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Transcript of ULIEIft [ft[ · Table 4. Fishing Gears of the Niger Delta, Anambra —Imo and Cross River 31 Table...
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NA1]ONAL SURVEYS OF F1SHING GEARS AND CRAFTS ON
NIGERIAN INLAND WATER BODIES
A REPORT PREPARED
BY
NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR FRESHWATER
FISHERIES RESEARCH (NIFFR)
((Federal Ministry Of Agriculture And Rural Development)PMB 6006, NEW BUSSA, NIGERIA
APRIL, 2002
Nation1 Institute for Freshwater Fisheries Research (NIFFR),P.M.B. 6006,New Bussa, Niger State,Nigeria.
Tel:03 1-670-444; 031-670-241
Fax: 031-670-444.
Published and Printed in Nigeria by NIFFR, New Bussa, Niger State.
© NIFFR 2002.
All rights reserved, no part of this publication may be produced, stored in a retrieval system ortransmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording,otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner.
ISBN 978-177-051-1
For bibliographic purposes, the document should be cited as follows:
National Institute for Freshwater Fisheries Research (NIFFR), 2002National Surveys of Fishing Gears and Crafts on Nigerian inland water bodiesNJFFR Occasional Paper No.4. ix, 54p. ISSN 0794-2451, iSBN 978-177-051-1
UST OF SCENTflSTS
Upper/Lower Benue River And Chad Ba&nsF.C. Okoye0.0. SuleA.A. DadaA.M. Sule
E.C. OkwunduI. AsekomeAbubakar
Hadejia/Jama'are And Sokoto River BasinsJ.0.,AyandaI.G.Mbagwu
G.O. AdesinaE.O. Adelowo
G. Woru
Upper/Lower Niger River BasinsF. Daddy
N .0. BankoleB.C. AzionuS.0. AlamuF. Adepoju
J. Issah
Osun, Ogun And Owena River BasinsS.I. Ovie
W.S.O. OmorinkobaF.C. Odunze
J.K. Okomodatjmoru IsabB. Adigun
Anambra, (mo, Niger Delta.And Cross River BasinsT.LI. IbiwoyeP.O. Aluko
B.M. YesufuJ.A. AbiodunB.A. Falayl
C.0. Wonah
CoordnatorsDr. A.A. Eyo
Dr. A.N. Okaeme
EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThe National Institute for Freshwater Fisheries Research, New Bussa, undertook a
national inventory of fishing gears and crafts in all the thirty-six states of the Federationincluding the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja.
This survey was undertaken with the aim of (I) identifying and documentingtevarious fishing gears and crafts employed by artisanal fisherfolks in the v&ious rierbasins of Nigeria. (ii) ascertain the costs of the gears and crafts as Well as •uie source offunds for purchase and (iii) to establish a reference center for available gears and craftsin the country.
The river basins studied and properly described in this document are:
1. The Upper / Lower Benue River and Chad Basins.
•2. The Hadejia — Jama'are I Sokoto Rima River Basins.
3. The Upper I Lower Niger River Basins.
4. Osun I Ogun and Owena river Basins.
5. Anambra / Imo Niger Delta and Cross River Basins.
The study revealed the gears commonly employed by the fishers in all the basins.These include Glilnets, Cast nets, Long lines, Lift nets, Beach-seine nets, Drift nets andassorted Traps (Malian gura, cane, wire, stow net). Some of these gears are peculiar tocertain basins. Some also bear names linked with the target species e.g sawa net,Bonga drift net etc.
Prices of the gears also vary from location to location but were generally veryexpensive especially the factory fabricated ones. Prices ranged from N2, 500 to N6, 500per bundle depending on the location and type of gear.
Crafts employed by the fishers include plank boats, dugout canoes, half dugoutcanoes and the traditional gourds. Most of the boats in the inland water bodies were notmotorized due to the high costs of outboard engines. By comparison, more boats weremotorized in the coastalareas than in the inland waters.
Outboard engine types include Yamaha, Suzuki, Mercury and Enduro. Yamaha iscommonly used in the Upper/Lower Benue River and Chad Basins. It is Yamaha, Suzukiand Mercury in the Hadejia/Jama'are, Sokoto Rima River Basins. In the Ogun/OsunOwena River Basins Yamaha, Suzuki and Enduro hold sway.
Prices of outboard engines which was about N15, 000 about four to five years agonow costs about N250, 000 presently for a 25 Horse Power engine.This makes outboardengines to be out of reach of the common fisherfolks.
Recommendations made to alleviate the problem of high costs include:
-reduction of import tariffs on fishing gears and outboard engines.
- giving input subsidy to fisherfolks
- encouraging fisherfolks to form duly recognized organizations like cooperatives
and fishers associations to make access to government policies and aid easy.
CONTENTS
Study Teams ii
Executive Summary iii
Contents iv
List of Tables viii
List of figures viii
List of Plates ix
Chapter One I
1.1. Introduction I
1.2. Aims and Objectives I
1.3. Study Area I
1.3.1 Upper/Lower Benue river and Chad Basins 2
1.31.1. Location 2
1.3.1.2. Vegetation /2
1.3.1.3. Climate 2
1.3.1.4 Evaporation 2
1.3.1.5. Soil 2
1.3.1.6. Water Resources 2
1.3.2. Hadejia - Jama'are and Sokoto- Rima River Basins 3
1.3.2.1. Location 3
1.3.2.2 Climate 3
1.3.2.3. Vegetation 3
1.3.2.4 Soil 3
1.3.2.5 Hydrology 3
1.3.2.6 Population 3
1.3.3. Upper Lower Niger R. Basin 4
1.3.3.1 Location 4
1.3.3.2 Climate 4
1.3.3.3.Vegetation 4
1.3.3.4. Soil and Geology 4
1.3.4. Osun — Ogun and Owena R. Basin 4
1.3.4.1. Location and Population 4
1.3.4.2. Vegetation 4
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1.3.4.3. Drainage system .41.3.5. Anambra (no Niger—Delta and Cross R. Basin 5
1.3.5.1. Location 5
1.3.5.2. Climate 5
1.3.5.3. Drainage 5
1.3.5.3.1 The Cross River System 6
1.3.5.3.2 The Anambra Manu system 6
1.3.5.3.3. The Manu Basin 6
1.3.5.3.4. The Imo system 6
1.3.5.4.1 Humid 7
1.3.5.4.1.1 Saltwaterforest 7
1.3.5.4.1.2 Freshwater swamp forest 7
1.3.5.4.1.3. Rain Forest 7
1.3.5.4.2 Derived Savanna 7
1.3.5.4.3 Semi — Montane Forest and Grassland 8
1.3.5.5 Soil 8
1.3.5.6 Population 8
1.4. Methodology 8
Chapter Two 11
2.0 Gears 11
2.1. Upper! Lower Benue Rivers and Chad basin 11
2.1.1.Cast net 11
2.1.2. Gill net 11
2.1.3. Long line 11
2.1.4. Liftnet 11
2.1.5. Beach seine net 11
2.1.6.1 Traps (gura) 12
2.1.6.2. Cane trap 12
2.2. Hadejia — Jama'are and Soköto River-Rima River Basin 20
2.2.1. Gears data
2.3.. Upper! Lower Niger River Basin 24
2.3.i Water Bodies 24
2.3. Types of gears 24
2.3.3. Length of gears .24
2.3.4. Mesh size 24
2.3.5. Hook size 24
2.3.6. Number of Hooks 24
2.3.7. Types of Sinkers 24
2.18. Types of float 24
2.3L9. Material for head Rope 25
2.3.1.0.Ageof gear 25
2.3.1.1. Method of storage 25
2.3.1.2. Cost price of gear 25
2.3.1.3. Place of 25
2.3.1.4. Source of funds 25
2.4. Osun — Ogun and Owena River Basins 28
2.4.1. Gear types 28
2.5. Anambra-Imo Niger Delta & C/R.Basins 28
2.5.1. Fishing gears 28
2.5.2. Anambra state 28
2.5.3. Enugu 28
2.5.4. Ebonyi State 28
2.5.5..Abia State 29
2.5.6. Rivers, Cross R. Akwa-lbom & Bayelsa States 29
Chapter Three 32
3.0. Fishing crafts 32
3.1. Upper / Lower Benue River & Chad Basins 32
3.1.1. Dug out canoe 32
3.12. Canoes 32
3.1.3. Gourds 32
3.2. Hadejia/Jamaare & Sokoto Rima R. Basin 36
3.2.1. Kebbi State 36
3.2.2. Sokoto State 36
3.2.3. Katsina State 36
3.2.4. Zamfara State 36
3.2.5. Kano State 36
3.2.6. Jigawa State 37
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3.3 Upper/lower Niger River Basins . 393.3.1. Fishing crafts 39
3.3.2. Length (LOA) 39
3.3.3. Age 39
3.3.4. Cost price 39
3.35. Place of purchase 39
3.3.6. Source'of fund 39
3.3.7. Motorization 40
3.4. Osun-Ogun and Owena R. Basins 43
3.4.1.Crafts 43
3.4.2. Cost of 43
3.4.4. Source of fund 43
3.5. Anambra-Imo Niger Delta C/River Basins 43
35.1. Anambra State 43
3.5.2. Enugu State 43
3.5.3. EbonyVState 44
3.5.4. Abia State 44
Chapter Four 47
4.0 Discussion 47
4.1 Recommendation 48
References 51
Acknowledgements 52
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UST OF TABLES
Table 1. Summary of Gear Data from the Surveyed States of the
Sokoto- Rima Hadejia Jama'are river Basins 21
Table 2. Gear data for Upper/Lower Niger River Basins . 27
Table 3. Fishing Craft, Gear and Water body sampied in Niger Delta
Anambra- lmo and Cross River 30
Table 4. Fishing Gears of the Niger Delta, Anambra —Imo and
Cross River 31
Table 5. Summary of craft data from the Surveyed States 38
Table 6. Craft data for Upper! Lower Niger River. Basins 41
Table 7. Fishing Crafts sampled in the Niger Delta Anambra-lmo and Cross
River Basins 45
Table 8. Outboard Engines Sampled in the Niger Delta Anambra-Imo
and Cross River 46
Table 9a. Summary of Gear Data for all the River Basins 49
Table 9b. Summary of Craft Data for all the River Basins 50
LIST OF AGURES
Figure 1 Map of Nigeria Showing the River basins 10
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LIST OF PLATES
Plate 1. Gillnet (Monofilament ) 13
Plate2 Cast net 14
Plate 3 Long line . 15
Plate 4. Operation of Lift net 16
Plate 5 Beach seine net 17
Plate 6, Fishing Trap 18
Plate 7. Fish Trap (Ndurutu) 19r
Plate 8. Dug out canoe 33
Plate 9. Plank canoes 34
Plate 10. Gourd 35.
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CHAPTER ONE
1. INTRODUCTION
Due to the varied habits and habitats of the fish species peculiar to water bodies, anassorted array of fishing gears are equally employed to catch them. Seasonal changes bothin species diversity and abundance also necessitate changing over to varied gear severaltimes in the year. This makes fishermen to employ various fishing gears in the performanceof their fishing activities depending upon the season and period.
Recent advances have also led to improvement in the types of fishing gears employedby the artisanal fishers. The gears include different types of fishing nets, which are factorymanufactured but mounted to specifications by fishers themselves. Fishermen also engagein the fabrication of different types of traps, which they use to catch fish. Fisherfolks who areengaged in small-scale fisheries in Nigeria use gears and crafts made up of both natural andsynthetic fibers. The natural fibers are readily obtained from the abundant plant resources.However, most of the gear types are made with synthetic twines and netting materials(Nylon) which are imported at very high costs. Plastic floats, lead sinkers (flat sheets) andoutboard motors are also imported at exorbitant prices. The rising cost of these materialsnow constitutes a big problem and constraint to fisherfolks. This is because many of themfind it difficult to replace theiraged and overused fishing gears and crafts as and at whendue.
To effectively use any gear or fish any water body with success the fisher needs a kindof mobility to enable him/her reach both near and distant fishing grounds. This necessitatesthe acquisition of a canoe/boat or even a local or traditional gourd as craft. How far the craftcan transverse depend on whether it is motorized or not. The complementary crafts used bythe fishers to prosecute their artisanal fishery business also require adequate attention.
The National Institute for Freshwater Fisheries Research (NIFFR) recognizes thisproblem of high cost of fishing gears and crafts militating against artisanal fisheries. As afirst step towards alleviating this problem, a nation wide survey was undertaken to cover thediverse River Basins located in various ecological zones of the country. The survey formspart of a national study to collate a comprehensive statistics of the aquatic resources, theirlocation, distribution, and methods of exploitation in the thirty-six States of the Federationincluding the Federal Capital Territory.
