Umts Tests Contents

8/12/2019 Umts Tests Contents

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CONTENTS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I CODE MULTIPLEXING IN MOBILE RADIO 13

1 The mobile radio marketplace 13

1.1 The historical development of mobile communications 13

1.1.1 The pre-cellular age 13

1.1.2 The first generation of cellular networks 14

1.1.3 The second generation of cellular systems 16

1.1.4 Generation 2.5 17

1.2 The IMT2000 project 18

1.2.1 Objectives of IMT2000 18

1.2.2 Quality of service (QoS) 20

1.2.3 The IMT2000 competition 21

1.2.4 The Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) 23

2 Multiplexing techniques 25

2.1 Access to the radio transmission medium 25

2.2 Multiple access 26

2.2.1 Frequency division multiple access (FDMA) 272.2.2 Time division multiple access (TDMA) 28

2.2.3 Code division multiple access (CDMA) 30

2.3 Channel definition 32

3 Spread spectrum technology 33

3.1 The maximum channel capacity according to

Shannon-Hartley 33

3.2 Signal spreading 35

3.2.1 Signal processing 35

3.2.2 An example of spreading 37

3.2.3 An example of despreading 38

3.2.4 The basic principle of code multiplexing 39


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3.3 Characteristics of spread spectrum signals 40

3.3.1 The chip rate 40

3.3.2 The spreading factor 403.3.3 The processing gain 40

3.3.4 CDMA transceivers 42

3.4 Alternative spread-spectrum techniques 43

3.5 The complete spreading process 44

3.5.1 Channelization 44

3.5.2 Scrambling 45

4 Orthogonal codes 46

4.1 The basic principle of orthogonality 46

4.1.1 Orthogonal vectors 46

4.1.2 Non-orthogonal vectors 48

4.1.3 Multidimensional vectors 49

4.2 Generation of orthogonal codes 50

4.2.1 HADAMARD codes 50

4.2.2 Orthogonal variable spreading factors (OVSFs) 51

4.2.3 Mutual blocking of the OVSFs 52

5 Correlation 54

5.1 Coincidence or similarity? 55

5.1.1 Comparison of bit sequences 55

5.1.2 Similarity properties of sequences 56

5.2 The autocorrelation function (ACF) 57

5.3 The crosscorrelation function (CCF) 59

5.4 Correlation characteristics of the OVSFs in UMTS 60

5.5 The correlator as a CDMA receiver 61

5.5.1 Matched filters 62

5.5.2 The correlation receiver 63

5.5.3 Despreading with a correlation receiver 64


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5.5.4 The RAKE receiver 64

6 Scrambling 65

6.1 Reasons for scrambling 65

6.2 Generation of PN sequences 67

6.2.1 Definition of pseudo noise 67

6.2.2 Basic application of scrambling codes 67

6.2.3 Shift registers as a source of PN sequences 68

6.2.4 The m-sequences 69

6.2.5 Autocorrelation of PN sequences 71

6.2.6 Crosscorrelation between two m-sequences 74

6.2.7 Gold codes 76

6.2.8 Consequences for the use of scrambling codes 76

6.3 Scrambling sequences in UMTS 77

6.3.1 Scrambling codes for the uplink 776.3.2 Scrambling codes for the downlink 79

7 CDMA signal synthesis in UMTS 80

7.1 Generation of an uplink code channel 81

7.1.1 The big picture for uplink encoding 81

7.1.2 Uplink spreading 827.1.3 Uplink scrambling 84

7.2 Generation of a downlink code channel 85

7.2.1 The big picture for downlink encoding 85

7.2.2 Downlink spreading 86

7.2.3 Downlink scrambling 87

7.3 QPSK modulation 88

7.3.1 Pulse shaping 89

7.3.2 I/Q modulation 90

7.3.3 Requirements for power amplifiers 91


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II THE WCDMA AIR INTERFACE 93

1 Directional separation of the uplink and downlink 93

1.1 TDD Half-duplex time division duplexing 93

1.2 FDD Full-duplex frequency division duplexing 94

2 Channel types on the WCDMA air interface 95

2.1 Frequency channels 95

2.2 Communication on the lower protocol layers 96

2.2.1 Layer 1: Physical (PHY) layer 98

2.2.2 Layer 2: Data link layer (MAC and RLC layer) 101

2.2.3 Layer 3: Network layer (RRC layer) 101

2.3 Logical channels 102

2.4 Transport channels 104

2.5 Physical channels 107

2.5.1 Physical channels in the downlink direction 109

2.5.2 Physical channels in the uplink direction 111

2.6 Radio frames and timeslots 112

2.7 Timeslot formats 114

2.7.1 Uplink DPCCH timeslot format 114

2.7.2 Downlink DPCCH timeslot format 116

2.8 Transport channel encoding and channel multiplexing 117

2.8.1 Block encoding for error detection 118

2.8.2 Concatenation of transport blocks and generation of

code blocks 119

2.8.3 Channel encoding 119

2.8.4 Interleaving 121

2.8.5 Radio frame equalization 122

2.8.6 Radio frame segmentation 122

2.8.7 Rate matching 123


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2.8.8 Transport channel multiplexing 123

