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Restoration Goals & ObjectivesThe primary goal of restoring the cultural landscape around Ulupō Heiau is to place the heiau within a physical setting that is more historically appropriate to the time of its construction and use. Cultural practitioners will be integral in the restoration process which will promote learning and perpetuation of the culture. In turn, the restoration will give visitors the opportunity to envision the heiau within its cultural context.

GOAL #1: Preserve Ulupō Heiau complex within a historical setting and cultural landscape that is representative of the pre-contact settlement and subsistence pattern of the Kailua ahupua‘a.

• Graduallyremovealienandnon-nativevegetationandreplace with culturally appropriate native and Polynesian-introduced species reflective of the cultural landscape.

• SelectatimeperiodcircaA.D.1700toconveytheinterpretive themes, promote a sense of place, and create an understanding of the cultural significance of Ulupō Heiau.

• Incorporatescenicviewswithculturalsignificanceintothelandscape planning.

GOAL #2: Perpetuate the cultural traditions associated with Ulupō Heiau and the Kailua ahupua‘a by providing plants for cultural demonstrations and for use by practitioners to continue cultural traditions related to the use of plants.

• DevelopaplantpalettewitharangeofbothnativeHawaiian plants and Polynesian-introduced plants that are appropriate to this area and environment. The choice of plants should also reflect those needed to conduct appropriate cultural programs.

• Promotelo‘i kalo that perpetuate farming traditions and provide kalo for cultural programs.

GOAL #3: Enhance the visitor experience and promote understanding and respect by placing Ulupō Heiau within a culturally and historically appropriate setting.

• Promoteapreferredvisitorpattern by incorporating paths and access routes into the cultural landscape plan.

• Promotevisitorunderstandingand respect by developing interpretive devices as part of the cultural landscape plan.

• Respectthecommunitysettingbut also minimize the impacts of modern development.

Ownership & ManagementUlupōHeiau,approximately1.5acre,wastransferredfromtheTerritorialBoardofAgricultureandForestrytoTerritorialParks

in1954.Intheearly1960s,StateParksandtheadjacentlandowner,Kāne‘oheRanch,partneredto construct improvements at the heiau such as thepavedroadwaysandparkinglot,thestonewalkwayatoptheheiau and the stone paving around the springs. Ulupō Heiau was listed on theNationalRegisterofHistoricPlacesin1972andtheHawai‘iRegisterin1981.

UlupōHeiauandportionsoftheKūkanonoslope on the eastern side of Kawainui, a totalof28acres,weredesignatedUlupōHeiauStateHistoricalPark(SHP)in2000.Asahistoricalpark,themissionistoprotectthe significant cultural sites, especially Ulupo Heiau, and preserve the open space, viewplanes,andculturallandscape.Adjacentto Ulupō Heiau on the north and east is the WindwardYMCA(9acres)andabuttingtheparkonthewestisKawainuiMarsh,awildlifesanctuaryunderthejurisdictionofDLNR,DivisionofForestryandWildlife.

ImagineKawainuiover1,000yearsagoasPolynesiancanoessail into Kailua Bay. Formerly an embayment, Kawainuiis now a lagoon created by a massive sand bar across the bay. Collecting in this pond is a mix of ocean water and an abundance of freshwater water carried from the Ko‘olau MountainsbyMaunawiliandKahanaikiStreams.Surroundingthe waters of Kawainui are forests of loulu palm with a variety of lowland trees and shrubs. This was truly an inviting place in which to settle, clear the land for lo‘i kalo(tarofields),andstockthepondwithfish.

As the social-religious-political system of Hawai‘i becamemore stratified and complex, the large heiau are constructed. Thesestackedrockplatformsandwalledenclosuresarebuiltonpromontoriesofferingpanoramicviews.SuchisthecasewithUlupōHeiauthatwasbuiltontheslopesofKūkanonooverlookingKawainuiandtheKailuaahupua‘a.

