Ultrasonic Physics Review Notesspiexam.com/.../uploads/Ultrasonic-Physics-Review-Notes.pdfIntensity...
Transcript of Ultrasonic Physics Review Notesspiexam.com/.../uploads/Ultrasonic-Physics-Review-Notes.pdfIntensity...
MATH REVIEW Symbols
Terms
Operations
Conversions
© Ultrasonic Education
MY NOTES PAGE # 1
MATH REVIEWReciprocals
Exponents
Scienti>ic Notation
Units
© Ultrasonic Education
MY NOTES PAGE # 2
MATH REVIEWMetric System
Metric Conversions
Direct and Indirect Proportionality
Distance Equation
© Ultrasonic Education
MY NOTES PAGE # 3
D = R X T
R =
T =
DT
DR
___
___
MATH REVIEWLogarithms
Decibels
X & Y Axis
Cosines
© Ultrasonic Education
MY NOTES PAGE # 4
Wavelength
Sound Propagation
Frequency
Wavelength Equation
© Ultrasonic Education
MY NOTES PAGE # 5
SECTION 1 -‐ ULTRASOUND PHYSICS PRINCIPLES
λ (mm) = _________c (mm/µs) ƒ (MHz)
Pulsed Ultrasound
Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF)
Pulse Repetition Period (PRP)
Spatial Pulse Length (SPL)
© Ultrasonic Education
SECTION 1 -‐ ULTRASOUND PHYSICS PRINCIPLES
MY NOTES PAGE # 6
PRP = 1 PRF_____
PRF = 1 PRP_____
SPL (mm) = # of Cycles x λ (mm)
SPL (mm) = # of Cycles x c (mm/µs) ƒ (MHz)
________
Pulse Duration (PD)
Duty Factor (DF)
Amplitude
Power
© Ultrasonic Education
MY NOTES PAGE # 7
SECTION 1 -‐ ULTRASOUND PHYSICS PRINCIPLES
PD (µs) = # of Cycles x Period (µs)
PD (µs) = __________# of Cycles ƒ (MHz)
DF = PD (µs)PRP (µs)
DF = PD (µs) x PRF (kHz) 1,000
__________
_______
Power ∝ Amplitude2
Power ∝ Intensity
Intensity
Half Value Layer
Intensity/Decibel Relationship
Intensity Values
© Ultrasonic Education
MY NOTES PAGE # 8
SECTION 1 -‐ ULTRASOUND PHYSICS PRINCIPLES
Intensity (watts / (cm2) = ____________Power (watts) Area (cm2)
Intensity ∝ Amplitude2
SPTPSPPASPTASATPSAPASATA
Attenuation
Absorption
Re>lection
Scatter
© Ultrasonic Education
MY NOTES PAGE # 9
SECTION 1 -‐ ULTRASOUND PHYSICS PRINCIPLES
Attenuation (db) = x Pathlength (cm) _______ƒ (MHz) 2
Attenuation Coefficient (db/cm) = _______ƒ (MHz) 2
Rayleigh Scattering ∝ ƒ4
Half Value Layer (cm) = 3 AC (dB/cm)_________
Contrast Agents
Transmission
Impedance
Refraction
© Ultrasonic Education
MY NOTES PAGE # 10
SECTION 1 -‐ ULTRASOUND PHYSICS PRINCIPLES
IRC = _________(Z2 - Z1)2 (Z2 + Z1)2
Sin ϴt Sin ϴi
C2 C1
= _____ ___Snellʼs Law =
Ultrasound Terminology
© Ultrasonic Education
Echogenic -
Anechoic -
Hypoechoic -
Isoechoic -
Hyperechoic -
Accoustic Enhancement / Good Through Transmission -
Shadowing -
Homogeneous -
Heterogeneous -
MY NOTES PAGE # 11
SECTION 1 -‐ ULTRASOUND PHYSICS PRINCIPLES
Transducer Basics
Transducer Components
Bandwidth
Sensitivity
© Ultrasonic Education
MY NOTES PAGE # 12
SECTION 2 -‐ ULTRASOUND TRANSDUCERS
Q-‐Factor
Damping
Frequency Determination
Sound Beam Structure & Formation
© Ultrasonic Education
MY NOTES PAGE # 13
SECTION 2 -‐ ULTRASOUND TRANSDUCERS
__________Q Factor = Operating ƒ Bandwidth
ƒo = c PZT (mm/µs) 2 x Thickness of PZT
__________________
Focal Depth
Beam Divergence
Sound Beam Focusing Techniques
Spatial Resolution – Lateral
