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Table of ContentsUCLA Research Report [ 2 0 0 2 ]

Research Reports

RUSSEL CAFLISCH and ELI YABLONOVITCH 03 Qubit by Simulation and Design

EMILY CARTER 04 Multiscale Modeling of NanoIndentation – Probing the Birth of Materials Failure

SANJIV SAM GAMBHIR 05 Noninvasive Imaging of Protein-Protein Interactions in Living Subjects

JAMES HEATH 06 Ultra-High Density Circuitry

CHIH-MING HO 07 Bio-Signature Detection of Oral Fluid

BAHRAM JALALI 08 New Research Promises Faster Computers

HONG-WEN JIANG and ELI YABLONOVICH 09 Developing Single-Spin-Transistors for Quantum Information Processing

CHANG-JIN “CJ” KIM, ROBIN GARRELL, CHIH-MING HO, and FRED WUDL 10 NanoEngineered Low Flow Friction Surfaces: NanoTurf

JAMES LIAO 11 Integrated BioNano Controller in the Cell

SETH PUTTERMAN 12 Quantum Cold Welds and the Origins of Everyday Friction

LEONARD ROME 13 NanoBiotechnology - Biologically Based NanoCapsules

JAMES HEATH and FRASER STODDART 14 NanoElectronics - Breaking the Memory Gridblock

FRASER STODDART 15 Starched Carbon Nanotubes

FUKYUHIKO TAMANOI 16 Small Molecule Inhibitors of the Ras/Raf Molecular Switch

SARAH TOLBERT 17Spontaneous Generation of Nanoscale Electronics, Optical, Magnetic, and Structural Materials through Inorganic/Organic Self-Organization

SHIMON WEISS 18 NanoOptics - Single Molecule Analysis of Transcription

OWEN WITTE 19 Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of Lymphocytes in Living Subjects: The Immune System Attacking Cancer

MING WU 20 Optical Manipulation of Nano-Fluids and Nano-Particles

FRED WUDL 21 A Thermally Re-mendable Crosslinked Polymeric Material

ELI YABLONOVITCH 22 Quantum Communications – The Next Revolution in Secure Transmission Links

XIANG ZHANG 23 Near-Field Lithography – Breaking the Diffraction Limit

Foreword 02

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It has often been stated that you can plan research but that you cannot plan the results of research.

What follows immediately in these next 20 or so pages records some of the actual highlights in research accomplished at UCLA during 2002 by members of the California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), working in close collaboration, for the most part, with students – both graduate and undergraduate – postdoctoral scholars, and, not unimportantly, with each other. It is significant that, in only the second year of its virtual existence, the CNSI is already fulfilling its mission of doing research at the nanoscale level that would not have happened without its coming into being in December of 2000.

A foray into the official mission statement of the Institute reminds us that we live in times where “a strong economy demands technological breakthroughs which will orchestrate the control of structure and function on the nanometer-scale level. It is at this level where the top-down practices of electronics manufacturing merge with the bottom-up creation and growth mechanisms that have long been the cornerstones of biology and are increasingly the hallmarks of contemporary chemistry. Forging these breakthroughs requires the establishment of research and educational infrastructures that are invested with the power and purpose to overcome disciplinary divides and surmount institutional barriers in a manner that has never been witnessed before in the crucial arenas of discovery and invention.”

What is the evidence that the disciplinary divides are being overcome and the institutional barriers are being surmounted in pursuit of discovery and invention? While an evenly balanced quartet of mechanical engineers and chemists have united under the banner of “NanoTurf” to nanoengineer low flow friction surfaces for applications in the field of nanotechnology, a duo formed between a physicist and an electrical engineer have been developing single-spin-transistors for quantum information processing. This research is important because information transmissions, based on entangled states, have been demonstrated to be completely secured against eavesdropping. In future, keeping one’s ear close to the ground could take on a completely different meaning!

One of the primary stated goals of the CNSI is “to become a world-renowned center for nanometer-scale research by acting as a catalyst to gather together, from all around the globe, the most outstanding scientists and engineers, to work as faculty and students in an interdisciplinary manner in order to create an intellectual atmosphere in which the seeds of new technologies that will shape our lives in the future will be sown.”

What are some of the measures of success that tell us that we are reaching some of the goals that we set ourselves? Surely they include (1) papers published in internationally leading, high impact journals (p. 24–30) such as Science and Nature, (2) seminars and invited (plenary) lectures given (p. 31–42) at research centers and at symposia and conferences all around the world, and (3) the recognition of CNSI members who receive honors and awards (p. 43) or are elected to become members of national academies (p. 44). The Institute has drawn much satisfaction from the recent election of Professor Eli Yablonovitch to Membership of the Academy of Engineering and, shortly thereafter, to Membership of the National Academy of Sciences. Double whammies like this one are to be savored. Well done Eli.

Fraser Stoddart

Director, CNSI

Foreword

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Qubit by Simulation and Design

russel CAFLISCH and eli YABLONOVITCH

We have performed simulations for the design and optimization of a qubit

system for use as a component in a quantum phonon repeater. The device structure consists of two planar quantum wells whose structure is manipulated by the voltage of gates at the top. System design parameters include the thickness of all of the layers and the size of the gates. In addition there are delta-doped layers, whose position and doping level can be used to affect the voltage profile. A negative voltage is applied to two planar side gates in order to pinch the electron gas into a quantum wire in the bottom well. A positive voltage is applied to a central circular gate to form a quantum dot in the upper well. The qubit system design is successful, i.e., “pinchoff” is achieved, if there is a single trapped electron in the quantum dot and a single (or small number of) conduction states in the quantum wire.

Two simulation methods have been developed for this problem. The first is a semi-analytic approximation that allows rapid solution, so that parameter space can be quickly searched for successful designs. The second is a direct numerical

solution of the Poisson equation for the electrostatic potential and a single particle Schrödinger equation for the electronic wave function in the dot and the wire. Using the semi-analytic method, we found a set of successful designs, establishing the “existence” of a double pinchoff (at least in simulation). Subsequently, we optimized the system to find a robust design; i.e., a design which is likely to be successful even in the presence of perturbations in the system parameters due to limited fabrication precision. These results from the semi-analytic method were validated by comparison to the direct numerical solution.

Box 1 shows the system geometry of the quantum wells, the gates at the top surface and the resulting electronic wave function in the upper well. Box 2 presents a validation of the numerical methods by comparison to experimental results for pinchoff in the wire alone.

Box 1. Device geometry, with top gates (light blue) and quantum well boundaries (yellow lines), and the outline of the resulting wave function in the top well.

Box 2. Comparison of pinchoff voltage vs. gate separation from experimental measurements (vertical lines) and simulations, for three different choices of doping activation level.

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Multiscale Modeling of NanoIndentation – Probing the Birth of Materials Failure

emily CARTER

Airplanes, cars, bridges, and buildings all depend on the materials from which they are composed for their

structural integrity. When they crash, crumple, or break, the dramatic consequences are often tragic. Yet, the events leading up to these catastrophic failures have their origin in a series of minor events initiated within the nano-realm. Understanding how this chain of events starts provides crucial insight into the design of future materials.

Simulations of materials under stress offer the unique opportunity to precisely control the conditions that ultimately lead to failure and to view the atomic arrange-ment anywhere in the sample; something that is difficult or impossible experimentally. Yet, materials modeling faces a dilemma. If every atom is treated with first principles methods, the calculation will take years or the sample size will be too tiny to be physi-cally relevant. Conversely, if empirical models are used, the results may be directly com-pared to experiments, however they are necessarily not pre-dictive. Moreover, the results may be incorrect because the nanoscale is not represented properly. Multiscale modeling exploits the strengths of both approaches: first-principles accuracy where the nanoscale cannot be ignored and inex-pensive empirical methods everywhere else. The result is macroscopic simulations with first-principles accuracy.

Deform a material a little and it bounces back to its initial configuration. Push it too hard and a defect forms. How hard is too hard? Where does the first defect form? Is the defect a crack, a misoriented region of material, or an extra atom in the wrong place? Do entire localized regions transform to another

crystallographic phase? Nanoindentation experiments attempt to answer these types of questions by precisely deforming a nanoscale region of material and watching to see what happens. The action is often buried deep within the material, making it impossible to directly observe the defect formation. Instead it must be inferred afterwards. However, multiscale indentation simulations can directly see the birth of defects

buried beneath the surface.