1.2. Aims and objectives
The aims of this particular survey are:
1. To identify the various fishing gears employed by fishermen in the inland waters ofNigeria
2. To identify the various fishing crafts employed by fishermen in the inland waters ofNigeria
3. To ascertain the cost of each gears and craft and source of funds for purchase and
4. To assemble available gears and crafts as a reference center.
This report therefore presents a checklist of the gears and crafts used by fishers in all
the river basins/agro-ecological zones of Nigeria.
1.3 STUDY AREA
Nigeria is divided into various agro-ecological zones and the study areas are
the various River basins, which are located in these different agro-ecological\ zones of thecountry (Fig 1).
These are:
1. Upper/Lower Benue Rivers and Chad Basins.
2. Hadejia-Jama'are/Sbkoto- Rima River Basins.
3. Upper/Lower Niger River Basins.
4. Osun/Ogun and Owena River Basins.
5. Anambra-lnio Niger Delta and Cross River Basins.
1.3.1. Upper/Lower Benue Rivers and Chad Basins
1.3.1.1 Location:
This Upper and Lower Benue Rivers and Chad Basins is in the Northeast zone ofNigeria and is made up of Adamawa, Bauchi, Borno, Gombe, Taraba and Yobe States.These States fall within latitude 9° and 13°N and longitude 8° and 8'E and 14° 5'E (Satia,1990).
1.3.1.2. Vegetation:
Based on the vegetation map of Nigeria, the States in the study area are situated withinthe Sahelian Zone while Southern Adamawa and Bauchi are mainly in the Northern GuineaZone (Udo, 1975). Agroecologically, Borno, Yobe and Jigawa States are dry sub-
humid zone while Bauchi and Adamawa are sub-humid zone (ANON, 1992).
1.3.1.3 Climate:
The climatic regime is characterized by a single dry season followed by a shorter wetseason. In the Sahel, mean annual rainfall is less than 500mm and may fall to 250mm(Kowal and Knabe, 1972). In the Sudan Savanna, it is 500-800mm while in the NorthernGuinea Savanna it ranges between 800-1000mm. The number of wet months is about fourmonths in the NorthernGuinea savanna zone to less than one month in the Sahel zone.Mean annual temperature is 26°C increasing tdwards the Sahel zone to about 28°C.Humidity is very low throughout the dry season.
1.3.1.4. Evaporation:
Potential evapotranspiration in the zone exceeds rainfall except for the few wet months.Excessive evapotranspiration in the zone leads to water deficit for most part of the yearresulting in loose hardning of the soils and neutral to alkaline soil reaction. (Van Wanbeke,1982).
1.3.1.5. Soil:
The soils of the north east zone is generally very loose subsoil, slightly clayey sand redto orange brown with not more than I m deep. The soils are formed from windsorted desertsand with evidence of encroachment of the Sahara Desert (Oyenuga, 1967). The major soiltypes are alluvial soil from southern Borno, ferrosol and ferruginous tropical for northernBorno, Yobe and Jigawa States. Most of southern Jigawa and Yobe have semi-arid brownand arid soft Bauchi is a mixture of ferrosols, feruginous, lithosols and vertisols, whileAdamawa is mainly lithosols and vertisols (ANON, 1992).
1.3.1.6. Water Resources:
The main source of surface water relief and drains from rivers Yobe, Gongola, LakeChad, Lake AIau, Wetlands of Hadejia River Basin, Chad Basin and Upper Benue — GongolaRiver Basin, earlier studies by lt et.aI. (1985) estimated a total of over 113661.9 hectares ofreservoir and Lake Water, 190.31 of ponds and flood plains and .78 hectares of earth damsfor cattle.
Though, the area is endowed with surface water, it has even a greater reservoir ofunderground water. Abstraction of water from the aquifers is very reliable (Ezeigbo andOgbukagu, 1991). The yield of .water from this zone is exemplified by several free-flowing
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boreholes sited along high ways for cattle and community drinking water sources in Borno,Yobe and Jigawa States.
1.3.2. Hadejia/Jama'are and Sokoto- Rima River Basins
1.3.2.1 Location
The Hadejia-Jamaare and Sokoto- Rima River Basins in Northwest zone of Nigeria liesabout Latitude 9° to 14°N. and Longitude 3.5° to 12°E. The states visited which form thezone include: Kebbi, Sokoto, Zamfara, Kano, Jigawa and Katsina.
1.3.2.2 Climate
The zone has two distinct climatic patterns. A wet and dry season. A unimodal peakwith annual ranges of between 500mm to 1600mm characterizes the wet season. All therain in the zone falls within 5 months. Rainfall begins by June and stops by October. Thetwo seasons are determined by the ITCZ controlled by two prevailing air masses: TheNortheast Trade Winds which brings the harmattan and the South West trade winds whichbrings rain fall.
Relative humidity is highest during the wet rainy season and lowest in the coldharmattan periods. Average sunshine for the area is 8 hours while temperatures are highestin April/May (ranging between 32°C and 40°C). Temperature is lowest in December/January(ranging between 12°C and 17°C).
All the conditions of rainfall, temperature, relative humidity are very markedly differentfrom the South of the zone to the North.
1.3.2.3 Vegetation
The vegetation of the zone varies from the Southern part to the northern part accordingto intensity and duration of rainfall. Generally the area falls within the Sudan Savannahcharacterized by short grasses and deciduous tress. The most common trees are:Butyrospermurn paradoxum (Shea butter), Acacia albeda and Combretum micranthum spp.Annually, during the dry season, bush fires burns out most of the grasses.
1.3.2.4 Soils
There are (4) major soil types in the zone. The first type is the ferruginous tropical soilsfound around the northern guinea Savannah area that extend into the southern part of thezone. The next is the weakly developed soils comprising Regosols, brown soils and reddish-brown soils with desert origin. These groups of soils are further north of the first groupdiscussed earlier on. The third type is ferrisols while the fourth is hydromorphic soils.Generally, the soils of the zone consists of well-drained soils with sections being poorlydrained and strongly leached.
1.3.2.5 Hydrology
The zone lies in a region drained by two major river systems. These are the riverSokoto and rivers Hadejia/Jama'are. These major river systems constitute large wet landsalong their channels. From these, many water bodies and lakes have been formed. Alsdintense draw down agriculture is done in these areas.
1.3.2.6 Population
According to the 1991 population census, the zone has over 19 million people. Theseare made up of 50% males and 50% females. About 80% of the population are said to livein rural areas. These people engage mainly in Agriculture. Poverty and illiteracy level forthe zone are also very high.
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1.3.3. Upper/Lower Niger River Basins.
1.3.3.1 Location:
The Upper/Lower Niger River Basins lies between latitudes 6°50' — 110 50'N andlongitudes 30 — 10° 40'E. These basins comprise of Benue, Kaduna , Kogi, Kwara,Nassarawa, Niger, Plateau states and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT).
1.3.3.2. Climate
In general, the rainfall regime decreases considerably from the northern to the southernportions of the zone. Apart from latitudinal variation considerable differences occur as aresult of altitudinal differences.
The rainy season in the north spreads from May to October with a single peak inAugust. In the south, two peaks mark the rainy season and that spread from March toNovember. In Lokoja area to the south, rainiéll is about 1270mm with rainy season length of240 days.Around J05 plateau, the rainfall rises to about 1270mm as a result of orographiceffects of"the higher elevations. Generally, the length of the dry season rarely exceeds 6months within the Benin/Niger trough thus its major tributaries flow throughout the year
1.3.3.3. Vegetation
The vegetation within the study area is of the guinea savanna vegetation zone, Keay(1959). Again as a result of topographic changes, rainfall differences and edaphic factors,some pockets of other distinct vegetation types are supported within the study area
1.3.3.4 Soils and geology
The study area is underlain mainly by the Precambrian basement complex, whichcovers more than half of the entire area of northern Nigeria. The cretaceous sediments alsoudderlay the remaining area of the Niger — Benue trough. The southern area of Niger State(Kontagora — Mokwa- Bida) up to the Niger River valley is covered by gently undulatinglandscape underlain by the Nupe sandstone. In the Benue river basin area there are pocketsof recent sedimentary rocks, sandstone, shale and limestone. There are also comparativelysmall areas of volcanic lava around Jos and the Mambilla hills.
1.3.4. Osun/Ogun and Owena River basins.
1.3.4.1. Location and Population
The states of Delta, Edo, Lagos, Ogun, Ondo, Ekiti, Osun and Oyo make the Osun-Ogun Owena River Basins. They collectively cover 114,271 km2 which is approximately 12%of Nigeria's total area. The zone is highly urbanised with population of 22,230,670 in 1991,made up of 11,284,433 males and 11,046,237 females. The population is projected to reach40 million by the year 2010. Population density varies from 194km2 tol,589 km2.(NPC,1991)
1.3.4.2. Vegetation
The vegetation varies from mangrove through diverse forest communities to the woodySavannah.
1.3.4.3. Drainage System
The major rivers in the Basins are the Ogun, Osun and Osse rivers. The fisheriessystem consists of capture and culture. Capture fisheries involves three systems; the coastalmarine, brackish and freshwater. Culture fisheries are limited to earthen ponds and concretetanks in the freshwaters.
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1.3.5. Anambra-Imo Niger Delta and Cross River Basins.
1.3.5.1. Location
The Anambra-Imo Niger Delta and Cross River Basins area (Miller et a!., 1991; Adedipeet a!., 1996) constitutes a significant proportion of the East flank of the Niger Delta, most of itwithin the coastal belt. The states in the zone includ Anambra, Enugu, Ebonyi, Abia, Imo,Cross River, Akwa Ibom, Rivers and Bayelsa, lying within latitude 4.5° — 7° N and longtitude7°- 9° E. It occupies a land mass measuring 240 km from the North to South and 240 kmfrom east to west with a total land area of 78.612 km2
The area shares a boundary with the Republic of Cameroon to the east while the RiverNiger and its creeks bound itto the West, and the Bight of Bonny to theSouth. Its Northern.—most towns include Nsukka to the West, Ogoja and Obudu to th&East..The area is occupiedby Bayelsa, Rivers and Akwa lbom states to the South; Enugu state to the North whileAnambra, Abia, Ebonyi and Imo states occupy the center; Cross River state stretching fromthe coast in the south to Benue State border in the North borders the area in the east.
Plains under 200m above sea level dominate the land surface of the area. Thecharacteristic trend of the topography is that of a gradual slow ascent from the Niger Delta inthe south west of the region to the eastern high lands of the Oban Hills and the ObuduPlateau both in the Cross River State. The gradual ascent is interrupted by a series of stop-like escarpments.
1.3.5.2. Climate
According to Adedipe et a!. (1996) the survey area is typically equatorial with two mainseasons: the rainy and the dry season. The rainy season characterized by heavythunderstorm lasts from April to October, while the dry season covers the remaining monthsof November to March during which there may be occasional rains. The on-set of the rainyseason in the coastal area may be as early as March, and the rainy season may last till mid-November. The monthly distribution of rainfall shows a noticeable fluctuation in the month ofAugust usually termed as the "August break". It enjoys over 3,500mm of rain with a doublemaximum (April-July and September—October) The high rainfall in this region causes muchleaching in the very poor soil, supporting coconut, cashew nuts, oilpalm and similar plants.The Niger Delta region receives the least sunshine time in Nigeria: 1500 hours per annumwith July being especially cloudy. The mean annual rainfall varies from 2250mm in thecostal areas of Bayelsa, Rivers, Cross River and Akwa Ibom states, to about 1,500mm in theNorthern fringes of Cross River, Enugu and Anambra states. In most parts of the zone,temperature is usually high ali year round. The average minimum and maximumtemperatures are about 25°C and 32°C, respectively. The rainy season is characterizedthroughout the area by relatively high temperatures (25°C -33°C) and high relative humidity(85-95%).
The dry season is characterized by the dry harmattan winds whose intensity is morerigorously felt on the northern parts of the Cross River, Enugu and Anambra states from lateNovember to early January than in the rest of the area.
The mean annual potential evapo—transpiration (PET) varies from 1425mm in thecoastal area of Akwa Ibom, Cross River, Rivers and Bayelsa states to 1625mm in thenorthern —most areas of Anambra, Plateau area of Cross River state the PET is particu1rJylow, being about 1125mm.
1.3.5.3. Drainage
Drainage here refers to the network of streams in the South East zone. Only generalreference is made to the nature of ground water.
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Apart from the Delta region of cris-crossing creeks and channels and the smaller basinsof the Kwa Ibo, the Calabar, the Great Kwa, and the Akpa, the study area is dominated bythree drainage systems -the Cross river, Niger-Anambra -Manu, and the Imo.
