not use an improved drinking water source and 26 percent do not use improved sanitation facilities There is considerable under-investment by the government in sanitation and sewerage indicating a low spending priority Estimates show that over a 10-year period the country will need to invest PhP 250 billion (current 2013 US$ 6 billion) in physical infrastructure
Water intensity in industry The value generated by industry per m3 of water has sharply decreased and industry is the third largest source of water pollution nationwide
Water-related disasters Gap between rising trends in the number and damage of water-related disasters and the current level of government investment
Water for energy energy for water Additional capacity from hydropower sources could be tapped in Mindanao after a careful consideration of all impacts to meet demand needs power which require substantial investments
Environment and ecosystem health Reduced streamflows decreased volumes of stored water in aquifers and artificial reservoirs and lower water quality issues Substantive gap to fill between wastewater produced and treated Current level of investment is of concern in this context Estimates show that over a 10-year period the country will need to invest PhP 250 billion (current 2013 US$ 5 000 million) in physical infrastructure
Tracking governance Fragmentation of water resource planning and management with over 40 government agencies involved in the sector Current expenditure on water resources policy administration and data alongside fragmented governance systems pose risks The government however is in the midst of creating a central coordinating agency
UN-Water Country Brief
Legend The rapid assessment of the situation above based on available data was established in conjunction with in-country experts and officials It provides an overview of trends according to the following
trends are of significant concern
trends are of concern
trends are stable or progressing on certain issues but not on others
trends show some measure of improvement in all relevant indicators assessed
trends show significant improve-ment and there is no concern
insufficient data
Rapid Assessmentyear
The Money StreamFrom 2002 to 2011 the government has expended US$ 47865 million (in constant 2010 US$) on average per year on water-related infrastructure and programmes
During this period close to half of the governments expenditure was channeled into agricultural water resources (485 percent) Spending priority was then allocated to river development (324 percent) and disaster prevention and preparedness and flood prevention and control (102 percent)
Official development assistance (ODA) gross disbursements amounted to US$ 8188 million on average per year channeling close to half of the disbursements into disaster prevention and preparedness and flood prevention and control (487 percent) Over the period 2002 to 2011 the Government of the Philippinesrsquo water-related investments accounted for an estimated 30 percent of total government expenditures
Accurate assessments of progress require relevant accurate and timely data The above data quality assessment ranges from
very poor very good
InvestmentsCurrently given that developments in the water sector are capital-intensive and that competing demands for limited public sector funds is a prevalent challenge the country experiences insufficient investment levels to meet the growing demand for water It is expected that the demand for water resources and the associated investment requirements will continue to grow over the years in parallel with increasing population and socioeco-nomic improvement The Philippine Development Plan 2011-2016 calls for additional infrastructure investments in water to be able to sufficiently provide the growing demand for water Encouraging private sector participation has been given priority to bridge the gap between the extensive capital investment re-quirements needed to build and operate the required water resources-related infrastructure projects in the country
Pressures on waterThe Philippines is endowed with abundant water resources but they are under severe pressure from growing populations rapid urbanization and industrialization that increase the extraction and exploitation and competition with water needed for irrigated agriculture A large portion of the population is without adequate and sustained access to basic drinking water supply and especially basic sanitation Inadequate water and wastewater management infrastructure and policies often result in inefficiencies in water use and pollution of waters Degradation of the environment and the catchments in particular also impacts negatively on the availability of water resources Climate either increases the pressure on the resource during El Nintildeo or causes damage to properties and livelihood in the event of La Nintildea and extreme storms A major hindrance to the full adoption and implementation of IWRM in the country has been the institutional fragmentation in the sector
Overall
30
9647 million inhabitants
300 000 km2
322 inhabitantskm2
0654114
0418
55
2 348 mmyear
479 000 million m3year
4 965 m3inhabitant
17
4
1 879 000 ha
60
5 sites
154 234 hectares
Total population (UN Population Division)
Total area
Population density
Human Development Index (UNDP)
(between 0 and 1 1 is highest)Country rank (total 186 countries 1 is highest)Gender Inequality Index (0 is equality between women and men 1 is least equality)
Water sanitation and hygiene-related deaths of total deaths (WHO)
Long-term average annual precipitation (CRU CL 20)
Long-term average actual renewable water resources (FAO AQUASTAT)
Actual annual renewable water resources per capita (FAO AQUASTAT)
of total actual renewable freshwater resources withdrawn (MDG Water Indicator) (FAO AQUASTAT)
Groundwater withdrawal as of total freshwater withdrawal (FAO AQUASTAT)
Total area equipped for irrigation (FAO AQUASTAT)
of irrigation potential equipped for irrigation(FAO AQUASTAT and AQUASTAT)
Ramsar sites (Ramsar) ndash number ndash total area
2012
2011
2012
2012
2004
2011
2011
2012
2009
2009
2006
2006
2013Data Quality
Data is available
Limited data on drinking water quality available
Insufficient information is available about industriesrsquo water use
Data is available
There is no data available as to the energy needs of supplying and treating water nor for the water needed to generate electricity Therefore no assessment could be undertaken
While there is a move to change to a river quali-ty-based monitoring it is still just a vision that will require considerable effort from many different agencies both from the private and public sectors