Our macroscopic engi-neering model partitions the material into hundreds of regions with nearly identical properties. Unlike previous methods, ours calculates the required physical proper-ties within each region using quantum mechanics rather than typical models following guessed empirical rules. Dur-ing an indentation simulation, each snapshot involves thou-sands of quantum mechanics calculations. The Box shows indentation into two different surface orientations of alumi-num. The arrows indicate the type of the first defect (a dislo-cation) and where it will form. As seen in the Box, the (-110) surface of aluminum must be pushed harder than the (111) surface to form its first defect. Even the same material exhib-its different types of defects because of disparities arising from the underlying crystal structure.

Not all materials are equal. Now we can quantify how chemistry and physics on the atomic scale affects pure crystals, alloys, and materials

with inclusions (smaller crystals composed of a different composition) when subjected to the same indenter. For cases where empirical methods failed, the hidden birth of defects can now be revealed.

Other contributors: Robin Hayes, Matthew Fago, and Michael Ortiz

Box. Multiscale indentation simulations of Al pinpoint the inception of imperfections that ultimately lead to materials failure. The atomic configuration dictates the type and location of these initial defects. The blue (red) coloring indicates regions of low (high) stress. The base of each blue/green arrow pair shows the location of a defect and the arrow heads indicate the defect type. Our results show that the (111) surface of Al (a) is more susceptible to defects than the (-110) surface (b).

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Noninvasive Imaging of Protein-Protein Interactions in Living Subjects

sanjiv sam GAMBHIR

Molecular imaging in living sub-

jects is a rapidly emerging field that marries modern cell/molecular biology with the latest advances in imaging instrumentation. Protein-protein interactions are of critical importance to most cellular functions, being integral to processes as diverse as enzymatic ac-tivity, signal transduction, immunological recognition, and DNA replication/repair. Although many strategies have been devised to study these interactions in cell culture, no strategies exist to study these interactions in living cells deep within an intact living subject. To be able to study cells in their native environment (with all potential signals from the rest of the subject still influencing the behavior of that cell) is a critical need, especially in terms of developing new drugs to target protein-protein interactions and to understand basic cell biology and pathology.

We have developed a novel split reporter protein technol-ogy in order to study protein-protein interactions in living subjects. We have split the bioluminescent proteins firefly lu-

ciferase and renilla lucifer-ase so that each of the split segments by themselves are not capable of produc-ing a signal. However, if the two split segments are brought together by two other interacting proteins to which each split protein is fused, then a signal is detectable (Box 1). We utilized bioluminescent proteins because we have also validated methods to image these in living mice using a sensitive cooled charge coupled-device (CCD) camera. This CCD camera allows for detecting low levels of light that are produced after a substrate is tail-vein injected into the mice. The substrate reacts with the reconstituted split reporter in order to produce

low levels of light. In this way one can detect the interactions of any two proteins deep within a living small animal.

Shown in Box 2 is an experiment illustrating the imaging of protein-protein interactions in a living mouse using the cooled CCD camera. Cells were transfected with the genes that encode for the split firefly luciferase fused to two interacting proteins (MyoD and ID). These cells along with controls are injected subcutaneously into the living mouse. As MyoD and ID start to interact they lead to complementation of the split firefly luciferase. This complementation can be detected by injecting the mouse with the D-Luciferin substrate. The substrate is able to go to all tissues, but only in tissues in which there is firefly luciferase does light get produced. A photograph of the mouse (black and white) is superimposed on the color scale photograph of firefly luciferase light production detected by the cooled CCD-camera. The light which is quantifiable reflects an underlying biological process of protein-protein interaction. Now as drugs are developed to target this interaction (either to enhance it or block it), it can be fully studied in living subjects. Many other applications including the study of signal transduction are now possible using this technology.

Box 2. Optical Charge Coupled Device (CCD) bioluminescence imaging of a living mouse over a 24 hour period. The mouse carries 4 tumor sites (A-D). At site B are two interacting proteins (MyoD and ID). As MyoD and ID interact it leads to split reporter complementation which can be imaged in the living mouse. Sites A, C, and D are control sites without interaction.

COMPLEMENTATION RECONSTITUTION

A B

fluc

Box 1. Split reporter strategy for detecting protein-protein interactions. Two proteins X and Y can be studied by fusing to them split reporters. When X and Y interact, the split reporter is either complemented (A) or reconstituted (B). The reporter can be detected allowing indirect monitoring of the interaction of proteins X and Y.

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Ultra-High Density Circuitry

jim HEATH

A key goal in nanofabrication is to be able to rationally fabricate circuitry at molecular dimensions. Modern

lithographic techniques, including electron beam lithography (EBL), can make extremely small structures, but the density achievable is not at the same level. For example, wires as small as 20 nm diameter can be fabricated using EBL, but placing those wires close together to fabricate a dense circuit is extremely challenging. In fact, the limit of EBL wire-to-wire separation (called pitch) is about 60 nm for metal wires. For the case of semiconductor wires, additional processing steps are required, and this lowers both the fidelity and the structures that can be fabricated so that 30-40 nm diameters are about the limit, as are 70-90 nm pitches.

We developed a technique (in collaboration with the Petroff group at UCSB) in which the atomic perfection of a GaAs/AlGaAs superlattice is transferred into two-dimensional nanowire lattices. This process can be reproduced a couple of times (Box) to generate ultra-high density circuits, with junction densities approaching 1012 devices/cm2. For reference, this means 5 nm diameter nanowires can be placed within 15 nm of each other.

This work was re-ported recently in Sci-ence (Science, 2003, 300, 112) and was fea-tured in Chemical and Engineering News as their science highlight of the week. These circuits are fabricated at a density that far exceeds even the next closest competition, and working memory circuits, using these techniques and Fraser Stoddart’s rotaxane molecules, have been demonstrated. This type of science opens up whole new avenues for research. For example, these nanowires are also

excellent chemical sensors, and approximately 1000 chemical sensors may now be placed within an area the size of a single cell, so that an electrical interface that operates in real time and measures up to 1000 signatures of gene and protein expression, can be contemplated.

Other applications include ultra-high frequency mechanical resonators. A 160 MHz resonator was demonstrated using this technology. While this is not the world’s record for high frequency mechanical resonators, it is quite close, and as many as 50 such resonators were fabricated at the same time using this technique – a major change in the way such nanomechanical systems are typically fabricated (usually one at a time!).

The experiments herald the advent of a nanoelectronics where circuitry that can be manufactured at a scale that matches macromolecular dimensions is possible, and the things that will come from this will be spectacular.

Box. Electron micrograph of a few hundred Pt nanowire crossbar circuits fabricated by repeating the superlattice nanowire pattern transfer process.

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Saliva in its native state is a complex diagnostic medium that contains bio-

markers in both the cell and serum phase. The high specificity NEMS processor will facilitate the detection of analytes in a patient’s saliva sample by separating cells from the serum and examining the analytes in both phases of a patient’s saliva sample to form a complete diagnostic profile. The analytes of interest include antigens for antibody molecules, and target DNA or RNA for complementary DNA fragments.

We are developing an electrochemical DNA sensor to detect Strep. mutans bacteria since detection of DNA inside the cell provides for highly specific and sensitive identification. Electrochemical DNA detection is based upon hybridization of the target ssDNA to a capture probe immobilized on an electrode surface (Box 1). A detector probe labels the target ssDNA

and produces a measurable amperometric signal. In our group, we have developed an ultra-sensitive sensor with attomole sensitivity. The current output of the elec-trochemical DNA sensor is shown in Box 2. We can identify the presence of ssDNA and reproducibly demonstrate decreasing current values coupled with decreasing DNA concentrations. This technique is currently being applied towards detecting Strep. mutans. Preliminary experiments verify the ability of the electrochemical method to detect DNA Strep. mutans. We are improving the signal-to-noise ratio in order to improve the sensitivity. Further-more, results from noise analysis experi-ments reveal that non-specific binding of the enzyme to the electrode surface is the main contributor to the background noise. We will focus on modifying the surface to discourage non-specific binding in the electrode design.

Bio-Signature Detection of Oral Fluid

chih-ming HO

Other contributor: Na LiBox 1. DNA detection scheme.

Box 2. DNA measurement: current vs concentration

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While silicon is the bread-and-butter material for the electronic industry, conventional wisdom

contends that it cannot be used to generate or amplify light. This thinking is fueled by the atomic structure of silicon, which renders the material “dark”. This is unfortunate since optical interconnects can revolutionize the performance of computers. In addition, fi ber optic networks, the underlying technology for the Internet, require generation and ampli-fi cation of optical signals. Currently, devices that perform these functions must be made using materials (such as in-dium phosphide) that are expensive and are incompatible with the silicon manufacturing technology.