The historical setting and cultural landscape of Ulupō Heiau have been altered by post-contact land uses such as rice farming, truck farming, ranching, residential development,and the transformation of Kawainui to a marsh. However, remainingelements suchas the rockwall terraces, springs,and grinding stones are important clues about the cultural landscape, human occupation, and history of Kawainui.

ACulturalResourcesManagementandLandscapePlanhasbeen developed to direct the restoration of an historically accurateandculturallyappropriatelandscapeonthe7acressurroundingUlupōHeiau.Thegoalsofthe5-yearplanare:

1) develop a 5-year conceptual site planwith communityparticipation;

2) integrateaHawaiianculturalprotocolpolicy;

3) develop a cultural resource management plan todocument, protect, and revitalize the cultural resources;

4) develop a cultural landscape and ethnobotanicalrestoration plan; and

5) developaneducational/interpretiveprogramtosharethesite with visitors, promote understanding, and encourage respect and stewardship.

Communityparticipationinthisplanningprocesstookplacethrough several visioning meetings. These meetings were an opportunityforstakeholderstocommunicatedesires,goalsand commitment to revitalize Ulupō Heiau as a living cultural resource for the benefit of the greater Hawaiian cultural community, as well as the public.

Ulupō HeiauCultural Resources

Management & Landscape PlanRestoring a Cultural Landscape at Kawainui

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Historical & Cultural OverviewSituatedinthecenteroftheformerKo‘olauvolcano,Kawainui was once an embayment as the waters of Kailua Bay extended far inland. Over time, a sand bar formed across Kailua Bay converting the waters to a lagoon that collectedthefreshwaterfromtheMaunawiliwatershed.Aforest of loulupalmsgrewonthebanksofthelagoonandup into the valleys.

With the arrival of Hawaiian settlers, the450-acrelagoonwas used for the raising of fish. The loulu forest was cleared to plant lo‘i kalo(tarofields)along the streams and around the edges of the pond. Asali‘i inhabited the shoreline of Kailua Bay, three large heiau were constructed, includingUlupōandPahukini.ByA.D.1600,theKailuaahupua‘a was an ‘āina momona(richland)withpoliticalandreligious importance.

Hauwahine, the mo’o or guardian spirit, protects the people of Kawainui and assures an abundance of fish. The legendary association of Ulupō Heiau with the menehune suggests the antiquity of this site. The massiveness and quantity of rockcarriedmanymileshintatitsculturalimportance.

Itislikelythatthefunctionofthisheiau changed over time. It probably began as a māpele or agricultural heiau with ceremonies and rites conducted to insure the fertility of the crops grown in Kawainui. In later times, it may have become a luakini heiau dedicated to success in war with structures erected atop this massive stone platform, including an altar, an oracle tower or ‘anu‘u, thatched hale, and notches in the terraces to hold the ki‘i or wooden images. The spring off the lower corner of the heiau was another important feature related to the ceremonial traditions of the site.

SeveralO‘ahuchiefslivedatKailuaandprobablyheldceremoniesatUlupōHeiau,includingKākuhihewainthe1400sandKūali‘iinthelate1600s.Kuali‘ifoughtmanybattles and he may have rededicated Ulupō Heiau as a luakini heiau.MauichiefKahekilicametoO‘ahuinthe1780sandlivedinKailuaafterdefeatingO‘ahuhighchiefKahahanaforcontrolofO‘ahu.KamehamehaIworkedat Kawainui fishpond and is said to have eaten the edible mud(lepo ‘ai ‘ia)ofKawainuiwhentherewasashortageofkalo.Butby1795whenKamehamehaIconqueredO‘ahu,it is believed that Ulupō Heiau was already abandoned. The wooden structures had decayed and only stone remained.

Cultural ResourcesUlupōHeiauStateHistoricParkconsistsof28acresalongtheeastern edge of Kawainui and encompasses many cultural and historic sites that cover a broad time range from the pre-contactperiodtothe20thCentury.