1.3.5.3.1. The Cross River System
From its Mbu headwaters at an elevation at about 2,236m in the Republic of theCameroon to its mouth in the Calabar estuaryin the Bight of Biafra, the Cross River is about540 kilometers long. The Cross River enters the South-Eastern zone of Nigeria at a pointwhere it is joined by the north-flowing Awa tributary at the border between Nigeria andCameroon. Following a zig-zag course for some 25km, it emerges from gorges-like valleysthrough Ikom to the sea
The Total drainage area of the Cross River is about 50,439 square kilometers. Of thisonly about 28,370 square kilometers are in the South-eastern State.
Impeded drainage characterizes the Abakaliki area in the dry season and has producedparticular agriculture practices. The Cross River is the most navigable of the streams in theEastern State, especially between lkom and its mouth where it flows and meanders in abroad valley of wide plains. Abia, Cross River System.
1.3.5.3.2. The Anambra - Manu System
The Anambra-Manu system has a total area of about 15, 497 square kilometers. Of thisthe Anambra basin has a total area of 8,880 square kilometers. Of this, only about 1,153square kilometers are within the south-eastern states. This is mostly in Anambra State, witha little fraction in Enugu State.
The Anambra River with headwater in Kogi State is approximately 23km long from itssource at an elevation of about 350 metres in the false-bedded sandstone formations ofAnkpa, its main tributary before entering the Eastern states at Obudu (110km long), theAnambra river flows irfto the Eastern states at Ogurugu, in Enugu state, whère it is joined bythe Ofu tributary (itself some 115km long). From here the Anambra ltne of weaknessbelieved to be faulted enters the Niger at Onitsha in a series of meanders of varying wavelengths over a lowland plain of about 120 meters in elevation.
1.3.5.3.3. The Manu Basin
The Manu together with its principal tributary, Adada, has a total area of about 6,670square kilometers, of which between three-fifths and two-third is contributed by the ManuRiver. The Manu Basin extends from the western part of the Enugu-Awgu ridge in EnuguState, to the Anambra basin that covers both Enugu and Anambra states.
As in the Cross River basih, there is considereable influence of lithology on streamdevelopment, pattern and density. For example, in the Lower Coal Measures, dranage andchannel frequency are very high, whereas in the false -beded sandstone there is a paucity ofsurface drainage owing to the high infiltration capacity of the sandstone formations.
The Udi-Nsukka plateaU, with its low density of drainage, is characterized by sand-filleddry valleys attributed to the influence of lithology and the nature of past climates.
1.3.5.3.4. The lmo System
The lmo, which has a total length of about 220 km and drains a total of about 8,288square km, takes its source at an elevation of about 120 meters at the southern flank tip ofthe Udi Hills. Its small headwaters are from the Imo shale group of rocks, the Umunasandstone, and the Upper Coal Measures respectively to the north-west and north ofOkigwe. These headwaters with a high density of drainage are believed to have belonged tothe Eyong Creek (now part of the Cross River) until their channel in this area flows roughlysouth-eastward in general coincidence with the extent and direction of the Imo Shaleformations.
6
1.3.5:4 Vegetation
Several factors (climate, soil, relief and man)_work in hand to make the vegetation differfrom place to place. The relevant climatic factors are humidity and rainfall because theseelements vary from the coast to the hinterland.
Three distinct vegetation types are found in the area namely: humid forest, derivedsavanna and semi— montane.
1.3.5.4.1 Humid Forest
Three sub-types namely: salt — water swamps, fresh-water swamps and rain forests.
1.3.5.4.1.1. Salt — water forest
This is restricted to a coastal strip where the freshwater from the river meets and mixeswith the salt-water from the sea. The freshwater is thus polluted and rendered saline as aresult, the soil is swampy and water logged and the water is blackish. This type of vegetationoccupis about 40%, 2% and 1 %, respectively of Rivers and Bayelsa; Akwa Ibom and CrossRiver state.
The mangrove species: Rhizophora mangle, R..harrisonii and Avincennia nitidadominate this vegetation zone hence this belt is sometimes known as the "mangroveswamp". The vegetation is a tangled mass of stems and aerial roots. The roots are aerialbecause they tend to avoid the surrounding water. The distribution of species in thisvegetation is very much dependent on tidal cycles and soil salinity. The species which hasthe widest range of tolerance in the mangrove areas of Cross and Calabar River is R.racemosa. In Rivers and Bayelsa states, swampy environment is replaced at the seabeaches by sandy deposits. As a result coconuts and tall reeds tend to replace thecharacteristic mangrove trees, along the shore.
1.3.5.4.1.2. Freshwater swamp forest
This is a relatively small but important vegetation belt on the western border of thesurvey area along the River Niger. It occupies about 20, 10, 5 and 2%, respectively in Riversand Bayelsa; Anambra; mo and Cross River States. Trees species encountered in thisecology include Anthostema aubi'yanum, Carapa procera, Cleisfopho/is patens, Raphiaspecies, Erythrophelum ivorense, Oxystigma manni, etc.
1.3.5.4.1.3. Rain forest
It extends almost fully across the area in a broad band. This vegetation lies betweenOnitsha in Anambra state, Degema in Bayelsa state, Afikpo in Abia state, Eket in Akwa Ibomstate, Ogoja and Calabar both in Cross River state. Much of the area is now secondaryforest as a result of man's activities, The zone is characterized by the presence of treespecies of economic importance e.g oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), the mahoganies (Khayaivorensis and K. grandifoliola), Entandrophragma cylindricum, iroko (Chiorophora exce/sa,Irvin gia gabonensis, Trichiila) species, etc. The overwhelming majority of the plants arewoody. Trees fc5rm the dominant of the rain forest community, but most of the climbing plantsand some of the epiphytes are also woody. The undergrowth also consists largely of woodyplants- seedling and sapling trees, shrubs and young woody climbers.
1.3.5.4.2. Derived Savanna
This zone lies to the north of the tropical rain forest. It is to a very great extent theproduct of man's activities in the drier northern region of the rainforest zone. Many years ofclearing and burning have produced a savanna landscape of grass and scattered trees fromwhat is formerly the rain forest. However, forests are found in the low-lying moist areas. Theprincipal grass genera characteristic of this area are Pennisetum, Andropogon, Chloris,Hyperhania, etc. Its agricultural products are similar to those of the northern part of the rainforest orie.
7
1.3.5.4.3 Smi—Montane Forest and Grassland
Is a comparatively small patch of semi-tropical grassland-products of the light—moderated tropical climate atop the Obudu Plateau (maximum elevation of about 2,lOOm) inthe north — eastern corner of Cross River State in the South — East zone. On the slopesbelow this grassy cap is the dense coat of forest that merges imperceptibly into the lowlandrain forest. In the majority of instances, the two forests share the same floristic elementseven white the macro-morphological distinctions at times may be marked. For example,where as some tree forms (Cyathea spp) appear as midgets not taller than 1-2m in thelowland rain forest, in the semi-montane forest they readily reach 6 or 7m.
1.3.5.5. Soil
Five main "classes" or types of soil exist in this zone, namely: lithosols, young soils,ferruginous tropical soils, ferrallitic soils and hydromorplic soils according to Jungerius(1964).
1.3.5.6. Population
According to the 1991 population census, this area has a total population of 18, 921,872 people made up of 49.31% males and 50.69% females. Enugu, Ebonyi and Abia stateshas the highest population of 5,458,960 people or 28.85% of total zonal population, followedby Rivers and Bayelsa states 3,983,857 (21 .05%), Anambra state 2,767,903 (14.63%), Imostate 2,485,499 (13.14%), Akwa Ibom state 2,359,736 (12.47%) and Cross River state1,740,154 (9.86%). More females were recorded in Cross River, Rivers and Bayelsa states,while the reverse is true for Abia, Anambra, Ebonyi, Enugu, Imo and Akwa Ibom states.
1.4. METHODOLOGY:
A common survey framework was applied in all the basins/agro-ecological zones in thecountry for the collection and analysis of data. The questionnaires administered werestructured to collect the following information.
1 Type of gear,
2 Materials used for construction
3 Age of gear
4 Method of storage
5 Type of craft
6 Shape of craft
7 Width at widest point
8 Age of craft
9 Cost and place of purchase
10 Source of funds
To reduce the possibility of misinterpretation, during the data collection, teams of NIFFRresearchers who are familiar with the local language and area visited conducted theinterviews within a 10-day duration. For the survey, each State capital was visited with anofficial introductory letter to the Honorable Commissioner of Agriculture and NaturalResources through its State's Chief Fisheries Officer or Director of Fisheries. Ilevantinformation was also obtained from River Basin Authorities, Agricultural DevelopmentAuthorities and States Water Board. In addition to information gathered in the office theteams were assisted to make actual field visits to some water bodies. Each state fisheriespersonnel assisted the team with the logistics of getting to their respective major inlandwater bodies.
8
These bodies of water were directly obserd and assessed for the gears and craftsavailable on them. The data/records obtained coupled with the direct observation wereanalyzed and reported. Photographs were taken where necessary. Purchases of samplegears and crafts were also done where necessary for museum preservation. Due to timelimitation, not all-available water bodies could be visited but the records obtained could berepresentative of all the available ones. This is because of the fact that the gears and craftsbear similarities with each other both in structure, make up and dimensions.
9
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R'S
CHAPTER TWO
2.0. GEARS
2.1. Upper/Lower Benue Rivers and Chad Basins
In the north-east zone of Nigeria, fishermen employ various fishing gears in theperformance of their jobs. Some of, these include in order of preference, the gilinets,longline, traps, cast nets, seine net and clap net as is generally common to other river basinsboth in construction and operation.
2.1.1. GH net.
These are nets fixed, to the bottom or at predetermined depth of water by means ofanchor sufficiently heavy to neutralize the buoyancy of the floats. The nets vary from 20-30m in length and 2-5m in depth. The netting material is either mono-filament (Plat 1) ormulti -filament. 2-5 fishermen could operate a gill net.
2.1.2. Cast net
Cast nets, which are also used in the zone, are conical nets with lead weight attached atregular intervals along the perimeter of the cone. The netting materials is nylonmonofilament or multifilament with mesh sizes varying between 12 and 100mm. For eachnet, the total stretched height of cone varies between 3 and 6 meters. A typical cast net hasa retrieving line of 4-10 metres in length and is attached to the apical portion (See Plate 2).In some cast nets, the lead line is tucked underneath and attached at intervals to the innerside of the net to form pockets for trapping fish. The net is thrown on sighting 'a shoal of fishin such a way that it opens and unfolds to cover the fish thereby trapping them in the net.The net is then gently and skillfully drawn towards the thrower by use of the retrieving lineinto the canoe.
2.1.3. Long line:
A set of longline consists of a main line to which few of numerous short secondary lines(snoods), each terminating in a hook and is tied. Most fishermen operating on rivers andlakes in the North-Eastern zone of Nigeria generally employ this gear. Man-Man is anunbaited bottom set longline, which is effective in catching different types of fish species.The fishermen in the zone use hooks of 0.5-1.0mm in diameter (Plate 3).
2.1.4. Lift Nets.
The result shows that fishermen in Adamawa State commonly employ these types ofgear. The gear consists of a wooden ring of about 45-95 cm diameter, fitted with 30-45 mmmesh netting which is either drawn light or a bit loose to for'm a small bag. Three or fourbridles, equidistantly tied on the perimeter of the ring, have their free ends joined to 2-5mlong line. The free end of the line holds a small cork or float, which serves as the marker onwater surface to show the position of the gear. The gear stays at the bottom when set and isretrieved at intervals of 10-20 minutes (Plate 4). It targets clupeids, which are freshwatersardines.
2.1.5. Beach seine net.
Beach seine net is one of the gears that the fishermen in the Northeast Basinscommonly employ in fishing in rivers, Lakes and estuaries. The nets range between 30-120metres in length and 3-8 metres in depth. Each net is hauled with a pair of ropes of 50-200metres in length. The nets have' very small stretched mesh sizes of less than 8mm (seePlate 5).
11
2.1.6. Traps (Gura).
Traps are effectively used in freshwater rivers and Lakes in the Northeast Basins. Theyco,u1dbe very large in sizes varying from 1-3m in length with only one non-return value,which is often placed in the centre. The main framework is made of wood or cane of 10mmdiameter and then covered with netting materials (Plate 6). The traps are set singly but in arow with a stone placed on top of each trap as a sinker.
2.1.6.2. Cane trap (Ndurutil):
Cane traps with entrances, in the form of funnels (Plate 7) or non-return valves accountsfor a large proportion of the fish catch in many fishing areas in the northeast zone. One ofthe most common types is the double chambered trap known as Ndurutu. They are known'to be efficient in catching Tilapia at certain times of the year. They are very effective whenset along riverbanks.