In the past, many researchers have attempted, with mixed success, to effect light generation in silicon by intro-ducing impurities in the material, or by using exotic device structures. Such processes render the device in-compatible with standard silicon manufac tur ing technology. In addition, these techniques gen-erate light only at fi xed wave-lengths, which in most cases, does not correspond to the optimum wavelength used in optical com-munication. Ra-man effect is a technique that has been entirely overlooked in attempts to generate light from silicon. In this approach, the natural atomic vibrations of silicon are used to create or amplify light. This is signifi cant because no special impurity or complicated device structure is needed.

Raman effect is used in optical fi bers for light genera-tion and amplifi cation, however several kilometers of fi ber are required to make a useful device. Typical dimensions on a chip are millimeters, and because of this, Raman ef-fect was not considered as a candidate for creating silicon optical devices. Interestingly, the Raman effect in silicon is nearly 10,000 times larger than that in the glass fi ber. This

is so because silicon is a crystal with a well ordered atomic arrangement, compared to glass, which is amorphous with a random atomic arrangement. Consequently, silicon’s vibra-tional spectrum has a narrow bandwidth, of 100 GHz, com-pared to 10,000 GHz in the glass. Another major difference between the two is that silicon has a high refractive index (3.5) whereas glass has a low index (1.5). The optical energy in silicon waveguides is tightly confi ned resulting in high intensity, further enhancing the Raman effect.

Exploiting these properties, light emission from silicon has been demonstrated in waveguides fabricated on a silicon wafer. The waveguides have a cross sectional dimension of approximately 4 microns and a length of 19 millimeters. As shown in the Box below, the wavelength is in the technologi-cally important 1500 nanometer range. The so-called spon-

taneous emission was induced by pumping the silicon waveguide with a second beam of light at a shorter wave-length (~ 130 nm). The next stage in this research is to demonstrate stimulated emis-sion, where the phenomenon ob-served below is used to amplify a data carrying signal.

The main objective of this

research is to create optical amplifi ers that are embedded on a silicon chip. Presently, the speed of the fastest micro-processors is limited by the speed at which signal propagates through the chip in metal interconnect lines. An optically-interconnected electronic processor can attain unprecedented performance. The diffi culty so far has been the high loss of optical interconnects (waveguides) and also the large loss of power at the optical Input/Output (I/O) ports. An on-chip optical amplifi er can compensate for these losses and make optically interconnected chips a reality.

New Research Promises Faster Computers

bahram JALALI

Box. The spectrum of spontaneous Raman emission from silicon waveguides. The devices were excited by a pump beam at a wavelength of 1428 nm and polarized in the TE direction. The output radiation is measured in the TM polarization.

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Developing Single-Spin-Transistors for Quantum Information Processing

hong-wen JIANG and eli YABLONOVICH

A quantum computer, once constructed, will be able to exploit superposition and entanglement of quantum

states to perform certain tasks no ordinary computer can. Information transmissions, based on entangled states, known as quantum teleportation, have been demonstrated to be completely secure against eavesdropping.

For quantum information processing, the electron spin is potentially an ideal quantum bit (qubit) that would preserve a quantum wave function and allow gate operations. We are developing a new type of nano-electronics device, called a single spin transistor (SST), as a basic building block for quantum information processing. A SST is essentially a field effect transistor in which the channel current monitors the quantum state of a single paramagnetic center, in other words a single spin, and the gate voltage in turn controls the spin state. We envisioned being able to create the SST base on the

conventional Si/SiO2 transistor (CMOS). The Si/SiO2 materials have a very low defect density and the extremely long spin lifetimes of centers in Si/SiO2. Since the architecture of our device is completely compatible with the CMOS technology, the potential for scalability is extremely promising.

An electrical pulse is used to create a single paramagnetic trap (i.e., a qubit) near an ordinary small transistor channel (Box 1). A random telegraph signal, an unequivocal signature of capture and emission of one electron by a single trap state, has been used to probe the quantum state of the single trap. The measurement of the probabilities of occupancy in the two states revealed the energy shift of the single trap as a function of magnetic field as shown in Box 2. This experimental result provides a passway for the more ambiguous, ongoing endeavor of single-shot read-out of the quantum bit.

Box 1. A 200 nm × 300 nm Si/SiO2 transistor in which the channel current can be controlled by a single electron spin (i.e., the qubit) trapped in the gate oxide.

paramagnetic spin trap

gate

channel

Si

source drain

SiO2

B

Box 2. Top: the channel current of the SST switches between two distinct states, representing the two states of the single trap: double-spin state and single-spin state, respectively. The measurement of the probabilities of occupancy in the two states revealed the energy shift of the single trap as a function of magnetic field as shown in the bottom graph.

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NanoEngineered Low Flow Friction Surfaces: NanoTurf

chang-jin “cj” KIM, robin GARRELL, chih-ming HO, and fred WUDL

Flow friction on solid surfaces, whether it is inside small pipes or over large vessel surfaces, is determined

by the shear at the wall. For all practical purposes, the flow velocity at the wall surface is considered zero – the so-called “non-slip” condition. There have been efforts to defy the non-slip and reduce drag of liquid flow, for example, by generating bubbles on the surface. Our breakthrough is to use surfaces covered with nanometer-scale hydrophobic (i.e., non-wetting) structures such as grates and posts (Box 1). By skidding over

the hydrophobic nanostructures, and mostly levitating from the wall, the liquid is expected to in effect “slip” over the solid surface (Box 2). The concept can be demonstrated with micrometer-scale structures made by conventional lithographic techniques. However, it is critical that the surface structures are of nanometer scale, otherwise the liquid would lose levitation

under a slight pressure. Nanotechnology thus makes the idea practical for the first time.

We have been exploring several nanofabrication and hydrophobic coating methods to test the feasibility for our applications. By using self-assembled synthetic materials (e.g., nanospheres and block copolymers) or organic materials (e.g., S-layer proteins) as templates, we have tested transfer of the nano-patterns onto a silicon substrate. Another method to make nanoposts is through vertically aligned carbon nanostructures (Box 3). We are further testing anodized aluminum (Box 4) and interference lithography (Box 5) for a better control of nano-pattern sizes and periods. Regarding the hydrophobic coating, spin-coating or vapor depositing of Teflon and conventional approaches of self-assembled monolayer coatings are being assessed.

Box 1. Modification of contact angle of water droplets (~4 μl) by hydrophobic nanostructures.

Box 3. Carbon nanostructures (samples from Dr. M. L. Simpson, Oak Ridge National Laboratory).

Box 4. Si nanostructures made by using the anodized alumina as a nano-template.

Box 5. Si nano-gratings made by using the interference lithography.

Box 2. Concept of skidding flow (not drawn to scale; posts are much smaller in reality compared with the flow section). Liquid sits on hydrophobic needle tips by surface tension. Majority of liquid boundary is with air.

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Integrated BioNano Controller in the Cell

While current nanotechnology has been driven by the desire to construct nanostructures and nanoma-

chines, our group is interested in another direction, bio-nano-circuits to redirect cellular functions for a desired purpose. These bio-nano circuits include sensors, actuators, and various metabolic and genetic elements. They are fully integrated with cellular functions and allow user-designed cellular output. Instead of simply recognizing or killing particular cell types, this effort aims to control and redirect cellular functions for an artificial task.

A demonstrated example is the control and redirection of metabolic flux in E. coli to a non-native product, lycopene, which is an effective antioxidant and potential anti-cancer agent. Typical genetic and metabolic engineering efforts have empowered the organism to produce this non-native compound. However, the productivity was low, because of cellular regulations which resisted such genetic engineering modification. Our bio-nano control circuit was able to redirect the metabolic flux to the desired product and increase the yield by two orders of magnitude. This bio-nano circuit uses a pro-tein molecule as a sensor to detect metabolic flux in the cell. The sensor then interfaces with a controller on the DNA, which expresses another protein actuator to redirect carbon flux to the desired product.