Lack of up-to-date harmonized and comprehen-sive data Such data is critical in implementing a coordinated water resources management among competing users among others
AssessmentsIrrigated agricultureThe current level of investment in irrigation is trending upwards in recent years 40 percent of the irrigation potential is not equipped for irrigation
Drinking water supply and sanitationSome 8 percent of the population do not use an improved drinking water source and 26 percent do not use improved sanitation facilities There is considerable under-investment by the government in sanitation and sewerage indicating a low spending priority Estimates show that over a 10-year period the country will need to invest PhP 250 billion (current 2013 US$ 6 billion) in physical infrastructure
Water intensity in industry The value generated by industry per m3 of water has sharply decreased and industry is the third largest source of water pollution nationwide
Water-related disasters Gap between rising trends in the number and damage of water-related disasters and the current level of government investment
Water for energy energy for water Additional capacity from hydropower sources could be tapped in Mindanao after a careful consideration of all impacts to meet demand needs power which require substantial investments
Environment and ecosystem healthReduced streamflows decreased volumes of stored water in aquifers and artificial reservoirs and lower water quality issues Substantive gap to fill between wastewater produced and treated Current level of investment is of concern in this context Estimates show that over a 10-year period the country will need to invest PhP 250 billion (current 2013 US$ 5 000 million) in physical infrastructure
Tracking governanceFragmentation of water resource planning and management with over 40 government agencies involved in the sector Current expenditure on water resources policy administration and data alongside fragmented governance systems pose risks The government however is in the midst of creating a central coordinating agency
Estimated of water-related government expenditure to total government expenditure 2002 - 2011o
ordmTotal government expenditure excludes ODA Water-related government expenditure includes some ODA but excludes investments in hydroelectric power plants which are funded primarily through private sector funds
Annual average official development assistance gross disbursements during the period 2002 ndash 2011(million constant 2010 US$)
Annual average government expenditure duringthe period 2002 - 2011
(million constant 2010 US$)
2320815552
489920511976
157022
32186
1588476
3990447282264226915
total annual average total annual average47865 8188
Municipal
Industrial
Water withdrawals by sector(total 81 819 million m3 in 2009)
76101
Cooling of thermoelectric plants03
820 Agricultural
Disaster prevention and prepared-nessflood protection and control
485325
10243410301
___100
19458
48755343228
112___100
Philippines
e e esSea
Government expenditure includes some Official Development Assistance (ODA) It has not been possible to separate funds from government sources and ODA as the General Appropriations Act the law setting the operating budget of the Philippines combines funds from the national governments and ODA
Hydroelectric power plants are primarily financed through private sector funds
Cg
ayan
Agusan
Pam
panga
Ag
no
Min
dan
ao
Pam
pang
a
Data Concerns Data is a vital input to water management and investshyment in water related infrastructure and projects Data for the Philippines is relatively good when comshypared to many developing nations However the lack of published economic data (eg infrastructure costs operating costs crop values etc) in the Philippines makes water-related investment decisions inherently more complex and investments more risky for investors
An assessment of priority data needs from the basis of national decision-makers and international investors (donors and loan capital) is prudent for countries to establish a forward-looking work programme of data management Modest investments in coordinated
Bashi Channel
data collection collation analysis and dissemination are vital to demonstrate the benefits of water-related investments to governments donors and ultimately private capital investors
It is to be noted that it is virtually impossible to find national-level gender-disaggregated data for almost all themes contained in the UN-Water Country Briefs
San Roque
Dagupan San Carlos
Pantabangan Upper
Pampanga Palayan
This project was implemented by the AQUASTAT Programme of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) on behalf of UN-Water with financial support from United States Department of State (USDS) Brief produced 13 June 2013
Additional information on the project data and methodologies can be accessed at
httpwwwunwaterorg WaterCountryBriefshtml CORDILLERA Tarlac
(Zamboanga Dipolog
Cabanatuan ADMINISTRATIVE Phlippine
Sea REGION Philippine
Angeles Sea REGION I Laoag San Fernando Angat Maasim Angat (Ilocos region)
a
Tuguegarao Ipo Malolos Vigan in
Ilocos Sur La Mesa Infanta Balanga Caloocan Manila Quezon Banawe
REGION II (Cagayan Valley)
Pasig Laguna Santa Cruz de
LUZON Terr aces Magat Magat Bay San Fernando South Trece Martires Ambukalo Calamba
China Lake Tagaytay Taal San Pablo
Sea REGION III
(Central Luzon)
Lipa Lucena Batangas DisclaimersREGION IV-A
(CALABARZON)
NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
REGION V Naga (Bicol Region)
Iriga Calapan Legaspi
Masbate REGION IV-B REGION VII (MIMAROPA)
REGION VI Roxas (Eastern Visayas) (Western Visayas) Tacloban
Cadiz Panay Ormoc Iloilo VISAYAS
Bago Cebu Maasin Negros REGION VII REGION X Puerto Princesa (Central Visayas) Surigao
Bais Tagbilaran (Northern Mindanao)
Dumaguete Butuan
REGION IX Cagayande Oro MINDANAO
bull The most recent and updated information can be found in the original databases cited throughout
bull The rapid assessment methodology presented here is an advocacy tool designed to generate debate and attention to the issues and is develshyoped in conjunction with national government focal points
bull Data presented herein stems either from existing databases or was collected from national reports experts and institutions and in some cases raw data underwent various manipulations to categorize the information for this presentation
bull Due to data limitations the investment-related Agus V Oroquieta Sulu Peninsula) Agus IVAgus I IIlligan estimates may not include water-related invest-Sea Palangui IV REGION XIII
AUTONOMOUS REGION Tagum (Caraga) ments that are counted under other categories IN MUSLIM MINDANAO Cotabato Davao of investments and some investment categories
Digos Zamboanga (ie disaster prevention and preparedness) Koronadal
