Ultra Fast Charging Lithium Battery Market - ultra fast charging lithium... · Ultra Fast Charging...
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Transcript of Ultra Fast Charging Lithium Battery Market - ultra fast charging lithium... · Ultra Fast Charging...
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What is Ultra Fast Charging?
Slow Charge Quick Charge Fast Charge Ultra Fast Charge
<C/3 C/3<, <2C >2C >10C
Empty to Full in as little time as possible Re-charging a battery within 5 min (more than 10C Rate)
Fast Charging
Slow Charging
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What is a High Power Cell • A cell capable of delivering most of its capacity at “High” rate (>10C) • These cell has a large surface area between Anode and Cathode allowing them to decrease internal resistance and to deliver high power (Spiral Construction) • Energy density is low relatively to high energy cells as the high power cell less active material • Some of the high power cells has an advantage of capably to be charge fast
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How To Define Ultra Fast Charging Lithium Cells
Ultra High Power Lithium Cells
Max constant discharge current >20C
Power weight density at max constant discharge current
>2000 W/kg
Max pulse discharge current >40C
Ultra Fast charging >=10C
Max constant discharge current capacity/ 1C constant discharge current capacity
>80%
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What are the Options When Battery Run Time is Insufficient?
Extra Batteries Battery Swap Fast Charging
More battery weight and volume
More batteries for swap stations
No extra batteries are needed!!!
Powerful chargers or longer charge time to fill the batteries
Suitable only for “standard” size batteries
High Power chargers needed
High costs due to extra batteries and more powerful
chargers
Special and expensive swap machines
Complicated thermal battery management system for safety
reasons
Very high costs due to extra batteries and swap machines
More power from the grid
Faster battery degradation
High costs for “special” batteries and powerful chargers
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Why are We Always Thinking “Fully Charge”
• Empty to Full in as little time as possible o We should remember that batteries are not often empty – We rarely fully charge them!!!
• We also rarely need a full charge for our mission!!! • Adaptive Charging – Standard charge when possible and Fast or Ultra Fast only when it is necessary.
Energy is like money – we always want more even if we don’t need it
Example of Battery Markets Served by Ultra Fast Charging
1. x-EVs – especially BEVs. 2. Electric bikes. 3. Smart grid energy storage. 4. High power tools. 5. Engine/generator starter. 6. Elevator energy recycle.
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Why Can’t We Ultra Fast Charge “Standard” Lithium Batteries?
1. Lithium Graphite Anode accepts the lithium ions at a slow rate although the Cathode can transfer them at a faster rate.
2. During ultra fast charging the cell faces deposition of lithium metal in the form of dendrites or as a high surface area film over the Anode.
3. Leads to very fast capacity degradation and increase of internal impedance.
4. Leads to safety problems like internal short circuit and explosion when the dendrites reach the cathode.
Fast discharge is easy like going down stairs. Fast charge is difficult like climbing stairs.
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What Happened When Ultra Fast Charging Imply to a “Standard” Battery
Batteries Suffer from Slow Ion and electron transport
• Reduce End of charge energy
• Reduce charging efficiency
• Generate more heat during charge
• Charging Safety become a concern
• Generate Irreversible capacity lose
• Depredate Cycle and calendar life
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Rechargeable Lithium Chemistries that can be Ultra Fast Charged
1. Lithium Titanate (LTO) – fast Anode kinetics. Anode voltage is far from the voltage needed to deposit metallic lithium, thus smaller probability for metallic lithium deposition over the anode - Low energy density.
2. Lithium Iron Phosphate (LPF) – Nano Materials lower cell voltage - Low energy density and faster self discharge.
3. Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO) – only Saft cells are spirally designed to have a large Anode and Cathode surface area– thus lowering internal impedance.
Lithium Titanate Battery • Lithium Manganese Oxide Spinel Cathode - LMO
• Lithium Titanate Oxide Anode – LTO
Advantages Disadvantages
Very Long Cycle Life Low cell voltage 1.9-2.4v
High charge/discharge rates Lower energy than carbon anodes
Very temperature tolerant Higher cost per Kwh
High safety
Public domain technology
Toshiba Lithium Titanate Rechargeable Battery - SCiB
• Recharges to 90% of full capacity in less than 5 minutes.
• Excellent safety because of high level anode stability.
• 6000 cycles of full D.O.D. to 90% of initial capacity.
• Low temperature discharge from -30C.
• Available on the Schwinn Tailwind E-Bike and EV projects
with VW, Mitsubishi and Honda.
2.4Voc/ 4.2Ah 65 Wh/Kg 131 wh/l 650 W/Kg 1316 W/l VW &
Toshiba
Toshiba Super Charge Lithium Ion Battery - SCiB
http://www.toshiba.com/ind/data/tag_files/SCiB_Brochure_5383.pdf
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A123 LiFePO4 Rechargeable Batteries • Cylindrical and soft package cells. • High power density 3000 W/Kg (100C). • 5-minute charge time possible on some models. • Safer technology. • 3.3V working voltage. • Excellent cycle life - Thousands of cycles.
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Saft – Very High Power Cells • Specially designed for high power.
• Can be charged in 4-10 min.
http://www.saftbatteries.com/doc/Documents/defence/Cube769/VL12V_0510.c49bfef4-fb6b-4469-a620-d3ca7f6e6c5c.pdf
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From the Academy
• University of Illinois research group led by Prof Paul Braun has developed an innovative three - dimensional nanostructure cathode that enables faster charging and discharging without sacrificing energy storage capacity.
http://braungroup.beckman.illinois.edu/PaulBraun.html
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Ultra Fast Charging Should Get More Attention…
• Ultra Fast Charging enable smaller and lighter battery pack. • There are very limited lithium ultra fast charging cell models on the
market. • Current cell models have a lower weight energy density - only 65-108
Wh/Kg in comparison to 130-170 Wh/Kg of standard high power cells. • A new Nano-Materials, electrochemical couples and high surface area cells design should be develop for having a better charging rates.
EV Driving Range Solution
+ Ultra fast Charging
= A small “payment” in Energy Density
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Thank You for Your Attention
Information on this presentation was obtained by:
1. Public web sources.
2. Shmuel De-Leon Battery/Energy Sources DataBase ® (Includes 30,000 cell PDF data sheets).
3. Shmuel De-Leon Batteries & Fuel Cells Seminar ® presentations.
Shmuel De-Leon Energy, Ltd. Mazal Arie 10, Hod-Hasharon, Israel 45309
Tel/Fax: 972-77-5010792, Mobile: 972-52-8601517 www.sdle.co.il, www.batteriesdatabase.com