12
13
Plate 1: Gill Net (Monofilament) Lake Chad
14
Pate2:Cstnet
Plate 3: Long Une (Lake Chad)
15
I
16
P'ate 4: Operation of Lift net (Upper Benue River at Yoa)
17
Hate 5: Beach seine net (Lake Chad)
Plate 6: Fishing trap (Gura)
18
Plate 7: Fish trap (Ndurutu)
19
• j• •
L.
2.2. Hadejia/Jama'are and Sokoto- Rima River Basins
As stated earlier the Hadejia/Jama'are and Sokoto- Rma River Basins in Northwestzone of Nigeria lies about Latitude 9° to 14°N and Longitude 3.5° to 12°E. The states visitedwhich form the zone include: Kebbi, Sokoto, Zamfara, Kano, Jigawa and Katsina.
2.2.1. GEAR DATA
Altogether 6 different types of fishing gears were found in the zone. These were Beachseine, cast net, gillnet, hooks, traps and driftnet. Other unquantified ones, which are notusually in common use, were also found. These include spears, knives, poisons etc.
The most frequently used gears in the States are gillnets castnets, beach seine net andhooks. Ranking of their importance in terms of frequency of use is shown in Table 1. Table1 also shows ranges of the parameters of these gears in the different States of the zone..These parameters varied minimally for same gears in different States. However very longbeachseine nets were observed in Sokoto State. Gillnets and beachseine nets were themost costly and long lasting of all the gears. Places of their purchase were within the statesthemselves and the funds for their purchase were personally sourced.
20
TâI
e 1:
Sum
mar
y of
Gea
r D
ata
from
the
Sur
veye
d S
tate
s O
f The
Sok
oto
—R
ima
Had
ejia
—Ja
maa
re r
iver
Bas
ins
Sta
teT
ype
of G
ear
WC
.)
C)
0
,, '
'.- 0—
.C
&, • U) - ' z
'I- O(f
l0. U) .C
QU
)D W
•*- 0 D0 •• U) —
0, . 0 u, : 0 o •N ü5
0 2
oX
eC.J
OC z-
'. G) ( Cf
l0
)<
II ... (fl 0 0
, W " C
.) .' uc U)
Keb
biB
each
sein
e ne
t6
60 -
400
-1
2-
-1
- 2
5,00
0-80
,000
Yau
ri, ?
ê1W
Per
sonl
Cas
tnet
14-
5 -
61
--
--
1 -2
2,60
0.00
Zau
ro, V
auri
Per
sona
l
GilI
net
2610
0-20
01-
3-
--
-1
1000
-120
00Z
auro
,Yau
ri,Y
elw
aP
erso
nal
Hoo
ks12
10-2
00-
--
12-1
510
0-70
00-
3000
-700
0Z
auro
,Yau
ri,V
eiw
a, Z
uru,
Arg
ungu
n
Per
sona
l
Tra
ps28
N/A
--
--
--
50-
20,0
00A
mbu
rsa,
Per
sona
l
Oth
ers
14N
/A-
--
--
-2,
500.
00K
ebbi
,Yau
riY
elw
aP
erso
nal
Sok
oto
Bea
chse
ine
net
1810
0- 1
000
-0.
5-2
--
-2-
14
30,0
00-1
50,0
00S
okot
oP
erso
nal
iC
astn
et10
61
--
-
'
-1
-3—
—2,
500-
3,00
0S
okot
oP
erso
nal
Gill
net
3010
02
- 3
--
--
1 -
105,
000-
1 5,
000
Sok
oto
Per
sona
l
•
Hoo
ks20
100
--
-5-
14
1000
-200
0-
1,20
0-30
,000
Sok
oto
Per
sona
l
Tra
ps8
N/A
--
--
--
10,0
00.0
0S
okot
oP
erso
nal
Oth
ers
14N
/A-
--
--
-40
0-24
,000
Sok
oto
Per
sona
l
Kas
tina
Bea
chse
ine
net
0-
--
-
Per
sona
l
Cas
tnet
302.
3 -
3.2
0.25
- 1
--
--
1 -
92,
000-
5,00
0K
ano,
Zaç
ia,Y
auri
Per
sona
l
21
Sta
teT
ype
of G
ear
0 UC
)C 0)0
c - g 0
'4_ 0
—>
U,
N Cl) .C z
'4-.
._0U
)ø
.E N Cl) .C
WU
) 00 o
'4- 0....
..oU
)•.
EC
l) Cl)
U, . 0 i' ..
O-
0 —
N c
.C 02e
I OC Z
I- o Q '4U
,
0>,
0 0) <
¶ ... 0 C)
w (0 U
0 00.
..
' W0 L C
l)
Gill
net
1650
- 1
002
-3.5
--
--
15,
000-
12,0
00K
ano,
Zar
iaP
erso
nal
Hoo
ks22
30-
100
--
-8-
16
1000
-250
01
-21,
000-
3,00
0K
ano,
Zar
ia,
Per
sona
l
Tra
ps32
N/A
--
--
-1
-210
0-20
0F
untu
aP
erso
nal
Oth
ers
0N
/A-
--
--
--
-P
erso
nal
Zam
far
aB
each
sein
e ne
t16
100-
500
-1
2-
-2-
330
,000
-150
,000
Sok
oto,
Kan
o,Z
aria
,Yel
wa
Per
sona
l
Cas
tnet
204
- 6
0.5
- 1
--
--
1 -
22,
500-
3,00
0S
okot
o,K
ano,
Zar
ia,Y
elw
aP
erso
nal
Gill
net
2250
- 1
002
- 3
--
--
1-
75,
000-
15,0
00S
okot
o,K
ano,
Zar
ia,Y
elw
aP
erso
nal
Hoo
ks18
51 -
100
--
-10
- 14
1000
-200
0-
1,20
0-30
,000
Sok
oto,
Kan
o,Z
aria
,Yel
wa
Per
sona
l
Tra
ps.
24N
/A-
--
--
--
-10
,000
.00
Sok
oto,
Kan
o,Z
aria
,Yel
wa
Per
sona
l
Oth
ers
0N
/A-
--
--
--
-P
erso
nal
Kan
oB
each
sein
e ne
t32
20-4
00-
05-1
.50.
6—2
--
1-6
10,0
00-5
5,00
0K
ano,
Tar
aba,
lbi
,Oni
tsha
Per
sona
l
Cas
tnet
162
-30.
6-2.
3-
--
-1-
31,
000-
10,0
00N
ata'
ala,
B/K
udu
,Kan
o,O
nits
ha
Per
sona
l
Glll
net
.
1815
- 15
01
-3.5
--
--
1 -3
500-
10,0
00T
arab
a,N
ata'
ala
Per
sona
l
Hoo
ks24
10-6
0-
--
3-15
200-
600
-1,
500-
21,0
00K
ano,
Oni
tsha
Per
sona
l
Tra
ps10
N/A
--
--
--
1,00
0-10
,000
Kan
o,N
ata'
ala
Per
sona
l
22
C-
0) .
-.l °
I . i)
?
9.
2
9.
w CD
0)
. 1
-1 '<
2. C)
0 - 0) o %age
occurrence
z ' .. r..'
• z Lt(m)
- Mesh Size of Net (ins)
.
Mesh Size of Codend (ins)
Mesh Size of wing (ins)
-: Size of Hooks (1-15)
01 g 0
• '
No of Hooks in the long
Line
.i - .. Age of Gear
(yrs.)
1—.)
0 ° o
0 0 b 0
b g , i g
, b p o o
b p 0 -o
Cost (N)
.
,
Place of Purchase
-tJ CD
0 = 0)
O CD
0 0)
CD
0 0)
U CD
0 0)
0 CD
0 0)
CD
0 0)
Source of .u
2.3. Upper/Lower Niger River Basins.
2.3.1. Water Bodies
Table 2. shows the fishing gears and crafts assessed in the Upper/Lower Niger RiverBasins which lies between latitudes 6°50' — 11° 50'N and longitudes 3° — 100 40'E. Themajor water body assessed in Benue State was the River Benue. At the Federal CapitalTerritory (FCT) the water bodies assessed were Gurara River and Lower Usuma Reservoir.At Kogi state Rivers Ette and Gurara were ssessed. At Nassarawa, Rivers Uke, Bnue andAkware were assessed. Jebba and Shirorb Lakes were the water bodies assessed in NigerState. At Kaduna, Kangimi Reservoir vias assessed and Asa reservoir was assessed inKwara. No water body could be assessed in Plateau state because the state's staff whowere to take the team to visit the water bodies were on industrial strike.
2.3.2. Types of Gears
Most of the gears observed in this zone were as described in Udolisa et a!, (1994) forinland water bodies. Those common to all the states and water bodies and artisanal fisherieswere gill nets, cast nets, long lines, and Traps (particularly the Malian gura trap). Othergears recorded but which were not common to all the states included Drift net and Beachseine net. Beach seines were recorded in FCT, Nassarawa and Niger States. Drift Netswere recorded only at Kogi State. Traditional gears (traps), called tsuru-Koto, Guku trap andNdurutu were also recorded in Kogi State. As earlier stated all these gears had beenproperly described in Udolisa eta!, (1994)). Other gears used in the inland water bodies butwhich were not seen during this survey includes grappling and wounding gears like spearsand purse seines. -
2.3.3. Length of Gears
The gill nets varied in length from lOm in Benue State to 700m in Kogi State. Generallyhowever, they ranged between 100 to 200m. In terms of depth the gill nets ranged from2.5m in all the states to 6m in Benue and Kogi states. 3" to 3W mesh sizes were morecommon in Niger State. The beach seine nets ranged in length from 50m in FCT to lOOm inKogi State. Long lines ranged in length from 40m in FCT to 1 ,400m in Kogi State. Generallyhowever they ranged between 80-lOOm.
2.3.4. Mesh sizeGenerally the mesh size common to all the states assessed was 2W. But the meshes
used ranged from 1 1/2" in Kogi to 4" at FCT.
2.3.5. Hook sizesSizes of hooks employed by the fishers in the various states ranged from size 15
(smallest size used) at Kogi State to size 7 (biggest size used) at Federal Capital Territory.
2.3.6. Number of HooksThe number of hooks varied.at the different locations. This is due to the peculiarity of
the water body where they are being employed. This is in terms of both width of water body(e.g. river), and indentation (reservoirs) or open water on reservoirs The hook numbersranged from 40 at FCT to 3200 at Kogi State. Generally however they ranged from 400-1000.
2.3.7. Types of SinkerPredominantly stone was the preferred sinker used among the fishers. This might not be
unconnected with its ready availability and cheapness since it was not purchased. Fewcases of lead were observed and they were only for cast nets.
2.3.8. Types of FloatStyrofoam was the choice float recorded in all the states. It was only in Niger State
where a case of rubber was recorded. Even the assumed rubber is again Styrofoambecause it was slippers.
24
2.3.9.Material for Head ropeFor all gill nets and drift nets Nylon ropes were used in all the states. But for cast net
kuralon was used while thicker Nylon ropes were used for Beach seine net.2.3.10. Age of gear
The gill nets ranged in age from 1-3 years. But at Nassarawa State some gill nets wereup to 6 years and beach seine up to 8 years. Here, the gears ranged in age from 2-8 years.It was in this state only where the gears were found to be aged.2.3.11. Method of storage
It is worthy of note to observe that most of the fishers have not cultivated the habit ofstoring their nets or gears. It is only for the long lines that one noticed some semblance ofstorage on wooden sticks possibly in preparation for next setting. But there is no otherstorage method for other gears like gill-nets etc. Only the trap is stored stacked one on topof the other in a well-arranged fashion.2.3.12. Cost price of gear
For gill nets the cost prices are as different as the location and size. But the generalprice seems to be between N4,500.OO per bundle at Kogi state to N6,000 at FCT. Mesh sizealso influences the amount of purchase.2.3.13. Place of Purchase
The place of purchase is also as varied as the states. At Beriue, Makurdi was the placeof purchase. At FCT there were diverse places of purchase — Lokoja, Abaji, Yaba andGwagwalada. At Kogi State places of purchase included Lokoja, Jamata, Edeha, Giriyam.At Nassarawa State they were Mesaka, Uke, Lafia, Azara, Umaisha, Nassarawa andMakurdi. There are more locations for purchasing the gears in Nassarawa State than in anyother State. At Niger State Zumba and New Bussa were places of purchase.2.3.14. Source of funds
Predominantly the fishers bought gears with their personal funds in all the states. Theonly few exception were recorded in Kogi State. A few people took Bank loans andgovernment subsidy.