General may include some investments that are not REGION XII Jolo Santos REGION XI (SOCCSKSARGEN) directly water-related Moreover water being a (Davao Region)
C l b
Legend
International Boundary River Administrative Boundary Lake
Capital Regional Capital Town Dam
Zone of Irrigation Development Irrigation Scheme
0 50 100 200 300 km
Albers Equal Area Projection WGS 1984
PHILIPPINES FAO - AQUASTAT 2011
Disclaimer The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country territory city or area or of its authoritiesor concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries
crosscutting issue investments in other parts of the government (not calculated here) may also benefit water management
bull The words investments invested funded for ODA refer to gross disbursements of ODA according to the OECD definitions The words investments invested funded for government refer to government expenditure (2002 - 2011) and budget (2012) In the Philippines it has not been possible to separate funds from government sources and ODA therefore government investments include some ODA
bull The benefit-cost analysis on expansion of irrigation is based on very limited data and any decisions should be based on detailed cost-benefit analysis that incorporates all relevant local data
UN-Water Country Brief
year
The Money StreamFrom 2002 to 2011 the government has expended US$ 47865 million (in constant 2010 US$) on average peryear on water-related infrastructure and programmes
During this period close to half of the governments expenditure was channeled into agricultural waterresources (485 percent) Spending priority was then allocated to river development (324 percent) anddisaster prevention and preparedness and flood prevention and control (102 percent)
Official development assistance (ODA) gross disbursements amounted to US$ 8188 million on average peryear channeling close to half of the disbursements into disaster prevention and preparedness and floodprevention and control (487 percent) Over the period 2002 to 2011 the Government of the Philippinesrsquowater-related investments accounted for an estimated 30 percent of total government expenditures
30
9647 million inhabitants
300 000 km2
322 inhabitantskm2
0654114
0418
55
2 348 mmyear
479 000 million m3year
4 965 m3inhabitant
17
4
1 879 000 ha
60
5 sites
154 234 hectares
Total population (UN Population Division)
Total area
Population density
Human Development Index (UNDP)
(between 0 and 1 1 is highest)Country rank (total 186 countries 1 is highest)Gender Inequality Index (0 is equality between women and men 1 is least equality)
Water sanitation and hygiene-related deaths of total deaths (WHO)
Long-term average annual precipitation (CRU CL 20)
Long-term average actual renewable water resources (FAO AQUASTAT)
Actual annual renewable water resources per capita (FAO AQUASTAT)
of total actual renewable freshwater resources withdrawn (MDG Water Indicator) (FAO AQUASTAT)
Groundwater withdrawal as of total freshwater withdrawal (FAO AQUASTAT)
Total area equipped for irrigation (FAO AQUASTAT)
of irrigation potential equipped for irrigation(FAO AQUASTAT and AQUASTAT)
Ramsar sites (Ramsar) ndash number ndash total area
2012
2011
2012
2012
2004
2011
2011
2012
2009
2009
2006
2006
2013
Estimated of water-related government expenditure to total government expenditure 2002 - 2011o
ordmTotal government expenditure excludes ODA Water-related government expenditure includes some ODA but excludes investments in hydroelectric power plants which are funded primarily through private sector funds
Annual average official development assistance gross disbursements during the period 2002 ndash 2011(million constant 2010 US$)
Annual average government expenditure duringthe period 2002 - 2011
(million constant 2010 US$)
2320815552
489920511976
157022
32186
1588476
3990447282264226915
total annual average total annual average47865 8188
Municipal
Industrial
Water withdrawals by sector(total 81 819 million m3 in 2009)
76101
Cooling of thermoelectric plants03
820 Agricultural
Disaster prevention and prepared-nessflood protection and control
485325
10243410301
___100
19458
48755343228
112___100
Data ConcernsData is a vital input to water management and invest-ment in water related infrastructure and projectsData for the Philippines is relatively good when com-pared to many developing nations However the lack of published economic data (eg infrastructure costsoperating costs crop values etc) in the Philippinesmakes water-related investment decisions inherentlymore complex and investments more risky for investors
An assessment of priority data needs from the basis of national decision-makers and international investors(donors and loan capital) is prudent for countries toestablish a forward-looking work programme of datamanagement Modest investments in coordinated
Disclaimersbull The most recent and updated information can be found in the original databases cited throughout
bull The rapid assessment methodology presentedhere is an advocacy tool designed to generatedebate and attention to the issues and is devel-oped in conjunction with national governmentfocal points
bull Data presented herein stems either from existing databases or was collected from national reports experts and institutions and in some cases raw data underwent various manipulations to categorize the information for this presentation
bull Due to data limitations the investment-relatedestimates may not include water-related invest-ments that are counted under other categoriesof investments and some investment categories(ie disaster prevention and preparedness)may include some investments that are not directly water-related Moreover water being acrosscutting issue investments in other parts ofthe government (not calculated here) may also benefit water management
bull The words investments invested funded for ODA refer to gross disbursements of ODAaccording to the OECD definitions The wordsinvestments invested funded for governmentrefer to government expenditure (2002 - 2011)and budget (2012) In the Philippines it has notbeen possible to separate funds from governmentsources and ODA therefore governmentinvestments include some ODA
bull The benefit-cost analysis on expansion of irrigation is based on very limited data and any decisions should be based on detailed cost-benefit analysis that incorporates all relevant local data
data collection collation analysis and disseminationare vital to demonstrate the benefits of water-relatedinvestments to governments donors and ultimatelyprivate capital investors
It is to be noted that it is virtually impossible to find national-level gender-disaggregated data for almost allthemes contained in the UN-Water Country Briefs