Ulupo HeiauThe massive raised platform of Ulupō Heiau is roughly squareandmeasures140by180feet(1.42acres).Itisconstructed with a large quantity of basalt boulders that havebeenstackedtocreate30-fooghighterracedslopesand a level platform surface. The construction of this massiveterracedplatformrequiredalargeworkforceunderthe direction of a powerful ali‘i.

Agricultural TerracesThere is a complex of agricultural terraces, mounds, walls, platforms, and enclosures with a possible ‘auwai constructed along the edge of the marsh. Terraces suggest both kula (drylandagriculturalfeatures)andlo‘i kalo (wetlandswherespringsarepresent).Pre-contact features appear to have been altered for use in the post-contact periodforriceandtruckfarming.

HousesitesALandCommissionAward(L.C.A.)fromtheMāheleof1848indicatesthatUlupōHeiauwasawardedtoUkikolo(L.C.A.2536:3)whoalsoclaimedahouselotatKūkanono.L.C.A.7147alongtheKūkanonoslopewastheresidentialcomplexof a konohiki named Kahele. Besides a house lot, the claim included 3 lo‘i kalo along the edge of Kawainui. The area wasconvertedtoricefieldsinthelater1870’sandoneoftheChinesefarmerslivedinKahele’shouse.Theearly20thCentury bottles suggest that the site was occupied until the 1920’sor1930’s.Locatedoffthenortheastcorneroftheheiauisaplatformfromahousesitebuiltcirca1940sanddemolishedinthe1970s.

Truck Farming & Piggery FeaturesConcreteandbrickfoundations,remnantsofasphaltroadways, pipes and other materials indicate post-contact useoftheKūkanonoslopeforfarmingofcropssuchaspapayaandbananainthe20thCentury.Thereareseveralstructuresofconcrete,rocks,andbricks.Thefoundationsofapiggery,ca.1949,consistsofconcreteflooring,steps,andtroughs.

With Western Contact, lo‘i kalo were converted to rice and soon after, the lands around the marsh shifted to pasture and ranching use. Today, Kawainui is a wahi pana(storiedplaceofculturalimportance)andawildlife sanctuary for migratory and waterbirds.

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Cultural Landscape RestorationRestorationattemptstorecapturetheappearanceofa cultural site at a particular point in time. The cultural landscape consists of features which contribute to the landscape’sphysicalappearanceastheyhaveevolvedovertime. These features may include vegetation, topography, water features, trails, walls, and archaeological sites.

Canoe PlantsThe landscape around Ulupō Heiau would have consisted of the canoe plants brought by the early Polynesians on their voyaging canoes to Hawai‘i. Many of these plants were staplesinthediet.AtUlupōHeiau,theagriculturepatternwould be reflective of the lowland, windward kula zone. There may be elements of the kai(coastalzone)anduka (uplandzone)butthelandscapewillbecomprisedlargelyof those plants associated with subsistence, domestic needs, and medicinal uses.

Prominent in this landscape are the lo‘i kalo(irrigatedfieldsystems)andsubsistencecropssuchas‘uala, kō, mai‘a, and niu. Plants grown for domestic purposes would include kī, wauke, and ipu while the medicinal plants would include ‘awa and noni.Alongtheedgesoftheseagriculturalfieldsystems would be trees that can be considered transitional to the uka zone, such as kukui, kamani, and ‘ulu. Other trees more reflective of the kai to kula zone would include milo and kou. This cultural pattern is the basis for developing the plant palette for this landscape plan.

On the slopes between Ulupō Heiau and Kawainui are the remnantsofthestackedrockretainingwallsoftheformerlo‘i kalo.Springsintheareaprovidethewatertoirrigatethese lo‘i and the water is channeled by means of ‘auwai (ditches)thatusegravitytotransportwaterthroughthelo‘i and into the Kawainui pond.

View CorridorsPlantings need to promote and preserve scenic and cultural significant view corridors. It is envisioned that removing many of the alien trees between the heiau and the marsh will significantly open the view corridors to Kawainui, Kailua Bay and the Ko‘olau Mountains.