25
TABLE.2: GEAR
DA
TA
Sta
teT
ypes
Of
Leng
thD
epth
Of
Mes
hA
ge O
fC
ost O
fP
lace
Of
Sou
rce
Of
Rem
arks
Lga
.G
ear
Of G
ear
Gea
rS
ize
Of
Gea
rG
ear
(N)
Pur
chas
eF
unds
Net
(In
)(Y
rs)
Ben
ueG
tllne
t10
6m.
2"2
3000
Mak
urdi
Per
sona
lM
akur
diH
ooks
151
750
Mak
urdi
Per
sona
lM
akur
diT
raps
1.7m
500
Mak
urdi
Per
sona
lM
akur
diC
ast n
et1.
52.
52
7000
Mak
urdi
Per
sona
lM
akur
diF
CT
Gill
net
13-1
8m2"
- 3"
2-3
1500
-700
0Lo
koja
, Aba
jiP
erso
nal
Gw
agw
alad
aLo
nglin
e4m
500
Loko
jaP
erso
nal
Gw
agw
alad
a(M
arim
ari)
6m50
0A
baji
Per
sona
lG
wag
wal
ada
mal
ian
trap
s1
1200
Aba
jiP
erso
nal
Gw
agw
alad
aC
ast n
et4m
2"2
3500
Aba
jiP
erso
nal
Gw
agw
alad
aG
ill-n
et20
-120
.m 2
.5m
2-3'
227
00-3
500
Loko
ja, Y
aba
Per
sona
lA
bajl
Long
line
40-lO
Om
2500
Yab
aP
erso
nal
Aba
jlB
each
sein
e5O
rn3
6000
Loko
jaP
erso
nal
Aba
jlC
ast n
et3-
4m1
Loko
jaP
erso
nal
Aba
jlG
ill n
et40
-60m
2m2.
5"-3
"l-2
yrs
2000
-250
0Lo
koja
Per
sona
lA
bajl
Long
line
SU
m50
00Lo
koja
Per
sona
lA
bajl
Mar
imar
i40
m45
00Lo
koja
Per
sona
lA
bajl
Cas
t net
4m3"
5yrs
3000
Loko
jaP
erso
nal
Aba
jlG
illne
t30
03m
2"2
1850
0G
wag
wal
ada
Per
sona
lF
CD
A
Gill
net
602-
3.5
2-3.
51
4000
Loko
jaP
erso
nal
Aba
jlM
an-M
an90
m20
00Lo
koja
Per
sona
lA
bajl
Gill
net
30-5
0m2
1/2
3 -
4"16
00-3
000
Loko
jaP
erso
nal
Aba
jlLo
nglin
e30
-40m
2 1/
218
00Y
aba
Per
sona
lB
assa
Kog
iG
ill n
et50
-1 0
02
112
2 1/
2 -4
9000
-200
00 L
okoj
aG
ovt S
ubsi
dy B
assa
Long
line
50-1
00
3200
Loko
jaB
ankl
oan
Bas
saC
astn
et5
22
2500
Loko
jaB
ank
loan
Bas
saT
raps
Mal
ian
125
00Lo
koja
Gov
t Sub
sidy
Bas
saD
rift n
et60
2 1/
22
1/2
211
-160
00Lo
koja
Gov
t Sub
sidy
Bas
sa
Tsu
ru k
oto
2500
Loko
jaP
erso
nal
Bas
sa
26
Sta
teT
ypes
Of
Leng
thD
epth
Of
Mes
hA
ge O
fC
ost O
fP
lace
Of
Sou
rce
Of
Rem
arks
Lga
.G
ear
Of G
ear
Gea
rS
ize
Of
Gea
rG
ear
(N)
Pur
chas
eF
unds
Net
(In
)(Y
rs)
Gill
net
40-7
00m
2.5
m2"
- 4"
225
00-3
7000
Jam
ata
Per
sona
lK
ogi L
GA
Ede
ha/L
okoj
aK
ogi
L/lin
e (R
unts
a) 9
00-1
400
222
00-2
500
Loko
jaP
erso
nal
Kog
i LG
A
Cas
t net
4m1.
54
3000
Loko
jaP
erso
nal
Kog
i LG
AD
rift n
et60
-68m
21/2
21
2800
Loko
jaP
erso
nal
Kog
i LG
AT
raps
(M
alia
n,
Ndu
rutu
)1
2000
-300
0E
deha
/Jam
ata
Per
sona
lK
aru
LGA
Gill
net
80-1
002
1/2
.5"-
2"2-
6yrs
2600
-360
0M
esak
a/U
keP
erso
nal
Kar
u LG
AN
assa
raw
aB
each
sei
ne10
02-
8yrs
1500
0-M
esak
aP
erso
nal
Kar
u LG
A18
000
Long
line
100
125
00-3
500
Mes
aka
Per
sona
lK
aru
LGA
Gill
net
50-1
202
1/2
2"-3
"2-
4yrs
2000
-290
0La
fiaP
erso
nal
Aw
e LG
ALo
nglin
e50
-1 0
090
0-15
00A
zara
Per
sona
lA
we
LGA
Gill
net
100-
200m
2 1
/21
1/2
- 2
2-5y
rs45
00 -
800
0 U
mai
sha
Per
sona
lT
oto
Cas
t net
8m2
3-4y
rs12
00-1
400
Um
aish
aP
erso
nal
Tot
oLo
nglin
e10
0-20
0m40
0-12
00U
mai
sha
Per
sona
lT
oto
Mal
ian
gura
Urn
aish
aP
erso
nal
Tot
oG
ill n
et50
-1 0
02
1/2
2 1/
21-
3yrs
21 0
0-32
00N
assa
raw
aP
erso
nal
Nas
sara
wa
Long
line
840-
1500
Nas
sara
wa
Per
sona
lN
assa
raw
aG
illne
t50
-100
2 1/
22.
5-3.
51-
3yrs
2700
-32
00N
assa
raw
aP
erso
nal
Kok
ona
Cas
t net
32.
5N
assa
raw
aP
erso
nal
Kok
ona
Long
line
50-8
013
00-1
500
Mar
kudi
Per
sona
lK
okon
aM
alia
n gu
ra10
00M
arku
diP
erso
nal
Kok
ona
Nig
erG
ill n
et10
0-20
0m1-
3yrs
6400
-140
00 Z
umba
Per
sona
lS
hiro
ro
Long
line
100-
120m
2yrs
Zum
baP
erso
nal
Shi
roro
Mal
ian
gura
Im0.
9m1.
5ly
r15
00Z
umba
Per
sona
lS
hiro
ro
27
2.4. Osun/Ogun and Owena River basins.
The Osun/Ogun and Owena River basins comprise ef Delta, Edo, Lagos, Ogun, Ondo,Ekiti, Osun and •Oyo States. They collectively cover 1.14,271 km2 which is approximately12% of Nigeria's total area.
2.4.1. Fishing gear types
There are about five commonly used fishing gears in the zone. They are gill net, castnet, purse seine net, hooks/long lines, traps (wire).
The gillnet length varies from 50- 200m with mesh sizes of between 1- 5 inches. The castnet on the other hand has between 1-3inches. The. common sinkers are stones and leadwhile the floats are made up of Styrofoam and cork/rubber. A fishing gear costs betweenN1,000-N20,000 depending on which gear and the quantity a fisherman demands. Thefishing gears could readily be purchased in almost all the States in the Zone.
2.4.2. Source Of Fund
For fishing gears respondents said funds were obtained from personal savings,cooperative loan, bank loan and in few instances through government subsidy.
2.5. Anambra-lmo Niger Delta and Cross River Basins.
The Anambra-Imo Niger Delta and Cross River Basins area constitutes a significantproportion of the East flank of the Niger Delta, most of it within the coastal belt. It comprisesof Anambra, Enugu, Ebonyl, Abia, Imo, Cross River, Akwa lborn, Rivers and Bayelsa States.These lie within latitude 450_ 70 N and longitude 7°- 9° E occupying a total land mass areaof 78.612 km2
2.5.1. Fishing Gear
The artisanal fishery of these states in this zone presents a great variety of fishing gearlocally named by the targeted fish species. The gears could be classified as modern (gill net,cast net, drift net and beach seine) and traditional (pots, spear and traps).
The Gill net, Cast net, Longlines and Traps are the common gears in use while theBeach seine, Purse seine and Spear are present mainly on the ocean. The gill nets hadlengths ranging from 50-lOOm, with the mean depth being about 3.2m and mean mesh size
of 2.5" (Table 4)
2.5.2. Anambra State
The available fishing gears included Gill net, Cast net, longlines, Drift net, Purse.net andtraps (Table 4). The gears were purchased from Onitsha with fund either raised personallyby an individual fisherman or through a cooperative society.
2.5.3. Enugu State.
The fishing gears available in the state included Gill net, Cast net, longlines, Drift net,Beach seine, lift nìet and traps (Table 4). The gears are purchased from Enugu with personalfund.
2.5.4. Ebonyl State
In this state the fishing gears available included Gill net, Cast net, longlines, Beachseine, lift net, Hook and traps (Table. 4). The gears are purchased from Abakaliki withpersonal fund.
28
2.5.5. Abia State
The fishing gears available in the state were gill net, cast net, drift net, longlines andNkpete (Table 4). The gears were purchased from Aba with personal fund.
2.5.6. Rivers, Cross river, Akwa Ibom and Bayelsa States
The fishing gears and crafts used by the Artisanal fishermen in Rivers, Cross river,Akwa Ibom and Bayelsa states were similar to those of the preceding states both in design,construction and types.
29
Tab
le 3
: Fis
hing
cra
ft, g
ear
and
wat
er b
ody
sam
pled
in e
ach
stat
e of
the
Nig
er D
elta
Ana
mbr
a- Im
o an
d C
ross
Riv
er B
asin
s
Sta
teT
ype
of fi
shin
g C
raft
Typ
e of
fish
ing
gear
Sou
rce
of fu
ndN
ame
of w
ater
bod
ysa
mpl
ed
Ana
mbr
aD
O, P
LK-D
O, P
LK a
ndG
N, D
N, C
N, P
N, L
L, T
RP
erso
nal f
und
and
Nig
er R
iver
and
Ana
mbr
aA
luC
oope
rativ
eR
iver
Enu
guD
o, a
nd P
LKG
N, C
N, B
S, L
L, T
R, L
NP
erso
nal f
und
Nin
e La
ke a
nd Id
odo
Riv
er
Ebo
nyl
Do
and
PLK
ON
, LL,
BS
, HK
, LN
, CN
, TR
.P
erso
nal f
und
Ebo
nyi r
iver
and
Cro
ss R
iver
C,r
os R
iver
Do
and
PLK
ON
, CN
, LL,
PT
, TR
, PN
Per
sona
l fun
dC
ross
Riv
er
Akw
a Ib
omD
O a
nd P
LKO
N, O
N, L
L, T
R, O
N,
Per
sona
l fun
dO
gbuk
o la
ke
Bay
elsa
DO
and
PLK
ON
, ON
, LL,
SP
, TR
Per
sona
l fun
dO
glau
ko la
ke
Abi
aD
o an
d P
LKO
N, O
N, D
N, L
L, N
kpet
eP
erso
nal F
und
Imo
Riv
er.
Riv
ers
DO
, PLK
-DO
and
PLK
ON
, CN
, LL,
TR
, BS
Per
sona
l Fun
dN
ew C
alab
ar r
iver
Not
e: D
oD
ugou
t; P
LK=
pla
nk; A
/u—
Alu
min
um, P
LK -
DO
Pla
nk-D
ugou
t,
GN
= G
ill n
et, C
N =
Cas
t net
, DN
Drif
t net
, BS
=B
each
sei
ne, L
L—Lo
nglin
es, P
N=
Pur
sein
e N
et, T
R=
Tra
ps, L
N=
Lift
net,
SP
=S
pear
, PT
hP
30
Table 4. Fishing Gears in each state of the Niger Delta Anambra- lmo and Cross RiverBasins
State Type ofGear
Av.Length
Av.Depth
Meshsize
Age Cost Place ofPurchasing
Source ofFund
Abia Gill netCast NetDrift netlonglineNkpete
70m4m1Dm
Tm
4m
4m2m5mim2m
5"1.5"
2"
2yrs1 yr
3yrs2yrs3yrs
10,00015,00020,0002,0003,000
AbaAbaAbaAbaEkanobizi
PersonalPersonalPersonalPersonalPersonal
Anambra Gill netCast NetDrift netlonglineTraps
4DmSm
1 5m
1Dm
4m3m6m
3.5"3.0"2.5"
2yrs2yrs2yrs2yrs
6,7404,0002,3505,000
OnitshaOnitshaOnitshaOnitshaLocally
PersonalPersonalPersonalPersonalPersonal
Akwa Ibo Gill netCast NetLongline
5Dm
3m2Dm
3.5m4m15m
3"
2.5"2yrslyrlyr
3,5004,5001,500
UyoUyoUyo
PersonalPersonalPersonal
Bayelsa Gill netCast NetlonglineSpear
50m5m5Dm
3m
3m
5m25m
2.5"2.5"
5,0004,0002,500450
YenegoaYenegoaYenegoaYenegoa
PersonalPersonalPersonalPersonal
Traps 250 Locally Personal
Ebonyi Gill netLongline
lOOm25m
3mlOm
3.0" 2yrs2yrs
4,5001,500
AbakalikiAbakaliki
PersonalPersonal
Enugu Gill netCast Net
BeachSeineLonglineTraps
50m3m
50Dm
lOm
3m6m
5.6m
3.5"2.0'
0.1"
2yrs2yrs
3yrs
lyrlyr
3,5003,200
35,000
300250
OnitshaOnitsha
Onitsha
OnitshaObuofia
PersonalPersonal
Coop.