This project was implemented by the AQUASTAT Programme of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) on behalf of UN-Water with financial support from United States Department of State (USDS) Brief produced 13 June 2013
Additional information on the project data and methodologies can be accessed at
httpwwwunwaterorgWaterCountryBriefshtml
Philippines
REGION I(Ilocos region)
REGION II(Cagayan Valley)
CORDILLERAADMINISTRATIVE
REGION
REGION III(Central Luzon) REGION IV-A
(CALABARZON)
NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
REGION IV-B(MIMAROPA)
REGION V(Bicol Region)
REGION VII(Central Visayas)
REGION VI(Western Visayas)
REGION VII(Eastern Visayas)
REGION IX(ZamboangaPeninsula)
REGION X(Northern Mindanao)
REGION XI(Davao Region)
REGION XII(SOCCSKSARGEN)
REGION XIII(Caraga)AUTONOMOUS REGION
IN MUSLIM MINDANAO
SouthChina
Sea
PhilippineSea
SuluSea
CelebesSea
LUZON
VISAYAS
MINDANAO
GeneralSantos
Calapan
Vigan inIlocos Sur
Ca
ga
yan
Agusan
Pam
panga
Ag
no
Panay
Magat
Ambukalo
Palangui IVAgus II
Agus IVAgus V
Magat
Laoag
Tuguegarao
San Fernando
Zamboanga
Jolo
Cotabato
KoronadalDigos
DavaoTagum
DipologOroquieta
Surigao
ButuanCagayande Oro
Illigan
Iloilo
Roxas
NegrosBago
Cadiz
BaisDumaguete
Tagbilaran
Cebu
TaclobanOrmoc
Maasin
Puerto Princesa
NagaIriga
Legaspi
Masbate
Bashi Channel
BanaweTerraces
Min
dan
ao
0 100 200 30050 km
Albers Equal Area Projection WGS 1984
Legend
Lake
Dam
River
Capital Regional Capital Town
Zone of Irrigation Development
International Boundary
Administrative Boundary
The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of theFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country territory city or area or of its authorities
or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries
Disclaimer
FAO - AQUASTAT 2011PHILIPPINES
Irrigation Scheme
ManilaSanta Cruz
Calamba
Lucena
Infanta
BatangasLipa
San PabloTagaytay
Trece Martires
PasigQuezonCaloocanBalanga La Mesa
Angat
Pantabangan
Angat Maasim
Malolos
San FernandoAngeles
Tarlac CabanatuanPalayan
San CarlosDagupan
San Roque
UpperPampanga
PhlippineSea
Ipo
Lagunade
Bay
LakeTaal
Pam
pang
a
Government expenditure includes some Official Development Assistance (ODA) It has not been possible to separate funds from government sources and ODA as the General Appropriations Act the law setting the operating budget of the Philippines combines funds from the national governments and ODA
Hydroelectric power plants are primarily financed through private sector funds
Legend The rapid assessment of the situation above based on available data was established in conjunction with in-country experts and officials It provides an overview of trends according to the following
trends are of significant concern
trends are of concern
trends are stable or progressing on certain issues but not on others
trends show some measure of improvement in all relevant indicators assessed
trends show significant improveshyment and there is no concern
insufficient data
Rapid Assessment
Accurate assessments of progress require relevant accurate and timely data The above data quality assessment ranges from
very poor very good
Investments Currently given that developments in the water sector are capital-intensive and that competing demands for limited public sector funds is a prevalent challenge the country experiences insufficient investment levels to meet the growing demand for water It is expected that the demand for water resources and the associated investment requirements will continue to grow over the years in parallel with increasing population and socioecoshynomic improvement The Philippine Development Plan 2011-2016 calls for additional infrastructure investments in water to be able to sufficiently provide the growing demand for water Encouraging private sector participation has been given priority to bridge the gap between the extensive capital investment reshyquirements needed to build and operate the required water resources-related infrastructure projects in the country
Pressures on water The Philippines is endowed with abundant water resources but they are under severe pressure from growing populations rapid urbanization and industrialization that increase the extraction and exploitation and competition with water needed for irrigated agriculture A large portion of the population is without adequate and sustained access to basic drinking water supply and especially basic sanitation Inadequate water and wastewater management infrastructure and policies often result in inefficiencies in water use and pollution of waters Degradation of the environment and the catchments in particular also impacts negatively on the availability of water resources Climate either increases the pressure on the resource during El Nintildeo or causes damage to properties and livelihood in the event of La Nintildea and extreme storms A major hindrance to the full adoption and implementation of IWRM in the country has been the institutional fragmentation in the sector
Overall
Data Quality
Data is available
Limited data on drinking water quality available
Insufficient information is available about industriesrsquo water use
Data is available
There is no data available as to the energy needs of supplying and treating water nor for the water needed to generate electricity Therefore no assessment could be undertaken
While there is a move to change to a river qualishyty-based monitoring it is still just a vision that will require considerable effort from many different agencies both from the private and public sectors
Lack of up-to-date harmonized and comprehenshysive data Such data is critical in implementing a coordinated water resources management among competing users among others
Assessments Irrigated agriculture The current level of investment in irrigation is trending upwards in recent years 40 percent of the irrigation potential is not equipped for irrigation
Drinking water supply and sanitation Some 8 percent of the population do not use an improved drinking water source and 26 percent do not use improved sanitation facilities There is considerable under-investment by the government in sanitation and sewerage indicating a low spending priority Estimates show that over a 10-year period the country will need to invest PhP 250 billion (current 2013 US$ 6 billion) in physical infrastructure
Water intensity in industry The value generated by industry per m3 of water has sharply decreased and industry is the third largest source of water pollution nationwide
Water-related disasters Gap between rising trends in the number and damage of water-related disasters and the current level of government investment
Water for energy energy for water Additional capacity from hydropower sources could be tapped in Mindanao after a careful consideration of all impacts to meet demand needs power which require substantial investments