Another example is an integrated gene-meta-bolic circuit, which uses an artificial bio-oscillator to drive cellular metabolism. The bio-oscillator involves two proteins and two DNA elements, which are inter-faced through metabolic pathways. As a result, cel-lular metabolism can be driven by this artificial bio-clock. This oscillator is potentially tunable and synchronizable, and can transform biological sig-nals to physical-chemical outputs.

james LIAO

Box 1. A bio-nano control circuit in the cell, which redirects the metabolic flux from a waste stream to a desired product. This intracellular control circuit utilizes a protein sensor to recognize an important intracellular metabolite, ACP, which reflects the physiological state of the cell and is also an intermediate to a waste product. Upon sensing this intermediate, the sensor interacts with the controller on the DNA and causes the expression of an actuator protein, which redirects the carbon away from the waste and towards the desired product. In this manner, the engineered cell can perform a desired task according to the physiological capability.

Box 2. The bio-nano control circuit was implemented in an E. coli strain to produce an important antioxidant, lycopene. When the cell was genetically engineered to produce this compound using traditional approaches, it produces only a trace amount of the foreign product (right), because the intrinsic regulation in the cell resists the artificial changes. When the control circuit was constructed in the cell, the cell produces the product in tune with the physiological capability and the production yield increased 100 fold (left).

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Quantum Cold Welds and the Origins of Everyday Friction

Steps in the force of sliding friction can be traced to quantum mechanics. When two bodies, here

gold surfaces, are brought into contact they spontaneously form cold welds. These self-organizing junctions grow from angstroms to hundreds of nanometers on long time

scales approaching minutes. The force required to rupture these spot welds is the force of friction. A new microscope that is capable of measuring macroscopic stiffness with nanoscopic accuracy shows that the spot welds grow in quantum jumps. These welds can spontaneously form between incommensurate metals and even between a dielectric and a metal. The design of microscopic devices with moving parts must come to grips with the fundamental process that leads to quantum jumps in the strength of spontaneously forming spot welds.

seth PUTTERMAN

Box 1. Force (red) acting on a junction that spontaneously forms between two gold spheres brought into contact. The conductance (green) shows quantum jumps as it is elongated. Although these jumps occur in a macroscopic system they scale to Planck’s constant. The lower panel shows the stiffness of the junction also as a function of its elongation. This mechanical property of the spot weld also displays quantum jumps. These jumps as well as the ultimate rupture of the junction account for dry friction between macroscopic bodies in relative motion. Box 2. Friction microscope used to measure nanoscale changes in

stiffness of junctions which form between macroscopic bodies. The resonant frequency of the junction is determined by the signal generated by a quadrant detector that is illuminated by laser light propagating down an optical fiber. Various piezo stages can bring the spherical bodies into contact and set up relative motion.

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NanoBiotechnology – Biologically Based NanoCapsules

leonard ROME

With a thin (~20 Å) protein shell

surrounding an internal cav-ity large enough to encom-pass two ribosomes, the vault particle is a nano capsule with incredible potential for com-pound encapsulation, protec-tion, and delivery. The vault nanocapsule has been honed by millions of years of evolu-tion to assemble from multiple copies of a few subunits into a stable structure. The particle adheres to and is transported along cytoskeletal elements in the cell, and is likely to open and close in response to cellu-lar signals. To our knowledge, the only other naturally-oc-curring nano-capsules that are presently being exploited are virus particles. Furthermore, the ubiquitous presence of the vault particle in all cells of higher eukaryotes, including man, makes it highly likely that, in contrast to viruses, there will be no problems with biocompatibility.

With a molecular mass of 13 MDa, the vault is the larg-est known ribonucleoprotein particle and yet it has a relatively simple molecular composition with multiple copies of just three different proteins (MVP, VPARP and TEP1) and one to three different untranslated RNA molecules (vRNAs). Cryo-EM single particle reconstruction has provided overall dimen-sions of 420 × 750 Å. These measurements indicate that the vault is larger in mass and size than many icosahedral viruses. Freeze-etch images of the vault show that each half of the vault midsection can open into eight distinct ‘petals’ (see model Box 1). The major vault protein (MVP) is presumed to be present in 96 copies per vault, accounting for ~75% of the total protein mass in the particle. The two other proteins, vault poly-ADP ribose polymerase (VPARP) and telomerase/vault associated protein 1 (TEP1) are considerably less abundant, with copy numbers estimated at 2-8 per particle. The relatively simple molecular composition of the vault makes it ideal for reengi-neering as a nanocapsule.

Cryo-electron microscopy and single particle reconstruc-tion have revealed the overall structure of the intact vault to be a hollow, barrel-like structure with two protruding caps and an invaginated waist (Box 2). Regular small openings surround

the cap of the vault. These openings are apparently large enough to allow permeability to the interior of the particle by small molecules and ions. The volume of the internal cavity of the vault is ~5 × 107 Å3, large enough to enclose two ribosomes, but the iden-tity of the molecular species within the vault remains un-known.

Expression of MVP in insect cells using the bacu-lovirus system results in pro-duction of vault-like particles which are somewhat irregular, often containing distorted caps. Co-expression of MVP,

TEP1 and VPARP results in assembly of particles indistin-guishable from naturally-occurring vaults. Using this expres-sion system we have recently bioengineered chemically active peptides and proteins into the lumen of the vault particle.

Other contributor: Phoebe Stewart

Box 1. (A) Negative stain EM image of vaults. Bar, 1000 Å. (B) An artist’s model of the vault, in both open and closed states. (C) A freeze etch EM image of vaults.

Box 2. (A) Cryo-EM vault image. Bar, 500 Å. (B) 3-D reconstruction of the intact vault. Bar, 250 Å. (C) Cropped views of the reconstruction showing the large internal cavity. (D) A central density slice shows weak (green) density located inside the barrel.

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NanoElectronics – Breaking the Memory Gridblock

jim HEATH and fraser STODDART

A marriage between the tiniest of switches and densely packed architectures, based on crossbar arrays, is

promising to change the way computers are assembled in the future. The secret lies in marrying two-way (binary) switches, composed of surfactant-like molecules that perform like a forest of little abacuses, with two electrode surfaces.

The bottom electrodes are composed of polysilicon, coated on their surface by native silicon dioxide on which the watery ends of the surfactant-like molecules are planted. In the working 8 × 8 crossbar memory circuit illustrated in Boxes 1 and 2, this bottom electrode is 100 nanometers wide. The top electrode is composed of a layer of titanium which is laid down as hot metal and so reacts to some extent with the oily ends of the surfactant-like molecules. A 5 nanometer layer of titanium is topped finally by a 10 nanometer layer of aluminum and it is 70 nanometers wide. The device (Box 1) is such that a collection of some 5000 molecules are trapped between the electrodes at each crosspoint.

The molecules are very special ones called rotaxanes from the Latin rota for wheel and axis for axle. Thus, they are constructed of a stalk encircled by a ring which can be induced to move mechanically between two sites, one (ring on green) which does not conduct much current and the other (ring on red) which conducts more current. These states correspond to the 0s and 1s of the binary code.

The 64-bit random access memory (RAM) circuit shown in Box 2 is based on an 8 × 8 crossbar where 56 of the 64 bits work well – that is, 8 bits malfunction so-to-speak in this prototype device. Using the binary code, this RAM circuit can be used to store information in its memory by a “Write” procedure which involves applying small voltages (± 2 volts) across the junctions between the electrodes in the crossbars. The memory can then be accessed by a “Read” procedure that allows a current to be measured with an ammeter when the same small voltage is applied.

These experiments herald the advent of nanoelectronics where switches of molecular dimensions at around one square nanometer are no longer science fiction.

Box 2. A demonstration of point addressability within a 64-bit molecular switch crossbar circuit (inset) utilized as a random access memory (RAM). The device was fabricated using surfactant-like, mechanically bistable rotaxanes and employed to store the acronyms SRC (Semiconductor Research Corporation) and the CNSI (California NanoSystems Institute). A character string of 0s and 1s that correspond to the standard ASCII characters for the indicated alphanumeric symbols was stored and then the entire memory was read out. For example, the letter “R” used in the SRC character string is stored as an eight-bit number “01010010.” The red dashed line indicates the separation between 0s and 1s.

Box 1. Using molecules called rotaxanes, that are reminiscent of an abacus with one bead (blue), that can move between two positions (green and red) along a surfactant-like stalk terminated by a big oily end (green) and a big watery end (blue), the basis for a two-way switch operating according to a binary code (0s and 1s) has been established and incorporated into a crossbar circuit that can be operated as a rewritable 64-bit random access memory (RAM) circuit.

