Ugrc 140 b our earths resources
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We use things the Earth gives us to help us live
better lives
1
UGRC 143 : SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN OUR
LIVES
SECOND SEMESTER : 2014/2015 ACADEMIC YEAR
EARTH RESOURCES
Dr. Larry Pax ChegbelehDepartment of Earth ScienceUniversity of Ghana, Legon
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Purpose and Objectives of lesson
Introduction
Resources
Earth resources
Resources management
The rock cycle, formation and classification
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This lesson is to enable you understand what resources are and how to manage them for sustainable livelihood
It is expected that by the end of the lesson you should be able to …..
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Define resources in general and earth
resources in particular
Identify various categories of resources
Differentiate between resources and
reserves
Define the types of rocks
Explain the formation of the rock types
State the major classifications of rocks
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To some extend you have
prior knowledge of what
resources are
More understanding is
required to know their
differences5
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All those things that are necessary or
important to human life and civilization
A source or supply from which benefit is
derived or produced
Any material that can be transformed to
produce benefit
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Typical examples include: Materials
Knowledge
Staff (Human resources) skills, energy, talent
and knowledge used for the production of
goods or rendering of services
Services
Energy
Other things that are transformed to produce
benefit
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The benefit derived can be utilized/consumed
or made unavailable in the process
Some of the benefits of using resources
include:
Increase in wealth
Meeting our needs
Proper functioning of a system
Enhancing well being
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We use resources to make things and to
grow things we need
Examples of things we use include:
Water to drink and grow plants for food,
shelter, and clothing.
Soil to grow plants for food, shelter, and
clothing.
Rocks for building and jewelry.
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Metals to make cans, building parts, and
jewelry.
Sand to make glass.
Oil to make plastics and gasoline.
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Resources that are involved in or formed by
geologic processes
From human point of view is anything
obtained from the environment to satisfy
human needs
From ecological or biological view point is
anything that satisfies the needs of living
organisms
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Examples of earth resources include
Groundwater
Soil
Rocks
Minerals
Oil and gas
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Earth resources are classified into various
categories based on:
Source of origin
Stage of development
Renewability or replenishment
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Based on origin, resources may categorized
into:
Biotic: - these are obtained from the
biosphere (living and organic material)
▪ Examples: forests and animals and
materials that can be obtained from
them
▪ Coal and petroleum are formed from
decayed organic materials
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Abiotic: - these are those that come from
non-living and non-organic materials
▪ Examples include: air, fresh water, land,
minerals
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Based on stage of development, resources may
categorized into:
Potential resources: - these are those that
exist in an area or region and are
recoverable in the future
▪ Example: petroleum may occur in various
regions, until it is actually drilled out,
developed and put into use, it remains a
potential resource
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Actual resources: - these are those that that
have been investigated and quantified and
being used in present times
Reserved resources: the part of an actual
resource that can be developed profitably
with available technology
Stock resources: those that have been
investigated but can not be put to use due
to lack of technology
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Based on the time required to replace the
quantity of resources used (renewability) or
consumed, resources can be
Renewable
Nonrenewable
Inexhaustible (Perpetual resources)
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Renewable Resources
Resources that can be replenished over fairly
short spans of time, such as months, years, or
decades (e.g., trees)
Can be replenished naturally
From human perspective, rate of replenishment
or recovery exceeds that of consumption
Can be depleted by human consumption
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Nonrenewable Resources
Rate of consumption exceeds rate of
replenishment or recovery (time needed to
create >>> time needed to consume).
Form slowly or do not naturally form in the
environment (may take millions of years to
form and accumulate)
E.g. fossil fuels (petroleum)
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Inexhaustible Resources
These are available continuously
Their quantity is not affected by human consumption
We shall never run out, like sunlight, air, and wind
However it can be ruined by pollution.
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Resources may also be categorized based on
distribution
Ubiquitous resources: these are found
everywhere in the world (e.g. air, light and
water)
Localized resources: these are found in
certain parts of the world or within certain
localities (e.g. Iron ore, copper ore and
geothermal power)
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Exceptions
All earth resources, except
groundwater, are nonrenewable
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The more people on earth
oThe more water we consume
oThe more food we grow/eat
oThe more fuel we burn
oThe more minerals we use
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Rates of resources used even
increasing faster than rate of
population increase.
Why?
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o Elevated standards of living.
o improvements in life-styles hence,
increasing quantities of
manufactured goods ( cars, clothes,
computers, etc.)
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In order to make resources last,
we must take good care of them
Use resources sustainably
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Population
Population of the planet is growing
rapidly
Use of minerals/energy has climbed
more rapidly than the overall growth
of population
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REDUCE: How much we use
REUSE: What we can
RECYCLE: Whatever we can
In order to help our Earth to keep
providing for our needs.
3Rs of Resource Management
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The biotic and abiotic surrounding
of an organism including factors that
have influence in the survival,
development and evolution of the
organisms
Environment (biophysical environment)
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Implies surrounds and influences
organisms.