Environment and ecosystem health Reduced streamflows decreased volumes of stored water in aquifers and artificial reservoirs and lower water quality issues Substantive gap to fill between wastewater produced and treated Current level of investment is of concern in this context Estimates show that over a 10-year period the country will need to invest PhP 250 billion (current 2013 US$ 5 000 million) in physical infrastructure
Tracking governance Fragmentation of water resource planning and management with over 40 government agencies involved in the sector Current expenditure on water resources policy administration and data alongside fragmented governance systems pose risks The government however is in the midst of creating a central coordinating agency
UN-Water Country Brief
Legend The rapid assessment of the situation above based on available data was established in conjunction with in-country experts and officials It provides an overview of trends according to the following
trends are of significant concern
trends are of concern
trends are stable or progressing on certain issues but not on others
trends show some measure of improvement in all relevant indicators assessed
trends show significant improve-ment and there is no concern
insufficient data
Rapid Assessmentyear
The Money StreamFrom 2002 to 2011 the government has expended US$ 47865 million (in constant 2010 US$) on average per year on water-related infrastructure and programmes
During this period close to half of the governments expenditure was channeled into agricultural water resources (485 percent) Spending priority was then allocated to river development (324 percent) and disaster prevention and preparedness and flood prevention and control (102 percent)
Official development assistance (ODA) gross disbursements amounted to US$ 8188 million on average per year channeling close to half of the disbursements into disaster prevention and preparedness and flood prevention and control (487 percent) Over the period 2002 to 2011 the Government of the Philippinesrsquo water-related investments accounted for an estimated 30 percent of total government expenditures
Accurate assessments of progress require relevant accurate and timely data The above data quality assessment ranges from
very poor very good
InvestmentsCurrently given that developments in the water sector are capital-intensive and that competing demands for limited public sector funds is a prevalent challenge the country experiences insufficient investment levels to meet the growing demand for water It is expected that the demand for water resources and the associated investment requirements will continue to grow over the years in parallel with increasing population and socioeco-nomic improvement The Philippine Development Plan 2011-2016 calls for additional infrastructure investments in water to be able to sufficiently provide the growing demand for water Encouraging private sector participation has been given priority to bridge the gap between the extensive capital investment re-quirements needed to build and operate the required water resources-related infrastructure projects in the country
Pressures on waterThe Philippines is endowed with abundant water resources but they are under severe pressure from growing populations rapid urbanization and industrialization that increase the extraction and exploitation and competition with water needed for irrigated agriculture A large portion of the population is without adequate and sustained access to basic drinking water supply and especially basic sanitation Inadequate water and wastewater management infrastructure and policies often result in inefficiencies in water use and pollution of waters Degradation of the environment and the catchments in particular also impacts negatively on the availability of water resources Climate either increases the pressure on the resource during El Nintildeo or causes damage to properties and livelihood in the event of La Nintildea and extreme storms A major hindrance to the full adoption and implementation of IWRM in the country has been the institutional fragmentation in the sector
Overall
30
9647 million inhabitants
300 000 km2
322 inhabitantskm2
0654114
0418
55
2 348 mmyear
479 000 million m3year
4 965 m3inhabitant
17
4
1 879 000 ha
60
5 sites
154 234 hectares
Total population (UN Population Division)
Total area
Population density
Human Development Index (UNDP)
(between 0 and 1 1 is highest)Country rank (total 186 countries 1 is highest)Gender Inequality Index (0 is equality between women and men 1 is least equality)
Water sanitation and hygiene-related deaths of total deaths (WHO)
Long-term average annual precipitation (CRU CL 20)
Long-term average actual renewable water resources (FAO AQUASTAT)
Actual annual renewable water resources per capita (FAO AQUASTAT)
of total actual renewable freshwater resources withdrawn (MDG Water Indicator) (FAO AQUASTAT)
Groundwater withdrawal as of total freshwater withdrawal (FAO AQUASTAT)
Total area equipped for irrigation (FAO AQUASTAT)
of irrigation potential equipped for irrigation(FAO AQUASTAT and AQUASTAT)
Ramsar sites (Ramsar) ndash number ndash total area
2012
2011
2012
2012
2004
2011
2011
2012
2009
2009
2006
2006
2013Data Quality
Data is available
Limited data on drinking water quality available
Insufficient information is available about industriesrsquo water use
Data is available
There is no data available as to the energy needs of supplying and treating water nor for the water needed to generate electricity Therefore no assessment could be undertaken
While there is a move to change to a river quali-ty-based monitoring it is still just a vision that will require considerable effort from many different agencies both from the private and public sectors
Lack of up-to-date harmonized and comprehen-sive data Such data is critical in implementing a coordinated water resources management among competing users among others
AssessmentsIrrigated agricultureThe current level of investment in irrigation is trending upwards in recent years 40 percent of the irrigation potential is not equipped for irrigation
Drinking water supply and sanitationSome 8 percent of the population do not use an improved drinking water source and 26 percent do not use improved sanitation facilities There is considerable under-investment by the government in sanitation and sewerage indicating a low spending priority Estimates show that over a 10-year period the country will need to invest PhP 250 billion (current 2013 US$ 6 billion) in physical infrastructure
Water intensity in industry The value generated by industry per m3 of water has sharply decreased and industry is the third largest source of water pollution nationwide
