In the format provided by the authors and unedited.

Supplementary Information

A submarine volcanic eruption leads to a novel microbial habitat

Roberto Danovaro1,2, Miquel Canals3, Michael Tangherlini1, Antonio Dell’Anno1, Cristina Gambi1,

Galderic Lastras3, David Amblas3,4, Anna Sanchez-Vidal3, Jaime Frigola3, Antoni M. Calafat3, Rut

Pedrosa 3, Jesus Rivera5, Xavier Rayo3, Cinzia Corinaldesi6

1Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche – 60131, Ancona – Italy

2Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn – 80121, Naples – Italy

3CRG Marine Geosciences, Department of Earth and Ocean Dynamics, Faculty of Earth Sciences, University

of Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain

4Scott Polar Research Institute, Lensfield Rd, Cambridge, United Kingdom

5Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Corazón de María 8, Madrid E-28002, Spain

6Dipartimento di Scienze e Ingegneria della Materia, dell’Ambiente ed Urbanistica, Polytechnic University

of Marche– 60131, Ancona - Italy

Supplementary Tables 1-4

Supplementary Figures 1-6

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NATURE ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION | DOI: 10.1038/s41559-017-0144 | www.nature.com/natecolevol 1

Supplementary Tables

Supplementary Table 1. Elemental composition of the basanitic solidified lavas forming the

substrate of the Venus’ Hair microbial mat as percentage of solid mass.

Sample description K Na P Mn S Ti Ba Al Ca Mg Fe Guided grab sampler (rock

with mat) 1.06 2.49 0.31 0.13 0.14 2.53 0.04 6.81 7.46 4.38 9.80

Guided grab sampler (lapilli with possible mat remnants)

1.07 2.51 0.37 0.13 0.01 2.55 0.04 6.50 7.72 4.38 9.90

Guided grab sampler (rock with mat)

1.12 2.63 0.34 0.13 0.18 2.66 0.04 6.72 7.62 4.32 9.46

ROV sample (rock with mat) 1.08 2.50 0.32 0.13 0.04 2.59 0.04 6.48 7.73 4.40 9.31 Guided grab sampler (rock

with mat) 1.09 2.51 0.31 0.13 0.25 2.65 0.03 6.60 7.81 4.36 9.36

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Supplementary Table 2. Comparison of the chemical composition of the basanitic solidified lavas

forming the substrate of the Venus’ Hair microbial mat with that of the EH BASAN sample as

percentage of solid mass.

Sample description Fe2O3 MnO TiO2 CaO K2O P2O5 SiO2 Al2O3 MgO Na2O Guided grab sampler (rock with mat)

14.13 0.17 4.73 11.08 1.39 0.85 42.61 12.96 7.94 3.78

Guided grab sampler (lapilli with possible mat remnants)

14.04 0.17 4.65 10.85 1.37 0.86 41.96 12.74 7.86 3.76

Guided grab sampler (rock with mat)

13.65 0.17 4.72 11.07 1.40 0.78 42.89 13.02 7.94 3.80

ROV sample (rock with mat)

13.34 0.17 4.66 11.13 1.37 0.76 42.59 12.91 7.89 3.73

Guided grab sampler (rock with mat)

13.44 0.17 4.65 11.07 1.36 0.76 42.32 12.82 7.85 3.74

Floating lava balloon (EH BASAN)

14.73 0.19 4.75 10.64 1.46 0.83 42.36 13.39 7.36 3.75

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Supplementary Table 3. Taxonomic affiliation, lineage, GC content (%), genome size, gene count

and completeness (%) assessed by CheckM of the genomic bins reconstructed in the present study.

Bin Id Taxonomy Completeness (%) GC (%) Genome size (Mb) Gene count Bin_7 Gammaproteobacteria 97.88 50.4 3.16 2995 Bin_5 Gammaproteobacteria 97.85 41.9 3.56 3213 Bin_8 Deltaproteobacteria 97.62 53.3 3.87 3532 Bin_1 Betaproteobacteria 96.77 63.7 3.62 3606 Bin_6 Epsilonproteobacteria 95.44 38.3 2.32 2430 Bin_13 Gammaproteobacteria 95.37 42.6 4.28 3932 Bin_19 Gammaproteobacteria 94.25 41.4 3.1 3190 Bin_2 Bacteroidetes 93.22 30.8 2.59 2551 Bin_17 Bacteroidetes 91.35 36.7 3.24 3322 Bin_20 Bacteroidetes 91.26 41.8 4.73 4304 Bin_4 Gammaproteobacteria 88.06 47.2 3.09 2961 Bin_9 Gammaproteobacteria 87.13 57.4 2.68 2757 Bin_22 Gammaproteobacteria 86.87 46.3 3.65 3800 Bin_3 Gammaproteobacteria 86.42 36 2.89 3023 Bin_23 Bacteroidetes 86.2 43.1 3.36 3456 Bin_21 Alphaproteobacteria 84.79 58.7 5.06 5553 Bin_15 Gammaproteobacteria 83.1 56.7 3.05 3023 Bin_10 Gammaproteobacteria 82.95 51.3 2.89 3108 Bin_11 Gammaproteobacteria 82.16 33.1 3.54 3716 Bin_16 Bacteroidetes 81.68 39.6 2.57 2699 Bin_14 Gammaproteobacteria 80.32 61.7 3.2 3023