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Starched Carbon Nanotubes

fraser STODDART

A decade has passed since the discovery of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). Nowadays, they

are prized on account of their unique structural and remarkable physical properties. They have the potential to be transformed into new materials that could fi nd applications in many fi elds. Yet, despite their obvious potential, SWNTs have not been fully integrat-ed with a high degree of con-trol over their constitutional isomers and spatial place-ments, into highly sophis-ticated SWNT devices. This situation has p r o b a b l y arisen because of the diffi -culty of trans-forming them into soluble materials that can be easily manipulated in either organic or aqueous s o l u t i o n s . Although the solubilization of SWNTs can be achieved by their covalent sidewall functionalization, leading to the im-proved manipulation of nanotubes, all these covalent function-alizations destroy the extended �-networks on their surfaces, diminishing both their desirable mechanical and electronic properties. On the other hand, noncovalent supramolecular modifi cations that involve polymer wrapping of the nanotubes’ surfaces preserves these described properties, while remark-ably improving their solubilities. As far as manipulating SWNTs, while keeping their good characteristics to the fore are concerned, polymer wrapping gives us the best of both worlds.

Experiments with starch have revealed (Box) that, al-though carbon nanotubes are not soluble in an aqueous solution of starch, they are soluble in an aqueous solution of the starch-iodine complex. The reversible solubilization of SWNTs in water using starch may provide the means for developing fully

integrated biological nanotube devices. These observations suggest that iodine preorganizes the backbone of the amylose in starch into a helical conformation and makes its hydrophobic cavity accessible to a single carbon nanotube or bundles there-of. The formation of such starch-wrapped SWNT complexes is driven by simultaneous enthalpic and entropic gains that

result from cre-ating favorable van der Waals interactions and from expelling the many small iodine mol-ecules located inside the helix out into the sol-vent by a “pea shooting” type of mechanism. This result has led to a simple protocol for the cleaning up of SWNTs with starch. The reversible solubilization of starch-wrapped SWNTs in wa-ter was further i n v e s t i g a t e d by the action of enzymatic h y d r o l y s i s ,

using the commercially available amyloglucosidase from Rhizopus mold which removes the starch polymer-coat under very mild conditions. Addition of this enzyme to an aqueous solution of the starch-wrapped SWNTs re-sulted in precipitation of the nanotubes inside 10 min-utes, as indicated by light-scattering measurements and also by changes that are clearly visible to the naked eye.

The fact that the supramolecular chemistry that oper-ates between SWNTs and amylose can be conducted under physical, chemical, or biological control constitutes an im-portant scientifi c development with far-reaching implications for both carbon nanotube and starch research. It is now a simple matter to purify SWNTs cheaply under ambient con-ditions, using the readily available starch-iodine complex.

Box. A graphical representation of the procedure by which carbon nanotubes can be solubilized in water using the blue amylose-iodine complex – and then subsequently reclaimed in a purifi ed form by adding an enzyme to the aqueous solution.

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Small Molecule Inhibitors of the Ras/Raf Molecular Switch

fukyuhiko TAMANOI

Ras protein acts as a molecular switch to signal proliferation of

human cells (Box 1). In its GTP-bound state, Ras signals proliferation, while a GDP-bound form of Ras is inactive. Mutations of Ras that lead to constitutive activation have been identified in a wide variety of human cancers including pancreatic, lung and colon cancers. One of the ways that Ras signals proliferation is to interact directly with Raf kinase, which then activates a protein kinase cascade consisting of Mek and Erk.

To identify small molecule inhibitors of the Ras/Raf molecular switch, we focused on the protein-protein interaction between Ras and Raf. This interaction can be reproduced by using the yeast two-hybrid assay where Ras is fused with the DNA binding domain of GAL4, while Raf is fused with the activation domain of GAL4. Expression of these fusion proteins reconstitutes GAL4 activity. A library of 73,400

compounds was screened for their ability to inhibit the Ras/Raf interaction (Box 2). Candidate compounds were further screened by a secondary screen that examined inhibition of gene expression stimulated by Ras. This study, carried out in collaboration with Morphochem Inc., led to the identification of compounds termed MCP. MCP1 that satisfies the Pfizer rules of five was selected and derivatives including MCP110 and 122 have been synthesized.

MCP compounds were shown to inhibit activation of Raf, Mek and Erk kinases. They also inhibit transformed

phenotypes of human cancer cells including morphological changes, invasive properties and anchorage-independent growth. Box 3 shows that MCP inhibits anchorage-independent growth of human fibrosarcoma, pancreatic and lung cancer cells, all of which harbor Ras mutation. On the other hand, MCP is incapable of inhibiting anchorage-independent growth of melanoma cells that have Raf activation.

MCP compounds provide valuable reagents to regulate the Ras/Raf switch. Their efficacy may be further improved by targeting drug delivery to the compartment in cell membranes where growth factor receptors and molecular switches are located.

Box 1. Ras plays a key role in growth factor signaling by switching between GTP- and GDP-bound form. Direct interaction with Raf leads to the activation of a MAP kinase cascade that results in gene expression.

Box 2. Screening of chemical compound libraries consisting of 73,400 small molecules identified inhibitors of Ras/Raf interaction. The Ras/Raf interaction was assayed by the use of the yeast two-hybrid assay. Compounds that inhibit Ras/Raf interaction but not the interaction of unrelated proteins (human RNA polymerase subunits) were sought.

hsRPB7-hsRPB4

Putative antifungals

Ras-Raf

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MCP1MCP110MCP122

C29H27C1N2O3C33H36N2O3C22H24N2O2

487508348

Compounds Formula M.W.

Enhanced activityReduced activity

Box 3. MCP compounds inhibit anchorage-independent growth of human cancer cells.

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Spontaneous Generation of Nanoscale Electronics, Optical, Magnetic, and Structural Materials through Inorganic/Organic

Self-Organization

sarah TOLBERT

Inorganic/organic self-organization provides

a powerful route to the for-mation of periodic nanoscale inorganic materials. Through this method, the remarkable complexity of self-assembled organic materials can be trans-ferred to inorganic systems with unique optical, electron-ic, or structural properties.

Periodic nanoscale ma-terials with structures remi-niscent of lyotropic liquid crystal phases are produced by solution phase assembly of soluble inorganic precursors with amphiphilic polymers or surfactants (Box 1). The periodic structures that result can have remarkable properties based on their nanoscale architecture. For example, we have shown that honeycomb structured silica based materials like those shown in Box 1, above, show surprising and desirable mechanical properties. Because the material contains only a small fraction of inorganic material (20 – 40%), it is very light. The periodic hexagonal structure, however, results in a material that is ex-tremely stiff. Box 2 indicates that up to ~40,000 atmospheres applied pressure, the material is as stiff as solid silica. To add to this high stiffness, these materials are extremely elastic. They can be deformed in tension ~20× more than solid silica without breaking. Oxide-based materials like silica are desir-able from an engineering point of view because of their stiff-ness and their thermal stability; their down falling, however, can be their brittleness. Our results show that through control of nanoscale architecture, we can combine the favorable prop-erties of hard inorganic ceramic materials with remarkable

elasticity.

The general idea of inorganic/organic c o - o rg a n i z a t i o n , however, can be ap-plied to many materi-als beyond silica. For example, as shown in Box 1, above, similar self-assembly meth-ods can be used with non-oxide based sol-uble clusters. In this

case, rather than producing a periodic nanoporous insulator, nanoperiodic semiconductors can be produced. By utilizing a range of reduced, non-oxide based precursors, we have synthesized hexagonal hon-eycomb versions of a broad range of semiconductors with band gaps ranging from 0.6 to 1.7 eV. The inorganic compo-nents of these materials vary from pure group IV elements (Ge and Si/Ge alloys) to more complex calcogenide based alloys (PtMTe alloys where M

= Sn, In, or Sb). By varying the elemental composition of the material and the thickness of the honeycomb walls, the optical and electronic properties of the frameworks can be extensively tuned.

To fully exploit these materials, however, one needs to take advantage of the unique pore volume as well. A well defined pore space can be used to tune electronic and mag-netic coupling in incorporated species (Box 3). For example, if semiconducting polymers, 1-dimensional molecular con-ductors, are incorporated into the pores, the polymer chains straighten out and their absorption and emission becomes polarized. By changing the size of the pores, the number of chains per pore can be varied, and we have shown that this controls how easily excitations split into free electron and hole carriers. The one-dimensional pores can also be used to con-trol magnetic coupling between nanocrystals. For example, by stacking magnetic nanocrystals into chains, superparamagnetic soft magnets can be converted to harder magnets with their easy axis of magnetization oriented along the pore axis. For the future, combinations of the host/guest chemistry presented in Box 3 and the semiconducting frameworks shown in Box 1 show promise for applications as diverse as high-efficiency solar cells and quantum computing based on spin polarized conductors.