Water-related disasters Gap between rising trends in the number and damage of water-related disasters and the current level of government investment
Water for energy energy for water Additional capacity from hydropower sources could be tapped in Mindanao after a careful consideration of all impacts to meet demand needs power which require substantial investments
Environment and ecosystem healthReduced streamflows decreased volumes of stored water in aquifers and artificial reservoirs and lower water quality issues Substantive gap to fill between wastewater produced and treated Current level of investment is of concern in this context Estimates show that over a 10-year period the country will need to invest PhP 250 billion (current 2013 US$ 5 000 million) in physical infrastructure
Tracking governanceFragmentation of water resource planning and management with over 40 government agencies involved in the sector Current expenditure on water resources policy administration and data alongside fragmented governance systems pose risks The government however is in the midst of creating a central coordinating agency
Estimated of water-related government expenditure to total government expenditure 2002 - 2011o
ordmTotal government expenditure excludes ODA Water-related government expenditure includes some ODA but excludes investments in hydroelectric power plants which are funded primarily through private sector funds
Annual average official development assistance gross disbursements during the period 2002 ndash 2011(million constant 2010 US$)
Annual average government expenditure duringthe period 2002 - 2011
(million constant 2010 US$)
2320815552
489920511976
157022
32186
1588476
3990447282264226915
total annual average total annual average47865 8188
Municipal
Industrial
Water withdrawals by sector(total 81 819 million m3 in 2009)
76101
Cooling of thermoelectric plants03
820 Agricultural
Disaster prevention and prepared-nessflood protection and control
485325
10243410301
___100
19458
48755343228
112___100
Philippines
e e esSea
Government expenditure includes some Official Development Assistance (ODA) It has not been possible to separate funds from government sources and ODA as the General Appropriations Act the law setting the operating budget of the Philippines combines funds from the national governments and ODA
Hydroelectric power plants are primarily financed through private sector funds
Cg
ayan
Agusan
Pam
panga
Ag
no
Min
dan
ao
Pam
pang
a
Data Concerns Data is a vital input to water management and investshyment in water related infrastructure and projects Data for the Philippines is relatively good when comshypared to many developing nations However the lack of published economic data (eg infrastructure costs operating costs crop values etc) in the Philippines makes water-related investment decisions inherently more complex and investments more risky for investors
An assessment of priority data needs from the basis of national decision-makers and international investors (donors and loan capital) is prudent for countries to establish a forward-looking work programme of data management Modest investments in coordinated
Bashi Channel
data collection collation analysis and dissemination are vital to demonstrate the benefits of water-related investments to governments donors and ultimately private capital investors
It is to be noted that it is virtually impossible to find national-level gender-disaggregated data for almost all themes contained in the UN-Water Country Briefs
San Roque
Dagupan San Carlos
Pantabangan Upper
Pampanga Palayan
This project was implemented by the AQUASTAT Programme of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) on behalf of UN-Water with financial support from United States Department of State (USDS) Brief produced 13 June 2013
Additional information on the project data and methodologies can be accessed at
httpwwwunwaterorg WaterCountryBriefshtml CORDILLERA Tarlac
(Zamboanga Dipolog
Cabanatuan ADMINISTRATIVE Phlippine
Sea REGION Philippine
Angeles Sea REGION I Laoag San Fernando Angat Maasim Angat (Ilocos region)
a
Tuguegarao Ipo Malolos Vigan in
Ilocos Sur La Mesa Infanta Balanga Caloocan Manila Quezon Banawe
REGION II (Cagayan Valley)
Pasig Laguna Santa Cruz de
LUZON Terr aces Magat Magat Bay San Fernando South Trece Martires Ambukalo Calamba
China Lake Tagaytay Taal San Pablo
Sea REGION III
(Central Luzon)
Lipa Lucena Batangas DisclaimersREGION IV-A
(CALABARZON)
NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
REGION V Naga (Bicol Region)
Iriga Calapan Legaspi
Masbate REGION IV-B REGION VII (MIMAROPA)
REGION VI Roxas (Eastern Visayas) (Western Visayas) Tacloban
Cadiz Panay Ormoc Iloilo VISAYAS
Bago Cebu Maasin Negros REGION VII REGION X Puerto Princesa (Central Visayas) Surigao
Bais Tagbilaran (Northern Mindanao)
Dumaguete Butuan
REGION IX Cagayande Oro MINDANAO
bull The most recent and updated information can be found in the original databases cited throughout
bull The rapid assessment methodology presented here is an advocacy tool designed to generate debate and attention to the issues and is develshyoped in conjunction with national government focal points
bull Data presented herein stems either from existing databases or was collected from national reports experts and institutions and in some cases raw data underwent various manipulations to categorize the information for this presentation
bull Due to data limitations the investment-related Agus V Oroquieta Sulu Peninsula) Agus IVAgus I IIlligan estimates may not include water-related invest-Sea Palangui IV REGION XIII
AUTONOMOUS REGION Tagum (Caraga) ments that are counted under other categories IN MUSLIM MINDANAO Cotabato Davao of investments and some investment categories
Digos Zamboanga (ie disaster prevention and preparedness) Koronadal
General may include some investments that are not REGION XII Jolo Santos REGION XI (SOCCSKSARGEN) directly water-related Moreover water being a (Davao Region)
C l b
Legend
International Boundary River Administrative Boundary Lake
Capital Regional Capital Town Dam
Zone of Irrigation Development Irrigation Scheme
0 50 100 200 300 km
Albers Equal Area Projection WGS 1984
PHILIPPINES FAO - AQUASTAT 2011
Disclaimer The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country territory city or area or of its authoritiesor concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries
crosscutting issue investments in other parts of the government (not calculated here) may also benefit water management