Physical environment encompasses
water, air, soil and rock.
Environment (biophysical environment)
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Marine environment
(oceans, e.g. water bodies)
Atmospheric environment
(Layer of gases surrounding the earth, e.g. nitrogen and
oxygen)
Terrestrial environment
(Land, e.g. soil and rock)
Biophysical Environment Subdivision
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Number of biophysical environment
is myriad if we consider that each
living organism has its own
environment
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The harmful aspect of human
activities on the biophysical
environment.
The term anthropogenic is used to
designate an effect or object resulting
from human activity
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Local, regional, and global
Caused by people and societies
Urban air pollution
Acid rain
Ozone depletion
Acid mine drainage
Global warming
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Resources are not the same as Reserves
Reserves are measured (proven)
economic resources (e.g. barrels of
crude oil or tons of chromium ore)
Look at this graphically:
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Reduce
Reuse
Recycle
Save our Natural Resources!
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A rock is any solid mass of
minerals or mineral-like matter
occurring naturally as part of
our planet
A rock is simply an aggregate of
minerals
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Types of Rocks
Igneous rock is formed by the
crystallization of molten magma.
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Types of Rocks
Metamorphic rock is formed by the
alteration of pre-existing rock deep
within Earth (but still in the solid state)
by heat, pressure, and/or chemically
active fluids.
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Types of Rocks
Sedimentary rock is formed from
the weathered products of pre-existing
rocks that have been transported,
deposited, compacted, and cemented.
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Important terms to note
Magma is molten material that is
formed deep beneath the Earth’s surface.
Lava is magma that reaches the surface.
Weathering is a process in which rocks
are broken down by water, air, and
living things.
Sediment is weathered pieces of Earth
elements.
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Shows the
interrelationships among
the three rock types
(igneous, sedimentary,
and metamorphic)
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Processes driven by heat from the Earth’s
interior are responsible for forming both
igneous rock and metamorphic rock.
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Weathering and the movement of weathered
materials are external processes powered by
energy from the sun.
External processes produce sedimentary
rocks.
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1. Intrusive igneous rocks are formed
when magma hardens beneath Earth’s
surface.
2. Extrusive igneous rocks are formed
when lava hardens.
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Igneous rocks can be classified based on
their
Texture
Chemical composition
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Texture
Coarse-grained texture: Caused by slow
cooling resulting in larger crystals.
Fine-grained texture: Caused by rapid cooling
resulting in smaller, interconnected mineral
grains.
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Texture
Glassy texture: Caused by very rapid cooling.
Porphyritic: Caused by differential rates of
cooling resulting in varied sized mineral grains.
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Chemical composition
Granitic: Made mostly of light-colored quartz and
feldspar.
Andesitic: Between granitic light-color minerals
and basaltic composition dark-colored minerals.
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Chemical composition
Basaltic: Mostly of dark-colored silicate
minerals and plagioclase feldspar.
Ultramafic: Made mostly from iron and
magnesium-rich minerals.
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Erosion involves the weathering and the
removal of rock.
Deposition occurs when an agent of erosion
such as water, wind, ice, or gravity loses
energy and drops sediments.
Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition
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Compaction is a process that squeezes, or
compacts sediments.
Cementation takes place when dissolved
minerals are deposited in the tiny spaces
among the sediments.
Compaction and Cementation
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1. Clastic sedimentary rocks are composed
of weathered bits of rocks and minerals.
• Classified by particle size
Two Main Groups
- Shale (most abundant)
• Common rocks include
- Conglomerate
- Sandstone
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Two Main Groups2. Chemical sedimentary rocks form when dissolved
substances precipitate, or separate, from water.
• Common rocks include
- limestone—most abundant chemical rock
- microcrystalline quartz known as chert, flint,
jasper, or agate
- evaporites such as rock salt or gypsum
- coal
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Metamorphism means “to change
form”
Most metamorphic changes occur at
elevated temperatures and pressures
Conditions for formation - a few
kilometers below the Earth’s surface and
extend into the upper mantle
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Contact metamorphism
Regional metamorphism
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Contact metamorphism
Occurs when magma moves into rock.
Occurs near a body of magma
Changes are driven by a rise in
temperature
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Regional metamorphism
Results in large-scale deformation and
high-grade metamorphism
Directed pressures and high temperatures
occur during mountain building
Produces the greatest volume of
metamorphic rock
• .
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Heat
Pressure
Hydrothermal Solutions
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Heat Provides the energy needed
to drive chemical reactions
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Pressure Causes a more compact
rock with greater density
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Hydrothermal Solutions
Hot water-based solutions escaping
from the mass of magma
Promote recrystallization by
dissolving original minerals and
then depositing new ones
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1. Foliated Metamorphic Rock
o Has a banded or layered appearance
2. Nonfoliated Metamorphic Rock
o Does not have a banded texture
Two main categories
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