Plant BuffersTo promote the cultural landscape of the heiau, vegetation buffersarerecommendedtovisuallyblockmodernstructures.AvegetationbufferalongKailuaRoadwouldprovide both a visual and sound buffer for the traffic travelingonthismajorroadway.AvisualbufferfortheWindwardYMCAfacilityandtheresidenceswouldpromotethe feeling that one is entering a significant wahi pana.

Plant NurseryAnurserywithirrigation,shadecloth,gravelandgrowingbenches is recommended to the south of the heiau and outside the cultural site where no archaeological features are located. This nursery will propagate plants for the restoration and educational programming.

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Partners for the Preservationof Ulupō HeiauDepartmentofLand&NaturalResourcesDivisionofStateParks

‘AhahuiMālamaIKaLōkahi

Kailua HawaiianCivic Club

WindwardYMCA

Passive ProgramsSignsandbrochurescanshareinformationaboutasitewhen staffing is not available. These techniques encourage the visitor to experience the site through a self-guided tour with accompanying materials that share the interpretive themes through graphics and text.

To assist visitors with this tour of the site,aninterpretivesignkioskwitha map showing a preferred route for visitation and guidelines for the visit is recommended. These guidelines might include staying on the path and photographingbutnotpickinganyoftheplants.Directionalsignswouldassistvisitors to navigate their way through the parksite.Plantnamesignsplacedalongthe path will highlight the importance of these plants in the daily life.

Interpretive Facilities Interpretive facilities consist of built features that support programs. Atraditional,thatchedhālau, approximately2,500sq.feetinsize,isbeing recommended in this plan to support interpretive programs and afford visitors and educational groups a “gatheringplace”forinterpretivetalks,demonstrations, and cultural activities, especially those pertaining to Hawaiian arts, crafts, music, dance, and use of the plants found in the cultural landscape. Visitors would be able to experience ku‘i ‘ai (poipounding),lauhala weaving, kukui preparation, and lei making.Thehālau could also house displays, exhibits, and interpretive boards.

Infrastructure NeedsPathsDesignatedpathswillminimizetrafficinsensitiveareasandestablishapreferredroute.Apaththroughtheculturallandscape around the heiau will provide an opportunity forvisitorstoexplorethevariousPolynesianplants.Ahigh priority is the path to the lower area from the heiau. The former driveway is steep, uneven, and unpaved which creates a safety concern for visitors.

WaterWater will be needed for the nursery, plant watering, and generalclean-up.Apotentialsourceisanew6”waterlinefromtheKūkanonosubdivision.

RestroomsAsvisitationincreasesandthelengthofstayisextendedforworkprojects,theplanrecommendsacompostingsystem.This structure can be designed to blend with the cultural theme and be environmentally appropriate.

Implementation of 5-Year PlanTheimplementationofthe5-yearplanforUlupōHeiauwillinvolve a collaborative partnership between the co-curators ofthesite,KailuaHawaiianCivicCluband‘AhahuiMālamaIKaLōkahi,StateParks,andtheWindwardYMCA.Itmustalso

involveaworkingrelationshipwiththeKūkanonocommunityandneighboringchurches to insure that their concerns are addressed in the implementation of the plan. Establishment of a kahu position and a cultural advisory council will assist this partnership by providing cultural direction for proper implementation of the various elements of the plan.

The diverse scope of this plan requires phasing and the setting of priorities. Both paid staff and volunteers are critical to undertakingthevarioustasksidentifiedintheplaninatimelymanner.Fundingthrough a diversity of sources will be needed to accomplish the initial phase and the highest priorities of the plan.

Three phases have been identified for implementation. Phase I addresses the first2yearsofthe5-yearplan,thehighprioritytasks,andstepsneedtomoveforward into the next phase. Phase II is the3-5yearperiodoftheplanwhenthetasksneedingpermitsandsubstantialfundingwillbeundertaken.Additionally,long-range projects that extend beyond theinitial5-yearplanningperiodareincludedasPhaseIIItoacknowledgethegreater anticipated goals documented during the creation of this plan.