bull The words investments invested funded for ODA refer to gross disbursements of ODA according to the OECD definitions The words investments invested funded for government refer to government expenditure (2002 - 2011) and budget (2012) In the Philippines it has not been possible to separate funds from government sources and ODA therefore government investments include some ODA
bull The benefit-cost analysis on expansion of irrigation is based on very limited data and any decisions should be based on detailed cost-benefit analysis that incorporates all relevant local data
UN-Water Country Brief
Legend The rapid assessment of the situation above based on available data was established in conjunction with in-country experts and officials It provides an overview of trends according to the following
trends are of significant concern
trends are of concern
trends are stable or progressing on certain issues but not on others
trends show some measure of improvement in all relevant indicators assessed
trends show significant improve-ment and there is no concern
insufficient data
Rapid Assessmentyear
The Money StreamFrom 2002 to 2011 the government has expended US$ 47865 million (in constant 2010 US$) on average per year on water-related infrastructure and programmes
During this period close to half of the governments expenditure was channeled into agricultural water resources (485 percent) Spending priority was then allocated to river development (324 percent) and disaster prevention and preparedness and flood prevention and control (102 percent)
Official development assistance (ODA) gross disbursements amounted to US$ 8188 million on average per year channeling close to half of the disbursements into disaster prevention and preparedness and flood prevention and control (487 percent) Over the period 2002 to 2011 the Government of the Philippinesrsquo water-related investments accounted for an estimated 30 percent of total government expenditures
Accurate assessments of progress require relevant accurate and timely data The above data quality assessment ranges from
very poor very good
InvestmentsCurrently given that developments in the water sector are capital-intensive and that competing demands for limited public sector funds is a prevalent challenge the country experiences insufficient investment levels to meet the growing demand for water It is expected that the demand for water resources and the associated investment requirements will continue to grow over the years in parallel with increasing population and socioeco-nomic improvement The Philippine Development Plan 2011-2016 calls for additional infrastructure investments in water to be able to sufficiently provide the growing demand for water Encouraging private sector participation has been given priority to bridge the gap between the extensive capital investment re-quirements needed to build and operate the required water resources-related infrastructure projects in the country
Pressures on waterThe Philippines is endowed with abundant water resources but they are under severe pressure from growing populations rapid urbanization and industrialization that increase the extraction and exploitation and competition with water needed for irrigated agriculture A large portion of the population is without adequate and sustained access to basic drinking water supply and especially basic sanitation Inadequate water and wastewater management infrastructure and policies often result in inefficiencies in water use and pollution of waters Degradation of the environment and the catchments in particular also impacts negatively on the availability of water resources Climate either increases the pressure on the resource during El Nintildeo or causes damage to properties and livelihood in the event of La Nintildea and extreme storms A major hindrance to the full adoption and implementation of IWRM in the country has been the institutional fragmentation in the sector
Overall
30
9647 million inhabitants
300 000 km2
322 inhabitantskm2
0654114
0418
55
2 348 mmyear
479 000 million m3year
4 965 m3inhabitant
17
4
1 879 000 ha
60
5 sites
154 234 hectares
Total population (UN Population Division)
Total area
Population density
Human Development Index (UNDP)
(between 0 and 1 1 is highest)Country rank (total 186 countries 1 is highest)Gender Inequality Index (0 is equality between women and men 1 is least equality)
Water sanitation and hygiene-related deaths of total deaths (WHO)
Long-term average annual precipitation (CRU CL 20)
Long-term average actual renewable water resources (FAO AQUASTAT)
Actual annual renewable water resources per capita (FAO AQUASTAT)
of total actual renewable freshwater resources withdrawn (MDG Water Indicator) (FAO AQUASTAT)
Groundwater withdrawal as of total freshwater withdrawal (FAO AQUASTAT)
Total area equipped for irrigation (FAO AQUASTAT)
of irrigation potential equipped for irrigation(FAO AQUASTAT and AQUASTAT)
Ramsar sites (Ramsar) ndash number ndash total area
2012
2011
2012
2012
2004
2011
2011
2012
2009
2009
2006
2006
2013Data Quality
Data is available
Limited data on drinking water quality available
Insufficient information is available about industriesrsquo water use
Data is available
There is no data available as to the energy needs of supplying and treating water nor for the water needed to generate electricity Therefore no assessment could be undertaken
While there is a move to change to a river quali-ty-based monitoring it is still just a vision that will require considerable effort from many different agencies both from the private and public sectors
Lack of up-to-date harmonized and comprehen-sive data Such data is critical in implementing a coordinated water resources management among competing users among others
AssessmentsIrrigated agricultureThe current level of investment in irrigation is trending upwards in recent years 40 percent of the irrigation potential is not equipped for irrigation
Drinking water supply and sanitationSome 8 percent of the population do not use an improved drinking water source and 26 percent do not use improved sanitation facilities There is considerable under-investment by the government in sanitation and sewerage indicating a low spending priority Estimates show that over a 10-year period the country will need to invest PhP 250 billion (current 2013 US$ 6 billion) in physical infrastructure
Water intensity in industry The value generated by industry per m3 of water has sharply decreased and industry is the third largest source of water pollution nationwide
Water-related disasters Gap between rising trends in the number and damage of water-related disasters and the current level of government investment
Water for energy energy for water Additional capacity from hydropower sources could be tapped in Mindanao after a careful consideration of all impacts to meet demand needs power which require substantial investments