2.8.9 Data multiplexing onto physical channels 123

3 Synchronization between the UE and Node B 124

3.1 Cell searching 124

3.1.1 Timeslot synchronization 126

3.1.2 Frame synchronization and identification of the

scrambling code group 127

3.1.3 Identification of the scrambling code 129

3.2 Cell and network selection criteria 131

3.2.1 Cell selection based on the signal-to-interference (S/I) ratio 132

3.2.2 Cell selection based on absolute received power 132

3.2.3 Cell breathing 133

4 Transmit power control 134

4.1 The need for transmit power control 134

4.2 Transmit power control based on closed loop control 135

4.3 Transmit power control based on open loop control 138

5 Establishing a connection 140

5.1 Initial radio network access 140

5.1.1 Paging 143

5.1.2 Establishing the radio connection 144

5.1.3 The complete connection setup procedure 146

5.2 Compressed mode 151

6 Handovers 153

6.1 The purpose of a handover 153

6.2 Preparing for and controlling the handover procedure 154

6.2.1 Handover When? 154

6.2.2 Handover But which neighbor? 155


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2.6.2.1 Measuring the total power 193

2.6.2.2 Measuring the occupied bandwidth 194

2.6.2.3 Measuring the adjacent channel leakage ratio 1952.6.2.4 Tests relating to the transmit power control 196

2.6.2.5 Spectrum analysis 197

2.6.3 Spectra of different radio signals 199

2.6.4 Measuring the crest factor and the CCDF 200

2.6.5 Signal analysis in the code domain 202

3 Receiver measurements 207

3.1 Evaluating WCDMA receivers 207

3.2 Causes of bit errors and block errors 213

3.3 Bit errors on the AWGN channel 216

3.4 Fading on the mobile radio channel 2243.4.1 Bit errors on the mobile radio channel 227

3.4.1.1 Simulation of real-world propagation conditions 229

3.5 Receiver measurements in actual practice 230

3.5.1 Measurements of receiver characteristics 231

3.5.1.1 Reference sensitivity measurement 232

3.5.1.2 Maximum input level 2343.5.1.3 Selectivity measurements 234

3.5.1.4 Adjacent channel selectivity 235

3.5.1.5 Blocking 236

3.5.1.6 Measurement of the intermodulation rejection 237

3.5.2 Measuring the receiver performance 238

3.5.2.1 Reception in static propagation conditions 239

3.5.2.2 Reception in multipath fading propagation conditions 239

3.5.2.3 Reception in moving propagation conditions 240

3.5.2.4 Reception in birth-death conditions 241

3.5.2.5 Reception in a soft handover 242


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IV EVOLUTION OF THE UMTS STANDARD 244

1 Techniques for boosting data rates on the downlink 244

1.1 High-level modulation to increase the data rate 245

1.2 A faster automatic repeat request mode: Hybrid ARQ 247

1.3 HSDPA Higher data rates on the downlink 248

1.3.1 Transport channels for fast downlink data 251

1.3.1.1 HS-DSCH: High speed downlink shared channel 251

1.3.1.2 HS-SCCH: High speed shared control channel 251

1.3.2 High speed channel coding 252

1.3.3 Physical channels 255

1.3.3.1 HS-PDSCH: High speed physical downlink shared channel 255

1.3.3.2 HS-DPCCH: High speed dedicated physical control channel 256

1.3.3.3 HSDPA in the lower protocol layers 2581.3.3.4 HSDPA in the user equipment 259

1.3.3.5 CQI Channel quality information 260

2 Measurements on high speed transmitters

and receivers 261

2.1 HSDPA-specific transmitter measurements 2622.1.1 Measurement of the modulation quality on the

HSDPA transmitter 263

2.1.2 HS-DPCCH detection 264

2.2 HSDPA-specific receiver measurements 265

2.2.1 Maximum input level for 16QAM HS-PDSCH 268

2.2.2 Demodulation of HS-DSCH 268

2.2.3 Reporting of the channel quality indicator 270

V APPENDICES 272

1 Sample test setups 272

2 Bibliography 275

3 Abbreviations 277

4 Index 295

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