UI and You: Opportunity Exists Between Keyboard And Chair
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Transcript of UI and You: Opportunity Exists Between Keyboard And Chair
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UI and You
Opportunity Exists Between
Keyboard and Chair
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Giulia “suicidebunny” Q
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“ProblemOpportunity Exists
Between Keyboard and Chair”
• Che cos’è l’errore
umano?
• Di chi è la colpa?
• Cosa si può fare?
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Riferimenti
• Norman, D. A. (1993). Things That Make us Smart. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing
• Norman, D. A. (1998). The Invisible Computer. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
• Norman, D. A. (2007). The Design of Future Things. New York: Basic Books
• Norman, D. A. (2011). Living with Complexity. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
• http://jnd.org/
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Don Norman
“Knowing how
people will use
something is
essential.”
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L’ERRORE UMANO
“Di chi è la colpa?”
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Three Mile Island
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Three Mile Island – l’incidente
• Perdita del fluido di raffreddamento
• Fusione parziale del nucleo del reattore
• Il peggior incidente nucleare nella storia
degli USA
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Three Mile Island – le conseguenze
• Reattore disattivato e
chiuso
• Fuga di 2,5 milioni di
Curie di gas radioattivi
• 150000 litri di acqua
radioattiva scaricata
nel fiume Susquehanna
• Declino mondiale
nell’adozione
dell’energia nucleare
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Three Mile Island – le cause
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Three Mile Island – le cause
Errore umano
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Three Mile Island – le cause
1. Blocco del circuito di raffreddamento secondario
2. Aumento di pressione del refrigerante, diminuita dall’apertura automatica della valvola PORV
3. La valvola PORV rimane aperta, nessuno se ne accorge
4. Perdita di refrigerante dal circuito secondario
5. Accumulo di calore residuo, fusione del nocciolo
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Three Mile Island – le cause
Nessun indicatore
mostrava la
posizione effettiva
della valvola PORV
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Three Mile Island – le cause
• Unico indicatore utile a disposizione: il livello dell’acqua nel pressurizzatore
• Valvola aperta ⇒ perdita di acqua di raffreddamento ⇒ pressione eccessiva di acqua di raffreddamento
• In caso di livello eccessivo nel pressurizzatore, i tecnici erano addestrati a interrompere il flusso di acqua (il sistema primario non doveva essere pieno d’acqua al 100%)
• Reazione a catena: evaporazione, cavitazione, disattivazione delle pompe, evaporazione…
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Three Mile Island – la colpa
• Errore umano…
… degli utenti…
… o dei progettisti?
• Avrebbero aiutato delle procedure
migliori?
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Frederick Taylor
“In the past the
man has been first;
in the future the
system must be
first”
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# rm -rf . /^C
# ls-bash: /bin/ls: No such file or directory
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Il viaggio del Phobos 1
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Il viaggio del Phobos 1
• Sonda sovietica diretta verso Marte
• Sistema di controllo della posizione
disattivato per sbaglio ⇒ perdita di
allineamento con il sole ⇒ pannelli solari
in ombra ⇒ batterie scariche
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Il viaggio del Phobos 1
• Perché il software della sonda aveva una
funzione per disattivare il sistema di
controllo della posizione?
– Era una funzione diagnostica che non poteva
essere cancellata dalla ROM
• Cosa ha attivato la funzione diagnostica?
– Un errore di un singolo carattere
nell’inserimento manuale dell’aggiornamento
del software
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Il viaggio del Phobos 1
Errore umano
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LA TIRANNIA DELLA PRECISIONE
Uomini imperfetti
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Indovinello…
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“Quanti animali di ogni tipo
c’erano sull’arca di Mosè?”
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Risposta:
“Quello dell’arca era Noè”
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Secondo la macchina…
La macchina
• Precisa
• Ordinata
• Attenta
• Non emotiva
• Logica
L’uomo
• Vago
• Disorganizzato
• Distratto
• Emotivo
• Illogico
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Secondo l’uomo…
La macchina
• Senza originalità
• Rigide
• Insensibili ai
cambiamenti
• Senza immaginazione
L’uomo
• Creativo
• Flessibile
• Attento ai cambiamenti
• Fantasioso
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ANALOGICO E DIGITALE
Numeri e realtà
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Analogico
• La struttura fisica è l’informazione
• L’informazione è la struttura fisica
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Digitale
• Astrazione
• Trasformazione dell’informazione in una
serie di numeri
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Analogico e digitale
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Strumenti analogici
Forma segue
funzione
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Forma segue funzione
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Forma segue funzione
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Forma segue funzione
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Forma segue (dis)funzione
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Forma segue (dis)funzione
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Strumenti digitali
Forma
arbitraria
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Forma arbitraria
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Forma segue funzione?
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Analogico
“Cattivo”
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Digitale
“Buono”
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Analogico: “cattivo”
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Analogico: “buono”?
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Tecnocrazia
• Il digitale è considerato “buono” perché…
è il massimo che possiamo realizzare
tecnologicamente (cioè sotto il nostro
controllo)
• La flessibilità dell’analogico è fuori dalla
nostra portata
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TECNOLOGIA
Cosa rende invisibile l’applicazione di teorie scientifiche?
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Don Norman
Tech•nol•o•gy (noun):
New stuff that doesn’t
work very well or that
works in mysterious,
unknown ways.
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Da tecnologia a oggetto
• “Complesso” o “complicato”
• Gli strumenti sono complessi perché i
nostri bisogni sono complessi
• Il “complesso” viene percepito come
“complicato” se la complessità viene
considerata irragionevole
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Complesso
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Complicato
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Da tecnologia a oggetto
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UN NUOVO PARADIGMA DI
INTERAZIONE UOMO-MACCHINA
C’è speranza!
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“What if machines right now
are like human babies, which
have brains but no way of
expressing themselves except
screaming (crashing)?”
Douglas Coupland
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Come funziona l’interazione uomo-
macchina?
1. L’uomo ha un bisogno
2. L’uomo dà un ordine alla macchina
3. La macchina esegue l’ordine e presenta
il risultato
4. L’uomo valuta il risultato
5. Torna al punto 1
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Come funziona l’interazione uomo-
macchina?
Monologhi a
turno
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China Airlines, volo Dynasty 006
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China Airlines, volo Dynasty 006
• Un motore danneggiato – aumento
anormale del rollio in una direzione
• Il pilota automatico ha compensato
automaticamente fino a un rollio di 23°
• Raggiunto il limite massimo, il pilota
automatico s’è disattivato senza
preavviso
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China Airlines, volo Dynasty 006
• L’aereo sbilanciato,
improvvisamente
senza controllo, va in
picchiata
• Perde 10000 piedi di
quota in 20 secondi
• 24 feriti (due gravi),
nessuna vittima
• … di chi è la colpa? :)
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È possibile un dialogo?
• Rendere le macchine più simili all’uomo?
– Intelligenza artificiale
• Rendere l’uomo più simile alla macchina?
– Procedure
– “Incolpa e educa”
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È possibile un dialogo?
• La macchina non è abbastanza flessibile o
sofisticata
• L’uomo non è abbastanza preciso
• Conosciamo già un tipo di interazione con
entità capaci ma poco sofisticate…
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Interazione uomo-animale
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Dialogo uomo-macchina
• La macchina deve comunicare continuamente il proprio “stato emotivo”, anziché andare in crisi improvvisamente
• La macchina deve esprimersi con “educazione”
• Deve esistere un meccanismo chiaro e rapido di passaggio delle responsabilitàtra uomo e macchina
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Domande? :)