PersonalPersonal
C/Rivers Gill netCast NetLonglinePotTrapsScoop net
10Dm
Sm
4m
6m4.5m2Dm
2m2.5m1.5m
3.5"2.0"
1.0"
2yrslyrlyr
lyr
5,0002,6002,0004503501,500
CalabarCalabarCalabarLocallyLocallyCalabar
PersonalPersonalPersonalPersonalPersonalPersonal
Rivers Gill netDrift net
Cast NetBeachSeineLonglineTraps
lOOm
13Dm
6m25m
2Dm
7m
4.5m4.5m
6m2.5m
1.5"
2.0"0.1"
2yrslyr2yrslyr
3yrslyr
18,00025,000
5,80015,000
20,0004,000
P/HarcourtP/Harcourt
P/HarcOurtP1Harcourt
P/HarcourtP/Harcourt
PersonalPersonal
PersonalPersonal
PersonalPersonal
31
CHAPTER THREE
3.0. Fishing Crafts
3.1. Upper/Lower Benue Rivers and Chad Basins
3.1.1. Dug-Out Canoe
The traditional canoe, which is still in use in the northeastern part of the country, is the
dugout canoe, which is carved out of a single log or timber. The designs and fabricationhave evolved over the years and modified to suit the differeot methods and aquaticenvironments. They are generally small in size and with narrow beam. The length variesfrom 3.5-7.0 metres. Paddles are mostly used in moving the canoes (Plate 8). Outboardengines are seldom used.
3.1 .2.Canoes
These are commonly used in the study area as fishing craft. They a) commonly builtup with wooden planks. (Plate 9). Mahogany (Khaya iroronsis) and Term/na/ia superba are
used by skilled carpenters for the construction of planked canoes. According to thefishermen, the planks are purchased and seasoned by air-drying for 2-3 weeks and may be
treated with solignum as a preservative before use. The planks are held together with glueand nails. They are sometimes sealed with rubber or synthetic sheets. The canoe ismanned by either 2 or 3 fisherfolks and moved by paddles. In shallow and muddy waters,long paddles are also used to propel the canoe.
3.1.3. Gourds
Another commonly used craft in Lake Chad and River Benue is the calabash. Thisserves a dual purpose for the fishers. It enables the fishermen to float while setting their nets
in water and it is also used for storing captured fish (see plate 10).
The fishermen in the northeast zone use common fishing gears, which include: gill nets,
east net, long line and traps. The gill nets and other nets are made of nylon materials locally
constructed by the fishermen. The use of improved fishing gear accessories such as stones
for sinkers, plastics, and pieces of old slippers Styrofoam, wood/sticks and cornstalk forfloats were common in all the river basins. These materials are alternatives to therecommended knes, which they said, are currently beyond the reach of fishermen. The
fishermen pay higher prices for gear materials because they buy from locations far awayfrom fishing grounds through middlemen.
Inland water fishermen in all the river basins of Nigeria commonly use canoes. The
canoes are mostly made of planks bought from various towns particularly those noted for
fishing activities in the various river basins and which serve as the main supplying centers.
Canoes are generally used by fishermen in all the six states of the northeast of Nigeria. The
canoes are made of planks bought from various towns like Gombe and Maiduguri which
serve as the supplying centres. Some canoes used are locally built at fishing locations but
the materials purchased frbm source. Only few of the fishermen in this zone use motorized
32
tH
I trtzrtt"Plate 8: Dugout canoe
33
34
Pbte 9: P'ank canoes (Lake Chad)
35
Pate 10: Gourd (At Nurnan)
boats. The cost of the outboard engines they use vary from N40,000-N24O,000 dependingon the Horse power.
3.2 Hadejia/Jama'are and Sokoto- Rima River Basins
3.2.1. Kebbi State
All the sampled fishermen used flat-bottomed plank boats of between 6 and 8 mmlong. The ages of the boats ranged from 1 to 10 years and their cost were betweenN3,000.00 and N6,000.00. The fishermen purchased their crafts from Yauri, Yelwa and Titi-malom fase using their personal funds. Only 2% of the boats were motorized. Thepredominant outboard engine type was Yamaha of 1OHP capacity. The engines were up to15 years old, costing aboUt N12,000.00 at the time of purchase. The engines were boughtmostly from Yelwa with personal funds.
3.2.2. Sokoto State
A greater proportion of the fishermen in this State used. gourds of about 2m indiameters. The boats in use were mostly plank and flat bottomed of 7-18m in length. Thecrafts which are purchased mainly from Gando, Goronyo and Wudil were within the ages of2 to 10 years for boats and 1 to 20 years for gourds.
Motorised crafts are few (10%) using Yamaha and Suzuki outboard engine brands of8 to 10 HF and purchased mainly from Sokoto the fishermen bought their craft and engineswith their personal money. Cost of gourd ranged between which 250.00 and N6, 000.00while boats ranged between Nb, 000.00 and 60,000.00. Outboard engine cost betweenNI 5,000.00 and which N25,000.00.
3.2.3. Katsina.
Gourds used for fishing ranged between 1 and 3m in diameter. The boats arebetween 5 and 7m in length and are flat — bottomed plank types. Craft are purchased frommany towns including Duba, Kandaya, Kano, Wayaka, Wudil, Yauri and Zaria.
An insignificant number of boats were motorized, with 1OHF Yamaha engines of 10to 15 years old. Engine were purchased mostly from Kano at Ni 5,000.00 to N25,000.00.Fishermen purchased their inputs with their personal money.
3.2.4. Zamfara.
Only a fifth of the crafts used in these State are boats and are flat-bottomed of 1 non-motorised and 5 to 7 m long. The rest are gourds of 1-3m in diameter and are sourced fromseveral towns including Sokoto, Yelwa, Kano, Wudil Yauri and Zaria. Fishermen use theirpersonal funds to purchase these. Inputs cost between Ni 8,000.00 and N22,000.00 forboats and N200.00 to Ni 000.00 for gourds. Gourds are between 1 to 15 years of age whileboats are between 1-5 years.
3.2.5. Kano
Gourds are sparingly used in this State and where used they were sourced fromWudil. These gourds are between 1 and 2m in diameter, aged between 2 to 3 years andcost between N200.00 and N800.00.
Boats are more commonly used for fishing here. These are flat bottomed, plankboats ranging between 6 to 20m in length, ito 25 years in age and Wi,000 to N40,000 incost. Source of these boats is diverse and include Bangare, Ibi, Kano, Nata'ala, Onitsha,Rurum, Wakari, Wassai, Wudil, Yada Kunya and Zango.
Motorized boats are common here with 10 to 25 HP Yamaha, Suzuki and Mercuryout-board engines mostly used. Ages of the engines are between 10-25 years and they costbetween Nb0,000.00 and N90,000.00. Major place of purchase is Kano. Both crafts andengines are purchased with personal funds.
36
3.2.6. Jigawa
The use of boats and gourds by fishermen is common in this State. Six to seven meterfiat.bottomed boats are common and their ages range between 1 to 5 years. Boats costbetween N500.OO and N7,000.OO and are sourced from about 13 towns (Table 5). They costbetween N5,000.OO and N7,000.OOmotorized boats are not frequent. Suzuki brands of 10-15 HP and commonly used and their costs average N15,000.00. Major city of purchase isKano. Fishermen acquire all their fishing inputs through personal funds.
Gourds are ve' prominent as fishing crafts here and this diversity of sources of crafts inthe surveyed Stated indicates that a lot of the fishermen mirate and carry their crafts alongwhile moving. While crafts are available in the States themselves, the outboard engine areobtained from only a few large cities. Fishermen in these states strictly use their personalfunds for the acquisition of their fishing inputs.
37
Tab
le 5
: Sum
mar
y of
Cra
ft D
ata
from
the
Sur
veye
d S
tate
s
Sta
teT
ypes
of
Cra
ftS
hape
EV
:F1
Leng
th (
m)
Age
(yr
s.)
Cos
t (=
N=
)P
lace
of P
urch
ase
Sou
rces
of F
und
Mot
oris
ed?
- E
ngin
eT
ype
HP
Age
(yrs
.)C
ost (
t4)
Keb
biP
lank
Fla
t6
to 8
ito 1
03,
000
to 6
,000
Yau
ri, Y
elw
a, T
iti-
Mal
auP
erso
nal
Yes
2%
No
98%
Yam
aha
1015
12,0
00.0
0
Sok
oto
Pla
nk 3
4%G
ourd
86%
Fla
t for
boat
sB
oats
,7 to
15 G
ourd
s,2
Boa
ts, 2
to10
; Gou
rds,
ito 2
0
Boa
ts,i0
,000
to 6
0,00
0;G
ourd
s, 2
50 to
6,00
0
Gan
do, G
oron
yo,
Wud
ilP
erso
nal
Yes
10%
; No
90%
Yam
aha,
Suz
uki
1008
- 10
15,0
00to
25,0
00
Kas
tina
Pla
nk 1
4%,
Gou
rd 8
6%F
lat f
orbo
ats
Boa
ts, S
to7.
3 G
ourd
s,ito
3.4
Boa
ts,3
to5;
Gou
rds,
ito9
Boa
ts,iO
,000
to 6
0,00
0;G
ourd
s, 1
50 to
850
Dub
a, K
anda
ya,
Kan
o, w
ayuk
a,W
udil,
Yau
ri, Z
aria
Per
sona
lY
es 5
%; N
o95
%Y
amah
a10
10-
1515
,000
-25
,000
Zam
fara
Pla
nk 2
0%,
Gou
rd 8
0%F
lat f
orbo
ats
Boa
ts,5
to7.
3 G
ourd
s,ito
3
Boa
ts,i
to5;
Gou
rds,
ltolS
Boa
ts,iO
,000
to 2
2,00
0;G
ourd
s, 2
00 to
1000
Sok
oto,
Yel
wa,
Kan
o, W
udil,
Yau
ri,Z
aria
Per
sona
lN
o 10
0%—
--
Kan
oP
lank
90%
,G
ourd
10%
Fla
t for
boat
sB
oats
,6to
20 G
ourd
s,i
to 2
.1
Boa
ts,1
to25
; Gou
rds,
2 to
3
Boa
ts, 1
,000
to40
,000
;G
ourd
s, 5
00 to
800
Ban
gare
, lbi
, Kan
o,N
ata'
ala,
Oni
tsha
,R
urum
, Wuk
ari,,
Was
al, W
udil,
yada
'kun
ya, Z
ango
(Gou
rds
from
Wud
ilso
lely
).
Per
sona
lY
es 2
0%; N
o80
%Y
amah
a,S
uzuk
i,M
ercu
ry
10-2
55-
1610
,000
-90
,000
Jiga
wa
Pla
nk 4
2%,
Gou
rd 5
8%F
lat f
orbo
ats
Boa
ts,6
to 7
Gou
rds,
1to
3
Boa
ts, i
to5;
Gou
rds,
ito
10
Boa
ts,5
000
to7,
000;
Gou
rds,
i30
to 1
100
Birn
in K
udu,
Dum
us,
Guj
ingo
, Had
ejia
,H
alim
be, H
ants
u,K
acha
ko, K
amal
,K
ano,
Sar
a,S
hing
arin
,T
saku
nnaw
a, W
udil.