Environment and ecosystem healthReduced streamflows decreased volumes of stored water in aquifers and artificial reservoirs and lower water quality issues Substantive gap to fill between wastewater produced and treated Current level of investment is of concern in this context Estimates show that over a 10-year period the country will need to invest PhP 250 billion (current 2013 US$ 5 000 million) in physical infrastructure
Tracking governanceFragmentation of water resource planning and management with over 40 government agencies involved in the sector Current expenditure on water resources policy administration and data alongside fragmented governance systems pose risks The government however is in the midst of creating a central coordinating agency
Estimated of water-related government expenditure to total government expenditure 2002 - 2011o
ordmTotal government expenditure excludes ODA Water-related government expenditure includes some ODA but excludes investments in hydroelectric power plants which are funded primarily through private sector funds
Annual average official development assistance gross disbursements during the period 2002 ndash 2011(million constant 2010 US$)
Annual average government expenditure duringthe period 2002 - 2011
(million constant 2010 US$)
2320815552
489920511976
157022
32186
1588476
3990447282264226915
total annual average total annual average47865 8188
Municipal
Industrial
Water withdrawals by sector(total 81 819 million m3 in 2009)
76101
Cooling of thermoelectric plants03
820 Agricultural
Disaster prevention and prepared-nessflood protection and control
485325
10243410301
___100
19458
48755343228
112___100
Philippines
e e esSea
Government expenditure includes some Official Development Assistance (ODA) It has not been possible to separate funds from government sources and ODA as the General Appropriations Act the law setting the operating budget of the Philippines combines funds from the national governments and ODA
Hydroelectric power plants are primarily financed through private sector funds
Cg
ayan
Agusan
Pam
panga
Ag
no
Min
dan
ao
Pam
pang
a
Data Concerns Data is a vital input to water management and investshyment in water related infrastructure and projects Data for the Philippines is relatively good when comshypared to many developing nations However the lack of published economic data (eg infrastructure costs operating costs crop values etc) in the Philippines makes water-related investment decisions inherently more complex and investments more risky for investors
An assessment of priority data needs from the basis of national decision-makers and international investors (donors and loan capital) is prudent for countries to establish a forward-looking work programme of data management Modest investments in coordinated
Bashi Channel
data collection collation analysis and dissemination are vital to demonstrate the benefits of water-related investments to governments donors and ultimately private capital investors
It is to be noted that it is virtually impossible to find national-level gender-disaggregated data for almost all themes contained in the UN-Water Country Briefs
San Roque
Dagupan San Carlos
Pantabangan Upper
Pampanga Palayan
This project was implemented by the AQUASTAT Programme of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) on behalf of UN-Water with financial support from United States Department of State (USDS) Brief produced 13 June 2013
Additional information on the project data and methodologies can be accessed at
httpwwwunwaterorg WaterCountryBriefshtml CORDILLERA Tarlac
(Zamboanga Dipolog
Cabanatuan ADMINISTRATIVE Phlippine
Sea REGION Philippine
Angeles Sea REGION I Laoag San Fernando Angat Maasim Angat (Ilocos region)
a
Tuguegarao Ipo Malolos Vigan in
Ilocos Sur La Mesa Infanta Balanga Caloocan Manila Quezon Banawe
REGION II (Cagayan Valley)
Pasig Laguna Santa Cruz de
LUZON Terr aces Magat Magat Bay San Fernando South Trece Martires Ambukalo Calamba
China Lake Tagaytay Taal San Pablo
Sea REGION III
(Central Luzon)
Lipa Lucena Batangas DisclaimersREGION IV-A
(CALABARZON)
NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
REGION V Naga (Bicol Region)
Iriga Calapan Legaspi
Masbate REGION IV-B REGION VII (MIMAROPA)
REGION VI Roxas (Eastern Visayas) (Western Visayas) Tacloban
Cadiz Panay Ormoc Iloilo VISAYAS
Bago Cebu Maasin Negros REGION VII REGION X Puerto Princesa (Central Visayas) Surigao
Bais Tagbilaran (Northern Mindanao)
Dumaguete Butuan
REGION IX Cagayande Oro MINDANAO
bull The most recent and updated information can be found in the original databases cited throughout
bull The rapid assessment methodology presented here is an advocacy tool designed to generate debate and attention to the issues and is develshyoped in conjunction with national government focal points
bull Data presented herein stems either from existing databases or was collected from national reports experts and institutions and in some cases raw data underwent various manipulations to categorize the information for this presentation
bull Due to data limitations the investment-related Agus V Oroquieta Sulu Peninsula) Agus IVAgus I IIlligan estimates may not include water-related invest-Sea Palangui IV REGION XIII
AUTONOMOUS REGION Tagum (Caraga) ments that are counted under other categories IN MUSLIM MINDANAO Cotabato Davao of investments and some investment categories
Digos Zamboanga (ie disaster prevention and preparedness) Koronadal
General may include some investments that are not REGION XII Jolo Santos REGION XI (SOCCSKSARGEN) directly water-related Moreover water being a (Davao Region)
C l b
Legend
International Boundary River Administrative Boundary Lake
Capital Regional Capital Town Dam
Zone of Irrigation Development Irrigation Scheme
0 50 100 200 300 km
Albers Equal Area Projection WGS 1984
PHILIPPINES FAO - AQUASTAT 2011
Disclaimer The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country territory city or area or of its authoritiesor concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries
crosscutting issue investments in other parts of the government (not calculated here) may also benefit water management
bull The words investments invested funded for ODA refer to gross disbursements of ODA according to the OECD definitions The words investments invested funded for government refer to government expenditure (2002 - 2011) and budget (2012) In the Philippines it has not been possible to separate funds from government sources and ODA therefore government investments include some ODA
bull The benefit-cost analysis on expansion of irrigation is based on very limited data and any decisions should be based on detailed cost-benefit analysis that incorporates all relevant local data