Lo‘i KaloThere are currently 22 lo‘i withinthreecomplexes.Limitedexpansionisproposedinthisfirst5-yearperiodtoreflectthesitecircaA.D.1700,conveytheinterpretivethemes,andprovide a sufficient supply of kalo for interpretive programs and cultural events. Expansion may occur in conjunction with the clearing of hau along the edge of the marsh.

Lo‘i Borders and BuffersPlantings of kī, kō, and mai‘a along the borders of the lo‘i will serve several purposes–windbreaks,visitationbuffers,and restoration of the cultural landscape as these plants were traditionally planted around the lo‘i.Someborderswillremainopen for access, interpretive purposes and to insure view corridors are maintained.

Vegetation BuffersThe two major areas requiring buffers to enhance the cultural setting of Ulupō Heiau are to the east along Kailua RoadandtothesouthalongtheYMCAfacility and the residential area. Trees such as kukui, milo, kamani, and kou are recommended for this purpose and should be spaced to allow the tree canopy to spreadout.Alowerlayerofplants,suchas kī or naupaka, is recommended to fill-in the buffer.

Slopes along the MarshThe springs are not as abundant on the slope to the west of the heiau. Therefore, after removal of the hauthicket,thisarea will be planted with dryland kalo and a diversity of other canoe plants that contribute to the cultural landscape, including ipu, wauke, and ‘awa.Amedicinalplantgardenisalsorecommended for this portion of the slope.

Wetland Restoration SiteAone-acrewetlandareahasbeencreatedalong the edge of the marsh where grasses and hau have been removed to expose the open water. Intended as a waterbird habitat, the open water is also symbolic of the fishpond that extended to the base of theslopeinA.D.1700.

Site EntryTo establish a sense of place as visitors enter the Ulupō Heiau site, rows of loulu palms and kī are recommended along the accessroadfromtheWindwardYMCAparkinglot.FortheentryfromKailuaRoad,alineofhala trees is recommended and should be spaced to allow viewing of the heiau and harvest of the lauhala by practitioners.

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Post-Contact Cultural LandscapeTheKūkanonoslope,southofUlupōHeiau,wasconvertedtoricefarmingcirca1860andtotruckfarmingintheearly20thCentury.Tosharethehistoryofagricultureandoccupation at Kawainui, the landscape will transition from thetraditionalHawaiianculturallandscape,circaA.D.1700,tospecimencropsfromthepost-contactera,circa1900to

1950.Truckfarmingreferstothegrowingand harvesting of fruits and vegetables thatweretruckedtomarketinHonolulu.The Kawainui farmers also sold their productsfromstandsalongKailuaRoad.

Interpretive Opportunities

Interpretation is a communication strategy developed to assist with the visitation, protection, and management of a site. Interpretive programs and devices can enable visitors to understand, appreciate, and respect this cultural site and visit in a culturally appropriate manner. Interpretation can assist in bringing the past to life through educational programs, exhibits, tours, and celebrations or community events that share these resources and promote understanding that will foster stewardshipandpreservation.Asawahi pana and part of a sacred landscape, an interpretive program at Ulupō Heiau is a valuable way to promote respect.

The audience for an interpretive program consists of all visitors. Those coming to Ulupō Heiau are of all ages, from many different countries and they may come individually or with a group.

Active ProgramsAninterpretivestaffand/orvolunteersare the foundation for an active interpretive program where visitors can interactwithsomeone,goonatour,askquestions, and participate in hands-on activities.Asalariedposition,suchasakahu or docent, would be able to offer these services to visitors, schools, cultural and education groups. site.

AdocentprogramestablishedforUlupōHeiauin2009throughagrantfromtheHawaiiTourismAuthority,provides

supportwithguidedtoursandtalkstogroupspriortovolunteerworkdaysandservicelearningprojects.Offeringsimilar training to tour companies insures that information shared with visitors is culturally appropriate and historically accurate.