© Ultrasonic Education
MY NOTES PAGE # 14
SECTION 2 -‐ ULTRASOUND TRANSDUCERS
Near Zone Length = _______________________(Transducer Diameter)2 x ƒ 6
Lateral Resolution (mm) = Beam Diameter (mm)
Spatial Resolution -‐ Slice Thickness
Spatial Resolution -‐ Axial
Transducer Types and Features
© Ultrasonic Education
MY NOTES PAGE # 15
SECTION 2 -‐ ULTRASOUND TRANSDUCERS
Axial Resolution (mm) = SPL (mm) 2
_________
Distance Equation
Imaging modes
Temporal Resolution
Imaging System Components -‐ Master Synchronizer
© Ultrasonic Education
SECTION 3 -‐ PULSE ECHO INSTRUMENTATION
MY NOTES PAGE # 16
D = R X T
DT
DR
___R =
T = ___
Frame Rate ∝ Temporal Resolution
77,000Penetration Depth (cm) x Lines per Frame x Line Density_______________________________________________Frame Rate (Hz) =
Imaging System Components -‐ Pulser / Beam Former
Imaging System Components -‐ Pulse Echo Receiver
Imaging System Components -‐ Memory / Scan Converter
Pre Processing
© Ultrasonic Education
MY NOTES PAGE # 17
SECTION 3 -‐ PULSE ECHO INSTRUMENTATION
Post Processing
Imaging System Components -‐ Display
Archiving & Storage
Imaging Artifacts -‐ Resolution
© Ultrasonic Education
SECTION 3 -‐ PULSE ECHO INSTRUMENTATION
MY NOTES PAGE # 18
Axial Resolution -
Lateral Resolution -
Slice Thickness Resolution -Speckle -
Imaging Artifacts -‐ Propagation Speed
Imaging Artifacts -‐ Attenuation
Imaging Artifacts -‐ Doppler
© Ultrasonic Education
MY NOTES PAGE # 19
SECTION 3 -‐ PULSE ECHO INSTRUMENTATION
Reverberation -Comet Tail -
Ring Down -Multipath -
Mirror Image -
Speed Error -
Shadowing -
Enhancement -
Side Lobes -
Grating Lobes -Refraction -
Range Ambiguity -
Focal Enhancement -
Aliasing -
Cross Talk -
Noise -Flash -
Clutter -
Hemodynamics
Doppler Shift
Doppler Instruments
Pulsed Wave
© Ultrasonic Education
MY NOTES PAGE # 20
SECTION 4 -‐ DOPPLER INSTRUMENTATION & HEMODYNAMICS
DS = ________________2 x VR x ƒT x cos ϴ c
DS (kHz) = Reflected ƒ (MHz) - Incident ƒ (MHz)
Poiseuilleʼs Law VF = PR
___ or VF = (P1 - P2) π R4
8ηL___________
Continuous Wave
Doppler System Components
Spectral Analysis
Color Doppler
© Ultrasonic Education
MY NOTES PAGE # 21
SECTION 4 -‐ DOPPLER INSTRUMENTATION & HEMODYNAMICS
Packet Size
Autocorrelation
Doppler Artifacts
Power Doppler
© Ultrasonic Education
SECTION 4 -‐ DOPPLER INSTRUMENTATION & HEMODYNAMICS
MY NOTES PAGE # 22
Doppler Image Optimization
© Ultrasonic Education
MY NOTES PAGE # 23
SECTION 4 -‐ DOPPLER INSTRUMENTATION & HEMODYNAMICS
Purpose & Objectives
Testing Devices
Testing Parameters
© Ultrasonic Education
SECTION 5 -‐ QUALITY ASSURANCE & QUALITY CONTROL
MY NOTES PAGE # 24
Patient Interaction
HIPAA
Emergencies
Universal Precautions
© Ultrasonic Education
SECTION 6 -‐ PATIENT CARE, COMMUNICATION, & SAFETY
MY NOTES PAGE # 25
Bio-‐effect Concepts
ALARA Principle
Bio-‐effect Techniques
Bio-‐effect Mechanisms
© Ultrasonic Education
MY NOTES PAGE # 26
SECTION 6 -‐ PATIENT CARE, COMMUNICATION, & SAFETY
Safety Standards
© Ultrasonic Education
MY NOTES PAGE # 27
SECTION 6 -‐ PATIENT CARE, COMMUNICATION, & SAFETY