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NATURE ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION | DOI: 10.1038/s41559-017-0144 | www.nature.com/natecolevol 4

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Supplementary Table 4. Accession number/ID and DOI of the related publications for the samples

used for bioinformatic comparisons with those sequenced in the present study.

Analysis type Sample Accession/ID Study DOI

16S rDNA

Mid-Cayman Rise SRR2016405 DOI:10.1073/pnas.1009205107 Escargot (Axial) SRR1946610 DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2013.00185 Pompeii (Axial) SRR1946614 DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2013.00185 Seawater (Axial) SRR1946615 DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2013.00185

Pier (Vulcano) SRR1699446 DOI:10.1128/genomeA.01543-14

Reference (Vulcano) SRR1699447 DOI:10.1128/genomeA.01543-14

Vent (Vulcano) SRR1699446 DOI:10.1128/genomeA.01543-14

Jan Mayen ERR1055667 N/A Loki's Castle SRR1797781 DOI:10.1038/nature14447 Woody Crack Front 1 ERR1078316 DOI:10.1111/1574-6941.12429

Lucky Strike SRR097640 DOI:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02463.x

Guaymas SRR495365 N/A

TAG ERR579995 DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0119284

Rainbow SRR091821 DOI:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02463.x

El Hierro bacterioplankton 4600697–4600744 (MG-RAST)

DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0118136

Shotgun metagenomics

Tonya seep (surface sediments) SRR099552 DOI:10.1186/1471-2180-11-221 Tonya seep (subsurface sediments) SRR099554 DOI:10.1186/1471-2180-11-221

Nyegga cold seep SRR074106 DOI:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2012.02716.x

Marmara Sea sediment metagenome SRR038652 DOI:10.1038/ismej.2010.113

Loki's Castle hydrothermal vent SRR1653638 DOI:10.1111/1462-2920.12970 Hydrothermal sulphide deposits SRR029255 DOI:10.1038/ismej.2010.144 Hakon Mosby mud volcano SRR043581 N/A Sisters Peak hydrothermal vent SRR363374 DOI:10.1128/AEM.01460-14

Kolumbo vulcano (red mat) 3300002231 (IMG/M) DOI:10.1111/1462-2920.13095

Kolumbo vulcano (white mat) 3300002242 (IMG/M) DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13095

Fernandina Island 4442626.3 (MG-RAST)

DOI:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050077

Whale fall metagenome 4441656.4 (MG-RAST) DOI:10.1126/science.1107851

Lost City hydrothermal vent field (fosmid clones)

ACQI01000001-ACQI01026573 DOI:10.1038/ismej.2009.79

Lost City hydrothermal vent field (reads)

HYDROTHERMALVENT_SMPL_HCM (iMicrobe)

N/A

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Supplementary Figures

Supplementary Figure 1. Sampling area and microbial mat extension. Location of the study area

off El Hierro Island (red frame) in the Canary Archipelago (a). Bathymetric map off the southern

coast of the El Hierro Island with location of the Tagoro submarine volcano (black frame) (b).

Bathymetric map of the Tagoro submarine volcano off El Hierro with the position of samples

referring to Supplementary Table S1 as “Guided grab sampler” (areas 1 and 2, c, see legend) and of

the Venus’ Hair microbial mat (area 3, c, see legend). A larger extension of the Venus’ Hair

microbial mat cannot be excluded.

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Supplementary Figure 2. In situ photographs taken from Liropus 2000 Remotely Operated

Vehicle (ROV) showing the Venus’ Hair mat at different magnification scales (a-d).

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Supplementary Figure 3. Extracellular enzymatic activities (alkaline-phosphatase, β-glucosidase

and aminopeptidase) related to the Venus’ Hair.

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Supplementary Figure 4. Dendrogram of k-mer-based sequence similarity between the

metagenome derived from Thiolava veneris filaments and their associated assemblage and several

other hydrothermal vent-related metagenomes.

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Supplementary Figure 5. Composition of eukaryotic assemblages associated with the Venus’ Hair

obtained by high throughput sequencing of the 18S rRNA genes, excluding unknown or

unclassified sequences.

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NATURE ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION | DOI: 10.1038/s41559-017-0144 | www.nature.com/natecolevol 10

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Supplementary Figure 6. Light (a), epifluorescence (b-d) and scanning electron microscopy (e)

photographs of metazoans retrieved among the Venus’ Hair.

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