Pes
onal
Yes
8%
; No
92%
Suz
uki
10-
15-
1500
0.00
38
3.3. Upper/Lower Niger River Basins
3.3.1. Fishing craft
Generally the crafts observed in this zone were as described for the inland water bodies
of Nigeria in Udolisa eta!, (1994). Table 6 shows the crafts assessed in the zone. The crafts
recorded include plank boats at Benue state, dug-out canoes, plank canoes with gourds atFCT. Predominantly the crafts were V-shaped in almost all the states. At Nassarawa, there
were gourds predominantly and dugout canoes. In Niger State, dugout canoes, plank boats
and gourd were recorded but the crafts were more of plank boats. Some of which had flat-
bottom while most were V-shaped.
At Kaduna State half dugout canoes were mostly seen. At Kwara it was plank canoes
whileit was both plank boats and dugout canoes at Kogi State.
3.3.2. Length (LOA)
The boats ranged in sizes from 4.5m at FCT to 12m at Benue State and 16m at Niger.
The width of the boats also varied from O.75m at FCT to 1.lOm at Nassarawa and 5m atNiger State.
3.3.3. Age
The crafts ranged in age from 1 year in FCT to 6 years in Niger State and 9 years inNarassarawa State. Generally however the crafts were within the 2-4 years age bracket.
3.3.4. Cost price.
The price ranges are also location specific. A boat of 6.5m cost about N7,000 in Benue,
another one of 7m could be purchased at N3,500 in Niger State while that of 12m cost22,OOO in Nassarawa State.
3.3.5. Place of purchase.
At Benue State, Makurdi was the place of purchase. At FCT there were about 5locations where boats were purchased. These were Yaba, Lokoja, Adagba, Gwagwalada
and Abaji. At Kogi State, Lokoja and Girinya were the places of purchase. In Nassarawa
State, places of purchase included Mesaka, Azara, Umaisha, Makurdi, Lokoja andNassarawa towns.In Niger State, places of acquiring boats included Zumba, Kuta, Jebba,Lokoja and Malale. Boats could be purchased from Kaduna in Kaduna states. while fishers
from Kwara get their canoes from New Bussa area.
3.3.6. Source of fund.
Most fishers acquired their boats and canoes through personal funds. A few peoplefrom FCT bought theirs through loan from cooperative. Many at Kogi state also purchased
theirs through Government subsidy and Bank loans.
39
3.3.7. Motorization
The only motorized boats were recorded in Niger State. They had Yamaha outboardengines of 8, 15, 25 and 40 Horse Powers. The prices for these were N 10, 000.00, N 70,
000, N 150, 000 and N200, 000 respectively. The engines were purhased from Minnathrough personal funds
40
Tab
le 6
: Cra
ft D
ata
Cl)
-o
B G4 h U)0
E — ,<
—
. u —w
<— c
' 0 0
9-Q
)O
cw .! 0.
- 0 W ( O I)
G)
..
W
W0
)
LU
I.
Z ' 0 05
ao.
9- 0 W 2 w
0 cnB
enue
Pla
nkV
-sha
pe 6
.0-6
.5m
1.5
2-3
6500
-700
0M
arku
diP
erso
nal
No
boat
sF
CT
Gou
rds
Rou
nd5
200-
2500
Yab
a/lo
koj P
erso
nal
No
aD
ugou
t V-s
hape
5.0
-6.5
0.75
1-4
2000
-400
0Y
aba/
loko
j Per
sona
lN
oa
Pla
nkF
lat
6.0-
6.5
0.8-
1.0
1-4
3000
-150
00 A
dagb
aP
erso
nal
No
boat
sbo
ttom
Gou
rds
Rou
nd0.
91-
740
0-12
00A
dagb
aP
erso
nal
No
Pla
nkV
-sha
pe 4
.50.
84
4000
Ada
gba
Per
sona
lN
obo
ats
Pla
nkV
-sha
pe 5
.3-9
.00.
9-1.
13-
640
00-6
000
Loko
jaP
erso
nal!
No
cano
esC
oope
rati
yeP
lank
-V
-sha
pe 5
-6m
12
3500
-600
0G
wag
wal
a P
erso
nal
No
Dug
out
da/A
baji
Kog
iPl
ant-
V-
5.4-
7.5
1.0
m2-
420
00-4
500
Loko
jaP
erso
nal!
No
dugo
ut S
HA
PE
Coo
p/G
ovS
ubs
Pla
nkV
Sha
pe 5
.0-8
.41.
lOm
2-4
3500
-600
0Lo
koja
/Ara
Ban
kloa
nN
okp
o/G
iriny
aN
assa
-G
ourd
Rou
nd0.
830.
82-
360
0-80
0M
esak
aP
erso
nal
No
raw
aG
ourd
Rou
nd0.
80.
83-
860
0-15
00A
zara
Per
sona
lN
o
41
. U)
4- co
'- 0 4: > ioI U
)
U) O ø.o
— )< 0U
) d-
4- 34- c0
0G
Z U) 0 C.)
U, O . 0 0 oo..
' w O €0' .2 o
, , , W
O. X
Z —'
0 C.)
I.-U
)O , . 0
0 .! Qo.'i-
. 0 w
0 0 €0G
ourd
Rou
nd0.
83-
976
0-95
0N
assa
raw
aP
erso
nal
No
Dug
out
V s
hape
40.
83
7,40
0N
assa
raw
a P
erso
nal
No
cano
eD
ugou
tV
sha
pe 8
.0-1
2.0
1.10
.2-
670
00-2
2000
Um
aish
aP
erso
nal
No
cano
eD
ugou
tV
sha
pe 5
.0-1
0.0
0.85
-1.0
4-6
7000
-900
0M
akur
di/
Per
sona
lN
oca
noe
Loko
ja/
Um
aish
aN
iger
Pla
nkF
lat
6-16
m2-
5m.
1-5
1800
-300
0Z
umba
Per
sona
lN
obo
tton
Gou
rdR
ound
1.O
m0.
Sm
218
50-2
000
Kut
aP
erso
nal
No
Pla
nkV
botto
n 6-
9m1.
1.4-
718
00-4
500
Jebb
aP
erso
nal
Yes
Yam
aha
8,15
,10
,000
,70,
000,
Min
naP
erso
nal
Dug
out
V b
otto
n 67
m1.
0.3-
818
00-3
500
Jebb
aP
erso
nal
Yes
Yam
aha
25,4
0 15
0,00
0, 2
00,0
00 M
inna
Per
sona
lG
ourd
—R
ound
1.O
m0.
5m2-
760
0-85
0Lo
koja
Per
sona
lN
o-
Kad
una
Plan
kV
-6.
7-7.
00.
83-t
Im3-
740
0-65
00K
adun
aP
erso
nal
Dug
out
botto
mK
war
aPl
ank
Vbo
tton
6.O
m1
.Om
540
00K
ainj
iP
erso
nal
Dug
out
42
3.4. Osun/Ogun and Owena River basins.
3.4.1. Crafts
'There are predominantly two types of fishing boats in this zone namely:
a. The planked boats which are mainly flat-bottom
b. The dug-out canoes which are V-shaped
The boats have an average length of 5metres and a width of 1 metre
The age of the boats varied from 2-8 years
3.4.2. Cost Of Boats/Canoes
A planked boat within the zone costs between N5,000 some three to four years ago to
about N18,000. The boats ages range from two years to seven years.
On the other hand a dug-out Canoe within the zone costs N3,000 -N8,000 only. Asexpected the highest price for boats are found in Lagos State.
3.4.3 Outboard Engines
The commonest outboard engine in the zone was Yamaha while Suzuki and Endurowere also in use. Most of the Out -board engines were between 5-8 horse power with amaximum age of 12 years. The Out board engines which cost between N120,000-N150,000
were purchased from either Onitsha or Lagos.
3.4.4. Source Of Fund
The respondents claimed that the out board engines were bought with personal savings
as well as from cooperative society.
3.5. Anambra-Imo Niger Delta and Cross River Basins.
3.5.1. Anambra State
The fishing crafts available in the state include Dugout, Plank, Plank-dugout andAluminium.
But the predominant canoe is both dugout and plank. The dugout canoe is made ofplank measuring 5 meter long on average with mean width at widest point at O.6m. TheCanoes were non-motorised with average cost of 443,500 and V in shape. The plankedcanoes had average length of 1 3.5m with mean width of 0.9m. They were flat bottomed and
usually motorized with Yamaha engine raging from 15—40 Horse Power (Hp) which weremainly purchased from Onitsha with either personal fund or' loans from cooperative society.
3.5.2. Enugu State
The craft available in the state included dugout and planked canoes. The characteristics
of these canoes were similar with those of Anambra state, except that in most cases both
43
the dugout and planked canoes were motorised with Yamaha engine ranging from 8-25Horse Power (HP).
3.5.3 Ebonyi State
The common canoes were dugout and planked types. The characteristics of thesecanoes were similar with those of Anambra and Enugu states.
3.5.4. Abia State
The crafts available were similar to those available in Anambra, Enugu, and EbonyiStates.
In this zone the predominant canoes were both dugout and plank (Tables 7) with thedugout canoes measuring between 5-7 meters long with mean width of O.5m at widest point.
They were made of hard mahogany wood (Khaya sp.) and were mostly used in rivers andestuarine areas with a crew of 1-2 persons. The dugout canoes were V-shaped. On theother hand, the planked canoes measuring between 9-12m were mainly used for marinefishing with a crew of 6-8 fishermen. They were flat bottomed and were made of Black Afara
(Terminal/a sp.) and Iroko (Chiorofora exelsa) with average width of O.9m at widest point.Most of the dugout types were non-motorised and were mainly purchased in the localgovernment headquarters with personal fund. The planked canoes were mostly motorised
(Table 8) with Yamaha engines ranging from 8-40 Horse Power (Hp ) and were mainlynijrchased in the State capital with either personal funds or cooperative loan.
44
Table 7. Fishing crafts sampled in each state Of the Niger Delta
•Key: DO Dug-outPLK — Plank
Anambra- Imo and Cross River Basins
45
State Type ofCraft
Av.Length
Av.Width
Age Cost Place ofPurchasing
Source ofFund
Abia DO 7.Orn 3.Om 3yrs 50,000 P/Harcourt Bank loan
PLK 8.5m 2.75m 2yrs 40,000 P/Harcourt Bank loan
DO 5.2m O.7m 2yrs 6,500 Onitsha Personal
Anambra PLK 13m 0.85m 2yrs 10,500 Onitsha Cooperat.
ALU 12m 1.5m 8yrs 65,000 Onitsha 0/subsidy
Akwa/lbom DO 5.8m 1.Om 2yrs 7,500 Uyo Personal
PLK 8.Om 0.7m 2yrs 6,000 Uyo Personal
Bayelsa DO 6.Om 0.8m 2yrs 8,000 Yenegoa Personal
PLK lOm 12m 3yrs 6,500 Yenegoa Personal
Ebonyl DO 5.5m 0.8m 2yrs 3,500 Abakaliki Personal
PLK 7.Om 1.Om 3yrs 6,000 Abakaliki Personal
Enugu DO 6.Om 0.9m 3yrs 10,500 Onitsha Cooperat.
PLK 4.5m 0.85m 2yrs 6,000 Onitsha Personal
C/River DO 6.Om 0.8m lyr 3,500 Calabar Personal
PLK lOm 1.2m 2yrs 5,800 Calabar Personal
DO 8.Om 1.3m lyr 25,000 P/Harcourt Personal
Rivers PLK 7.Om 1.2m 5yrs 35,000 P/Harcourt Cooperat.
DO-PKL lOm 1.5m 3yrs 40,000 P/Harcourt Personal
Table 8. Outboard Engine sampled in each state of the Niger Delta,Anambra- ilmo and C'oss River Basins
State Engine HP Age Cost Place of Source ofType Purcha- Fund
singAbia Yamaha 15 2yrs 75,000 P/Harcourt G/Subsidy
Yamaha 8 lyr 40,000 Onitsha Cooperative
Anambra Yamaha 15 2yrs 65,000 Onitsha Cooperative
Yamaha 40 5yrs 80,000 Onitsha Pers/Coop.
Akwa/lbom Yamaha 8 2yrs 45,000 Uyo Cooperative
Baye(sa Yamaha 15 2yrs 70,000 Yenegoa Cooperative
Ebonyi Yamaha 15 2yrs 65,000 Enugu Cooperative
Enugu Yamaha 25 2yrs 75,000 Onitstia Cooperative
Yamaha 8 3yrs 36,000 Onitsha Cooperative
C/River Yamaha 25 2yrs 90,000 Calabar Cooperative
Rivers Yamaha 25 6yrs 280,000 P/Harcourt Personal
Yamaha 40 4yrs 550,000 P/Harcourt Cooperative
46
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0. DISCUSSION
The gears commonly employed by fishers in all the river basins/zones had been given in
the individual reports but is summarized in Table 9 a. These include gill nets, cast nets, long
lines, lift nets, beach seine net, drift net, traps (Malian gura, cane, wire). There were some
gears which were peculiar to the coastal waters but which were not reflected in the data due
to the short duration of the survey. These included the purse seine nets among others.Some of these gears also bear names, (appellations) linked with the target spp, e.g Sawa
dragnet, Bonga driftnet, Shark duff net, Sawa/Bonga encircling gill net etc.