Box 1. Schematic diagram of the self organization of oxide and non-oxide based periodic inorganic/organic composites and nanoporous inorganic materials.

Box 2. Change in unit cell volume with pressure for a hexagonal silica/ surfactant composite. The bulk modulus of this material is very similar to solid silica glass.

Box 3. Host/guest chemistry can be used to modify the properties of guest species. For example, the optical prop-erties of semi-conducting polymers can be tuned by confinement in nanometer scale pores. Similarly, spatial confine-ment can be used to control magnetic coupling between crystallites in stacked chains of cobalt nanocrystals.

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NanoOptics – Single Molecule Analysis of Transcription

shimon WEISS

Transcription is the process of DNA-directed RNA bio-synthesis and constitutes the first and most important

step in the regulation of gene expression. Transcription is ac-complished through the enzymatic activity of RNA polymerase (RNAP). In Escherichia coli, RNAP core enzyme is unable to initiate transcription from specific DNA sequences (“promot-

ers”) on its own; it first interacts with one of the 7 σ initiation factors to form the RNAP holoenzyme (Box 1). One of the out-standing open questions in the transcription field is the fate of the initiation factor σ70 upon escape of RNAP from promoter DNA during the transition to stable elongation. The textbook dogma claims that this transition is sharp and that σ70 abruptly dissociates from the DNA-RNAP complex (Box 2).

The recent wealth of structural information of RNAP has led to working models for important complexes along the transcription pathway, as well as to intriguing mechanistic proposals. However, the structures represent static snapshots of transcription states, and they are affected by the inherent limitations of X-ray crystallography. Single molecule spec-troscopy, on the other hand, can probe the structure, dynam-

ics, and microenvironment within subpopulations of transcription complexes in solution; and identify conformational transitions, analyze transient inter-mediates, and determine the kinetics and timing of asynchronous transitions.

Novel single pair FRET methodology combined with laser alternation scheme was used to test σ70 release/non-release. This method determines the frac-tion of active open complexes, the fraction of stalled elongation complexes that can resume transcription and the fraction of transcription complexes that retain σ70, without additional controls. It was found that ~70% of open complexes were active (escaped into elongation), and that the release of σ70 was gradual (Box 3), in contrast to previous common knowledge and depiction in textbooks. These experiments also indicate the possibility of strong coupling between σ release and RNAP backtracking.

Box 3. Gradual release of σ. Green bars represent the percentage of nonreleased σ of stalled elongation complexes in positions +1, +11, +15, and +50

Box 1. Transcription initiation. A. Subunit composition of E. coli RNAP and promoter-RNAP interactions and the steps that occur from promoter recognition to promoter escape; R, RNAP; P, promoter DNA, RDe:elongation complex.

Box 2. σ release vs. σ nonrelease models for RNAP escape to elongation. Single pair FRET with laser alternation tests which of the models is correct.

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Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of Lymphocytes in Living Subjects: The Immune System Attacking Cancer

owen WITTE

We have developed a sensitive non-

invasive imaging system to study the movement of cell populations within the living subject. Cells of interest are “marked” in vitro with a PET reporter gene, and introduced into a living animal. The animal is then injected with a radioactive substrate for the reporter gene. Cells that express the reporter protein will bind the substrate and retain it within the cell. The animal is then “photographed” in a microPET scanner, which detects the location of the retained radioactive signal. We have utilized this method to study the localization of killer cells of the immune system (T cells) to the site of a tumor.

This technique is an advance over currently available imaging methods because it is fast, non-invasive, and provides information on the movement of cells within the whole animal. The same living subject can be imaged daily to determine changes in cell localization over time. In order to obtain the

same data using current methods, serial biopsies of the regions of interest are required. These techniques are static and invasive, and provide limited spatial information.

We are currently using animal models to study the results of perturbing the immune system, in order to potentiate the anti-tumor immune response. This method can be easily adapted for use in humans to study immune system responses to cancer, microbial or viral pathogens, or autoimmunity.

Box 1. Single plane analysis of the microPET image. Shown are five serial sections from a microPET image of an animal bearing a tumor in the right shoulder. PET reporter gene marked T cells are introduced into the animal, and detected at the tumor site using a radioactive substrate for the gene.

Box 2. MicroPET imaging of a tumor-bearing animal detects the localization of transferred T cells to the tumor site. The animal is bearing a tumor in each shoulder. The left tumor expresses the antigen that is recognized by the transferred T cells, while the tumor on the right is a negative control. The signal is only detected in the antigen-positive tumor on the left side.

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Optical Manipulation of NanoFluids and NanoParticles

ming WU

Nano-scale lab-on-a-chip systems require

effective manipulation of nano-fluids and nano-particles for biological and chemical analysis. Desired functions en-visioned for lap-on-a-chip sys-tems include fluid delivery, liq-uid dilution, volume controlled injection, cell sorting, and cell or molecular concentration control. Our group proposes two mechanisms, both utlizing light, to effectively address nano-fluids and nano-particles. One mechanism dubbed “Continuous-Opto-Electrowetting” (COEW), would allow for the manipulation of droplets with volumes ranging from micro-liters to pico-liters. This surface tension driven mechanism is more effective when the dimen-sion goes down to the nano-scale. The other mechanism, called “Optoelectronic Tweezer”, uses much less power than conventional optical tweezers and can generate a larger force to transport particles with a diameter larger than 50 µm.

In Box 1, we show the schematic structure of the COEW device. The liquid is sandwiched between two electrode sur-faces. The bottom surface is coated with a photoconductive layer, which increases photoconductivity under light illumina-

tion. The top surface is a transparent conductive glass which not only conducts the electrical current but also allows the fo-cused laser light to pass through it and be absorbed by the bot-tom photoconductive layer. At the site under light illumination, an electrowetting phenomenon is induced locally and changes the contact angle of the droplet as shown in Box 1a. The fabri-cation process is simple and no mask is needed. Box 1b shows an example of optical manipulation of a 50 pico-liter droplet.

Box 2a demonstrates the working mechanism of the opto-electronic tweezer. A liquid solution containing micro-particles is sandwiched between a photoconductive layer coated sub-strate and an ITO glass. When a focused laser beam illuminates the photoconductive layer, a highly non-uniform electric field is induced in the liquid layer and polarizes the micro-particles. The particles may be attracted to, or pushed away from, the site under light illumination due to the dielectrophoretic force. The trapping or pushing force can be as large as 1nN for particles with a size greater than 10µm, posing problems for the optical tweezer due to the limit of optical power. Light is used in the optoelectronic system to switch the voltage of the applied AC electrical signal between the photoconductive layer and the

liquid layer. The power required for this system is much less than that of the conventional opti-cal tweezer, µW as opposed to a range of 1mW – 100mW. Box 2b shows an example of multi-particle focusing by utilizing the opto-electronic tweezer.

The structures of the COEW and the optoelectronic twee-zer device are very similar, except the COEW device has a thicker insulation layer coating. This similarity will enable an integration of the two mechanisms into a single device that allows for not only the optical manipulation of nanofluids, but also nano-particles. This research is supported by CMISE and DARPA Optoelectronics Center (CHIPS).

Box 2. (a) Working mechanism of optoelectronic tweezer. A focused laser beam induces a DEP force in the liquid layer. The force shown here is a negative DEP force which pushes the particles away from the high electric field region. (b) An example of multi-particle focusing. The focused laser spot is programmed to scan a circular pattern. By shrinking the circular pattern, the four particles are focused to the central region.

(a) (b)

Box 1. (a) The schematic structure of the COEW device. The bottom surface consists of five patternless layers. They are glass substrate, ITO layer, photoconductive layer, SiO2 insulating layer and a hydrophobic Teflon layer. The top surface is just an ITO glass coated with a SiO2 layer and a Teflon layer. An equivalent circuit of this device is shown on the right. (b) An example of optical addressing of a 50 pico-liter droplet.

(b)(a)

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A Thermally Re-mendable Crosslinked Polymeric Material

fred WUDL

Re-mending of a transparent organic polymeric material under mild conditions has been achieved.

The material is a tough solid at room temperature and below with mechanical properties equaling those of commercial epoxy resins. At temperatures above 120 °C, approximately 30% (as determined by solid state NMR spectroscopy) of “intermonomer” linkages disconnect, yet reconnect upon cooling, This process is fully reversible and can be used to restore a fractured part multiple times and in the absence of additional ingredients such as a catalyst or additional monomer.