Stow net is a kind of trap peculiar to the coastal areas too that is targeted againstshrimps, small fish and brackishwater eels. Barrier traps are employed both in the shallow
inland waters and the coastal areas. Furthermore wire traps are used in the coastal areas
while Malian gura dominate the inland waters. Even in the inland waters the Malian gura has
modifications, for e.g the Kanembu gura (adopted by the Kanembu fishers of the NE) is a
three or four chambered modification of the popular Malian gura. It is common only in theLake Chad area whereas bamboo traps are commonly used in the brackishwater of hecoastal areas.
Generally the prices of gears were location specific but they were in the overall context
quite expensive, particularly the factory fabricated gears. This. had made their purchase to
be out of the reach of the artisanal fishers. The price of the gill net varies from N2,500 per
bundle to N 6500 depending on the location. The same gear cost N 500 a bundle a couple
of years back.
For the crafts, the fishers employ plank boats, dug-out canoes, half dug-out canoes and
gourds for fishing (Table 9b). Boats used are generally not notorized due to the high costsof the outboard engines. In the Sokoto- Rima, Hadejia Jamaare River basins for example,
between 2%-20% of the boats are motorized. Non was motorized in Zamfara State of thesame zone. The percentage is the same for the Upper and Lower Benue/Chad Basin area.
In comparison more boats are however motorized in the coastal areas. This enables thefishers reach more deeper fishing waters offshore
In Upper/Lower Benue River and Chad Basins the commonest outboard engines were
Yamaha. In Sokoto/Rima and Hadejia Jama'are Rivers Basins they were Yamaha, Suzuki
and Mercury in order of importance. In the Upper and Lower Niger River Basin it wasYamaha. In the Ogun/Osun and Owena River basins Yamaha, Suzuki and Enduro holdsway.
Yamaha also dominates the Niger Delta, Anambra-Imo and Cross River Basins. Theprices for gears, crafts and, outboard engines as well as sources of fund and place ofpurchase had equally been given in the individual basins reports. For example the pricesranged'from N 15,000 about 2 years ago to N250000 presently for a 25Hp outboard
engine.
47
This constitutes a major constraint militating against both the fishers and artisanal fishproduction.
4.1. Recommendations
To alleviate this problem of high cost of gears, crafts and outboard engines, it is
recommended that:
(i). Government should come to the aid of fishers by reducing importation tariffs onfishing gears and outboard engines.
(ii). Government should give input subsidy to fishers to enable them have access to tinputs.
(iii). Fishers should be encouraged to form duly registered associations or organizations
e.g cooperatives. This could be used to form a pressure group and avenue forbenefiting from Government input subsidies and bank loans.
These would go a long way in improving the production of fish in the artisanal sector.They would also help towards achieving sustainable livelihood among the fisherfoiks.
48
Tab
le 9
a: S
umm
ary
of D
ata
on G
ears
For
All
the
Bas
ins
Riv
er B
asin
GE
AR
S
— cj
a .E a) -. a)
w •3
Tra
ps
—--
—-
j3 °- 0
Cl)
><5 a)
-E
cLL
.
Pric
eca (9
a) 00
a) -
Upp
er-L
ower
Riv
erB
enue
/C
had
Bas
ins
''
-"
--
-
____
__
Per
sona
lN
2500
-N
6500
fBun
dle
Had
ejia
-Ja
maa
re/S
okot
o-R
ima
Riv
er B
asin
s'
'-
"'
--
-
1 -
10P
erso
nal
N25
00-
N65
00/B
undl
e
Upp
er &
Low
erR
iver
Nig
er R
iver
Bas
ins
',
-,
.'
-.
—__
_1 -
SP
erso
nal,
Ban
kloa
n,G
ovt
Sub
sidy
N25
00-
N65
00IB
undl
e
Osu
n-O
guin
/Ow
ena
Riv
erB
asin
s
N
".'
--
-
''
Per
sona
l,C
oope
rativ
eB
ankl
oan
Gov
tS
ubsi
dy
N25
00-.
N65
00/B
undl
e
Nig
er-
Del
ta,A
nam
bra-
imoa
ndC
ross
Riv
er B
asin
s
.,-
-
"'
"
Per
sona
lN
2500
-N
6500
/Bun
dte
49
Tab
le 9
b: S
umm
ary
of D
ata
on C
rafts
For
All
the
Bas
ins
Riv
er B
asin
CR
AF
TS
Pla
nkB
oat
(B)
Dug
out
Boa
t(B
)
Gou
rd(G
)A
ge o
fC
raft
Mot
or-
ized
Typ
e of
Out
boar
dE
ngin
e(O
lE)
Age
of
OlE
Pric
e.
Sou
rce
offu
ndP
lank
Boa
t(N
)
Dug
out
(N)
Out
boar
dE
ngin
e(N
)
Upp
er-L
ower
Riv
er B
enue
/C
had
Bas
ins
Yam
aha,
Suz
uki
Per
sona
l
Had
ejia
-Ja
maa
relS
okot
o-R
ima
Riv
erB
asin
s
I -25
yrs
(B)
1-20
yrs
(G)
1.Y
amah
a2.
Suz
uki
3.M
achi
nes
5-16
yrs
1 ,0
0010
,000
Per
sona
l.
Upp
er &
Low
erR
iver
Nig
erR
iver
Bas
ins
"Y
amah
a, 8
,15
, 15,
40
HP
s1-
9yrs
2,00
0 -
22,0
00P
erso
nal
Gov
t sub
sidy
Osu
n-O
gun/
Ow
ena
Riv
er B
asin
s"
'1.
Yam
aha
2.S
uzuk
i3.
End
uro
2-8y
rs5-
8yrs
5-18
,000
7,00
0-22
,000
3-8,
000
Per
sona
lC
oop
Loan
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REFERENCES
Adedipe, N.O: J. S. Bakshi; 0. A. Odegbaro and A. Aliyu (1996). Evolving the Nigerian
Agricultural Research Strategy plan: Agro-ecological inputs. National AgriculturalResearch Project (NARP) 486 p.
Akinyemju, O.A. (1987). Invasion of Nigeria water by water hyacinth. Journal of
Aquatic Plant Management.25: 24-26.
Akobundu, I. 0. and Agyakwa C. W. (1987) A Hand book of West African Weeds.
ANON; (1992 a) Federal Republic of Nigeria, forestry sector review. World Bank ConfidentialReport No 107444 87pp.
Ayeni, J.S.O.; F. Daddy and M. Mdaihli.(1998). Water hyacinth OIL Lake Kairiji, Nigeriaintegrated control efforts. GTZ Vieh und Fisch, 305 — 317.
Ezeigbo, H.I. and Ogbukagbu, I. K.N (1991) Towards improved water supply in the AridRegion of Nigeria. In : Gadzaima (Ed) University of Maiduguri press Maiduguri.
Jungerius, P.D. (1964). The soils of Eastern Nigeria. Publicaties Van het fysieh-Geog-
rafish Laboatrium van de Universitein van Amsterdam. No 41 pp 185-1 98.
Keay, R.W.J.(1959). An Outline of Nigerian Vegetation (3 ed.). Federal Ministry
of Information, Printing Division, Lagos, Nigeria
Kowal J.M and Knabe D.T.(1 972) An Agroclimato-Iogical Atlas of Northern State of Nigeriawith explanatory notes ABU Zaria. Press.
Miller, J. W; M. Ben-Yami; M. A. Onabanjo and B. 0. A.. Igun (1991). IFAD/UMDP
Assisted Artisanal Fisheries Development project. Proceedings of fisheriesDevelopment Etensionists Training Course. 11th November •6th December, 1991,Uyo, Akwa Ibom state, Nigeria. P.
National Council for Agriculture (1999). Minutes of the National Council for Agriculture
meeting held, Imo State, Nigeria 1999.
National Population Commission (1991). The 1991 population Census. National
Population Commission , Abuja.
Obot and Ayeni (1987). A Hand Book Common Aquatic Plants of the Kainji Lake
Basin, Nigeria
Oyenuga V.A.(1967) Agriculture in Nigeria: An introduction. F.A.O. Rome 1967 308 pp.
Satia, B.P.(1990) National Reviews for Aquaculture Development in Africa. 29: Nigeria.F.A.O fisheries circular No 770. 29 193 pp.
Udo, R.K (1970) Geological regions of Nigeria. Heineman Educational books Ltd. London212 pp.
Udolisa, R.E.K., Solarin, B.B., Lebo,P and Ambrose, E.E. (1994) A catalogue of small scale
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Van Wambeke A. (1962) Criteria for Classifying Tropical Soils by Age .J. Soil Sci. 13240 pp.
51
Acknowledgements
The survey teams' works were simplified in the field through the collective efforts of thevarious people mentioned below. However, several others assisted but could not be listed.Your contributions are all appreciated.
Upper/Lower Niger River Basins
State Contact Address
Niger James Jiya
Shaba Mamman
Ministry of Agric. and Natural Resources
Minna.
Eederal Capita' Territory 0. A. Ogunmola
Agriculture Division
FCDA, Abuja.
Kaduna Engr. D. Gamji, Per. Secretary
Silas Lar,Director, Agric Services, and
Lucas
MANR,
Kaduna
Plateau C. Amadi
(Civil Servants were on Greenwater Fisheries and Associates,strike).
Jos.
Nasarawa L Sanusi - Director Forestry
A. Madaiu-Asst. Chief Fisheries Sup.MANR, Lafia.
Benue C.A. Idoga- D. Director
MANR, Markudi
Kogi S. Olabotoke- Director FisheriesMANR, Lokoja
Kwara A. Adekeye — Director Fisheries
MANR, llorin.
52
Upper/Lower Benue Rivers and Chad Basins
Hadejia/Jama'are and Sokoto-Rima Basins
Osun-Ogun and Owena River Basins
Edo Mr.E. E. Eseka Director
Mr. J. lgbinovia
Mr. P.N. Uzi
Mr. Majomin
Oshun Mr. Odedina
Delta Mr. Ogheneoho (Collector)
Mr. L. E.Onyechie Assistant Director,Fisheries)
Mr. C.C.Mordi (Senior Fish. Officer)
Mr. N.E.Okoli (Fish Supt.)
Mr. Ogunbo Oladipupo Fish farm Respondent)
Mal. Ibrahim UmorU
Mal. Abubakar Tauri
Mr. Peter Ugboro
Ondo Deputy Director of Fisheries
Mr. O.U.lbrahim
Mr. Muraina Ayodele
Zonal Fish. Supt. Okitipupa
Ekiti Deputy Director, Fisheries
Zonal Fisheries Office, Ado- Ekiti
Oyo Director of Fisheries , Oyo State
Mr. Adeleye
Ogun Mr.' O.A Adeleye, OGADEP, Abeokuta
Dr. S.O.Otubusin UNAB, Abeokuta
Lagos Director of Fisheries,Lagos State
Mr. Toluwase
Anambra-Imo, Niger Delta and Cross River Basins
Anambra Commissioner for Agric
Director of Fisheries (Mr. S.N. Okoye)
Assistant Director of Fisheries (ADP) (Mr. N. C. Nwosu)
Enugu Commissioner for Agric.
Director of Animal Production
Asst. Chief Fisheries Officer
Chief Fisheries Officer (ADP) - Mr. Eke.
53
Ebonyi Commissioner for Agric
Director of Fisheries Mr. N. Okeno
Cross River Commissioner for Agric
Director of Fisheries - Dr. M. 0. Ella
Akwa-Ibom Director of Agric
Assistant DirectOrs of Fisheries - Imoh U., Iboh., Etibeh Oko
Imo Dr. R. U. Nwoka (who stood in for the Director of Hsheries whowas on a fietd trip in company of NIFFR Director's team onconsultaricy services.
Abia Director of Fisheries - Mr Akiboh
Rivers Assistant Director of Fisheries - Dr. Harry.
Bayelsa Director of Fisheries and his co-staff (2 Nos).
54
![The Impact of Deforestation on Soil Conditions in Anambra ...article.affjournal.org/pdf/10.11648.j.aff.s.2015040301.21.pdfand vegetation maps modified from [6]. Anambra is a state](https://static.fdocuments.us/doc/165x107/5e6f874af41f360d451fb669/the-impact-of-deforestation-on-soil-conditions-in-anambra-and-vegetation-maps.jpg)