Two new re-mendable highly cross-linked polymers, 2ME4F and 2MEP4F, were prepared without solvent. Solid state NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) Spectroscopy was used to study the thermal reversibility of Diels-Alder (DA) cross-linking and it was found that DA connections and disconnections of both polymers are thermally reversible. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and dynamical mechanical analysis (DMA) were applied to study the thermal and mechanical properties of these materials and it was found that the glass transition temperature (Tg) of 2ME4F is about 30 – 40 oC and that of 2MEP4F is about 80 oC. A qualitative study of the healing efficiency of 2MEP4F showed that cracks can be healed effectively with a simple thermal healing procedure. This process can be repeated to heal cracks multiple times.

Potential low-tech applications are self-mending windshields and headlight covers. More high tech applications are in computer hardware applications, such as de-bonding and re-bonding of IC chips.

Other contributors: Kanji Ohno, Ajit Mal, and Xiangxu Chen

Box 1. Healing efficiency of the polymer. (a) Healing efficiency obtained by fracture toughness testing of tapered double-cantilever beam (TDCB) specimens (15 × 15 × 6 mm). The original fracture toughness was determined by the critical load to propagate the starter crack along the middle plane of the specimen. The specimens were fractured to two separate pieces, these were reunited and were held together with a clamp, followed by heat treatment at 120 °C to 150 °C.

Box 2. Fracture toughness was then tested again to determine the healing efficiency. (a) Image of a broken specimen before thermal treatment. (b) Image of the specimen after thermal treatment.

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Quantum Communications –The Next Revolution in Secure Transmission Links

eli YABLONOVITCH

The next logical extension to the current information technology revolution would be quantum information

science where information would be stored and manipulated in states of single atoms and molecules. A quantum transistor employing just a few quantum bits (qubits) would have an unparalleled computational and storage capacity. A 100 qubit transistor would have a capacity far exceeding that of hard drives that will be produced worldwide in the next 1010 years or the age of our universe! As Nobel laureate Richard Feynman put it in his address to the American Physical Society back in 1959 – “There is plenty of room at the bottom” and recent advances in nanofabrication techniques have enabled us to tap this vast resource.

A key application for quantum information science is quantum communications, which allows for new forms of secure communication links to be established based on quantum cryptography. These new technologies rely for security on the quantum “uncertainty principle” and on the long distance transmission of “quantum entanglement”. A new type of telecommunications device called the “quantum repeater” can allow the faithful transmission of quantum information over long distances, in spite of the inevitable severe losses while propagating along optical fibers. The quantum repeater is an excellent stepping stone to larger quantum information processors, since regeneration of quantum information requires only 3 quantum bits.

In a quantum repeater (Box 1), information is stored in the quantum state of a semiconductor electron spin, while complementary entangled information is transmitted as a photon down the optical fiber. A key component in such a quantum repeater would be a single photon detector that would flag the successful arrival of the photon that provides sharing of entanglement between different locations. This detection mechanism would have to be a gentle process, preserving the quantum information in the photoexcited carrier.

The implementation of such a single photon detector in a con-ventional transistor-like structure is shown in Box 2. On top of a modulation-doped heterostructure, a pair of gates with lithographic lengths of 100 nm is fabricated

via electron beam lithography and electron gun evaporation of titanium and gold. The two dimensional electron gas at the heterointerface of the transistor, pinched to form a narrow channel by the split gates, acts as a sensor for detecting indi-vidual photons non-invasively. As individual carriers excited by incoming photons are trapped in trapping centers above the channel, the channel current changes in a stepwise fashion due to the electrostatic force of these trapped charges. Each step

flags the arrival of a single photon. Positive steps indicate the trapping of photo-excited holes in the ac-tive semiconductor layer while negative steps indicate the trap-ping of photoexcited electrons.

This new type of single photon detection mechanism which preserves the photo-excited carrier and enables operations on its quantum state would play a vital role in a quantum repeater and enable the establishment of perfectly secure quantum cryptographic links over worldwide distances.

Box 1. Semiconductor implementation of a quantum repeater for long distance quantum communications. Quantum information, in the quantum states single photons, is transferred to the spin states of electrons trapped in gate defined electrostatic dots for storage and manipulation at each repeater station. The information is regenerated by utilizing “quantum entanglement” between such repeaters.

Box 2. (a) Schematic of a single photon detector with split gates defined above a modulation doped heterostructure to define a narrow sensing channel (b) Scanning electron micrograph of split gates (c) Stepwise positive photoconductivity (550nm) due to trapping of individual photo-excited holes (d) Stepwise negative photoconductivity (1.3μm) caused by trapping of individual photo-excited electrons.

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Near-Field Lithography – Breaking the Diffraction Limit

xiang ZHANG

A marriage between the near field enhancement and the near-field scanning optical microscope probing,

based on near field optics, promotes a novel technology (Near-Field Two-Photon Lithography) which overcomes the diffraction limit in the optical lithography and high-resolution optical imaging. This technique takes the advantage of the field enhancement at the extremity of metallic probe to induce nonlinear two-photon absorption and polymerization in a photoresist resin.

The field enhancement can be realized using a metal slab, for example Ag, of thickness about 50 nm. By coupling light into surface plasmon in one of the metal surfaces, the field is enhanced across the slab while approaching the other side

(Box 1a). This enhancement is confirmed in our experiment by studying the surface plasmon radiation from the metal slab surfaces. The enhancement can also be realized within the vicinity of a metal scatter or at the extremity of a metal probe, such as an AFM probe. By using a high intensity pulsed laser, such an enhancement at the AFM probe will lead to significant second harmonic signal output, which can be used to photopolymerize the surrounding resin (Box 1b). This two-photon near-field lithography technology can provide very high resolution.

Box 2a shows an AFM image of a one-dimensional grating produced by using the setup in Box 1b. Box 2b shows an image of a magnified area from a similar experiment, and Box 2c is the cross-section of Box 2b along the dark line. This cross-section image clearly shows features with width of ~70 nm, corresponding to resolution of ~λ/10, about a 50% improvement from the previous record in far field two-photon lithography. This work (Box 1b) was performed in collaboration with Prof. Ben Schwartz’s group in the Chemistry and Biochemistry Department at UCLA.

Box 1. (a) Schematic diagram of field enhancement while surface plasmon is coupled into a metal slab (ε2), which is sandwiched between two dielectric media ε1/air and ε3/glass. Tp is the field enhancement factor; k is the wavevector and ksp is the wavevector for surface plasmon. The thickness of the slab is about 50nm. (b). Schematic diagram of the experimental setup for two-photon apertureless near-field photolithography. AFM tip is scanning on the SU-8 surface and the tip is exposed by a high intensity laser beam. AFM tip is coated with Au.

Box 2. AFM images of the line structures produced in SU-8 using two-photon lithography setup in Box 1b. The far-field exposure intensities: (a) 0.9 TW/cm2 and (b) 0.45 TW/cm2. (c) shows the crosssection view along the dark vertical line shown in (b). The scale bars in (a) and (b) are 5 μm and 1 μm, respectively.

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publicationsBirkhoff-Rott Equation (R. E. Caflisch) in Encyclopaedia of Mathematics. Supplement III, Ed. M. Hazewinkel, Kluwer Academic Publishers: Boston, MA, 2002, pp. 71.

Level-Set Method for Island Dynamics in Epitaxial Growth (C. Ratsch, M. Gyure, R. E. Caflisch, F. Gibou, M. Petersen, M. Kang, J. Garcia, and D. Vvedensky) Phys. Rev. B 2002, 65, U697.

Use of Covalently-Bonded Ceramics in Jet Engine Thermal Barrier Coatings (E. A. A. Jarvis and E. A. Carter) Maui High Performance Computing Center Application Briefs 2002, 4.

First-Principles Dynamics Study along the Reaction Path of C2H5 + O2 → C2H4 + H2O: Evidence for Vibronic State Mixing (A. Andersen and E. A. Carter) J. Phys. Chem. A 2002, 106, 9672.

An Atomic Perspective of a Doped Metal-Oxide Interface (E. A. A. Jarvis and E. A. Carter) J. Phys. Chem. B 2002, 106, 7995.

Importance of Open-Shell Effects in Adhesion at Metal-Ceramic Interfaces (E. A. Jarvis and E. A. Carter) Phys. Rev. B 2002, 66, 100103.

Local Weak Pairs Pseudospectral Multireference Configuration Interaction (D. Walter, A. Szilva, K. Niedfeldt, and E. A. Carter) J. Chem. Phys. 2002, 117, 1982.

The Effect of Oxide Ionicity in Thermal Barrier Coatings of Jet Engine Turbines (E. A. A. Jarvis and E. A. Carter) Department of Defense High Performance Computing Modernization Program, Users Group Conference 2002. Available http://www.hpcmo.hpc.mil/Htdocs/UGC/UGC02/index.html

Reply to the Comment on ‘Prediction of Electronic Excited States of Adsorbates on Metal Surfaces from First Principles’ (T. Klüner, N. Govind, Y. A. Wang, and E. A. Carter) Phys. Rev. Lett. 2001, 86, 5954 by Klüner et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 2002, 88, 209702.

Modeling the Full Monty: Baring the Nature of Surfaces Across Time and Space (F. Starrost and E. A. Carter) Surf. Sci. 2002, 500, 323.

The Role of Reactive Elements in the Bond Coat for Thermal Barrier Coatings (E. A. Jarvis and E. A. Carter) Comp. Sci. Eng. 2002, 4, 33.

Periodic Density Functional Embedding Theory for Complete Active Space Self-Consistent Field and Configuration Interaction Calculations: Ground and Excited States (T. Klüner, N. Govind, Y. A. Wang, and E. A. Carter) J. Chem. Phys. 2002, 116, 42.

Optical Imaging of Renilla Luciferase Reporter Gene Expression in Living Mice (S. Bhaumik and S. S. Gambhir) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2002, 99, 377.

Ex Vivo Cell Labeling with 64Cu-Pyruvaldehyde-Bis(N4-Methylthiosemicarbazone) for Imaging Cell Trafficking in Mice with Positron-Emission Tomography (N. Adonai, K. Nguyen, J. Walsh, M. Iyer, T. Toyokuni, M. E. Phelps, T. McCarthy, D. McCarthy, and S. S. Gambhir) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2002, 99, 3030.

Noninvasive Quantitative Imaging of Protein-Protein Interactions in Living Subjects (P. Ray, H. Pimenta, R. Paulmurugan, F. Berger, M. E. Phelps, M. Iyer, and S. S. Gambhir) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2002, 99, 3105.

Molecular Engineering of a Two-Step Transcription Amplification (TSTA) System for Transgene Delivery in Prostate Cancer (L. Zhang, J. Adams, E. Billick, R. Ilagan, M. Iyer, K. Le, A. Smallwood, S. S. Gambhir, M. Carey, and L. Wu) Mol. Ther. 2002, 5, 223.

Optical Imaging of Cardiac Reporter Gene Expression in Living Rats (J. Wu, M. Inubushi, G. Sundaresan, H. Schelbert, and S. S. Gambhir) Circulation 2002, 105, 1631.

Gene Expression Tomography (V. Brown, A. Ossadtchi, A. Khan, S. S . Gambhir, S. Cherry, R. Leahy, and D. Smith) Physiol. Genomics 2002, 8, 159.

Optimizing Prostate Cancer Suicide Gene Therapy Using Herpes Simplex Virus Thymidine Kinase Active Site Variants (A. Pantuck, J. Matherly, A. Zisman, D. Nguyen, F. Berger, S. S. Gambhir, M. Black, A. Belldegrun, and L. Wu) Human Gene Ther. 2002, 13, 777.

Noninvasive, Repetitive, Quantitative Measurement of Gene Expression From a Bicistronic Message by Positron Emission Tomography, Following Gene Transfer with Adenovirus (Q. Liang, J. Gotts, N. Satyamurthy, J. Barrio, M. E. Phelps, S. S. Gambhir, and H. R. Herschman) Mol. Ther. 2002, 6, 73.

Positron Emission Tomography Imaging Analysis of G2A as a Negative Modifier of Lymphoid Leukemogenesis Initiated by the BCR-ABL Oncogene (L. Le, J. Kabarowski, S. Wong, K. Nguyen, S. S. Gambhir, and O. Witte) Cancer Cell 2002, 1, 381.

Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of Cardiac Reporter Gene Experssion in Living Rats (J. Wu, M. Inubushi, G. Sundaresan, H. R. Schelbert, and S. S. Gambhir) Circulation 2002, 106, 180.

Visualization of Advanced Human Prostate Cancer Lesions in Living Mice by a Targeted Gene Transfer Vector and Optical Imaging (J. Adams, M. Johnson, M. Sato, F. Berger, S. S. Gambhir, M. Carey, L. I.-A., and L. Wu) Nat. Med. 2002, 8, 891.

Towards in Vivo Nuclear Microscopy: Iodine-125 Imaging in Mice Using Micro-Pinholes (F. J. Beekman, D. P. McElroy, F. Berger, S. S. Gambhir, E. J. Hoffman, and S. R. Cherry) Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 2002, 29, 933.

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publicationsWhole Body Skeletal Imaging in Mice Utilizing MicroPET: Optimization of Reproducibility and Applications in Animal Models of Bone Disease (F. Berger, Y. P. Lee, A. Loening, A. Chatziioannou, S. Freedland, R. Leahy, J. R. Liberman, A. Beldegrun, C. L. Sawyers, and S. S. Gambhir) Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 2002, 29, 1225.

CL1-SR93: A Non-invasive Molecular Imaging Model of Prostate Cancer Suicide Gene Therapy using Positron Emission Tomography (A. Pantuck, F. Berger, A. Zisman, D. Nguyen, C. Tso, J. Matherly, S. S. Gambhir, and A. Belldegrun) J. Urology 2002, 168, 1193.

Molecular Imaging of Cancer with Positron Emission Tomography (S. S. Gambhir) Nat. Rev. Cancer 2002, 2, 683.

Non-Invasive Imaging of Cationic Lipid- Mediated Delivery of Optical and PET Reporter Genes in Living Mice (M. Iyer, M. Berenji, N. S. Templeton, and S. S. Gambhir) Mol. Ther. 2002, 6, 555.

Noninvasive Imaging of Protein-Protein Interactions in Living Subjects using Reporter Protein Complementation and Reconstitution Strategies (R. Paulmurugan, Y. Umezawa, and S. S. Gambhir) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2002, 99, 15608.

Monitoring Adenoviral DNA Delivery, Using a Mutant Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Thymidine Kinase Gene as a PET Reporter Gene (Q. Liang, K. Nguyen, N. Satyamurthy, J. Barrio, M. E. Phelps, S. S. Gambhir, and H. R. Herschman) Gene Ther. 2002, 9, 1659.

Monitoring Gene Therapy by Positron Emission Tomography (H. R. Herschman, J. Barrio, N. Satyamurthy, Q. Liang, D. MacLaren, S. Yaghoubi, T. Toyokuni, S. Cherry, M. E. Phelps, and S. S. Gambhir) in Vector Targeting for Therapeutic Gene Delivery, Eds. D. Curiel and J. Douglas, John Wiley and Sons: New York, 2002, pp. 661.

Radionuclide Imaging of Reporter Gene Expression (G. Sundaresan and S. S. Gambhir) in Brain Mapping: The Methods, Eds. A. Toga and J.C. Mazziotta, Academic Press: San Diego, 2002, pp. 799.

Noninvasive, Repetitive, Quantitative Measurement of Gene Expression from a Bicistronic Message by Positron Emission Tomography, following Gene Transfer with Adenovirus (Q. Liang, J. Gotts, N. Satyamurthy, J. Barrio, M. E. Phelps, S. S. Gambhir, and H. R. Herschman) Mol. Ther. 2002, 6, 73.

Single Molecular Rotor at the Nanoscale (C. Joachim and J. K. Gimzewski) Struct. Bonding 2002, 69, 1.

Self-Assembly of Deterministic Carbon Nanotube Wiring Networks (M. Diehl, R. Beckman, S. Yaliraki, and J. R. Heath) Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 353.

Imaging Transport Disorder in Conducting Arrays of Metallic Quantum Dots: An Experimental and Computational Study (J. L. Sample, P. Chandhar, K. C. Beverly, F. Remacle, J. R. Heath, and R. D. Levine) Adv. Mater. 2002, 14, 124.

The Structure of a Tetraazapentacene Molecular Monolayer (H. Choi, X. Yang, G. W. Mitchell, C. P. Collier, F. Wudl, and J. R. Heath) J. Phys. Chem. 2002, 106, 1833.

Effects of Size Dispersion Disorder on the Charge Transport in Self Assembled 2-D Ag Nanoparticle Arrays (K. C. Beverly, J. F. Sampaio, and J. R. Heath) J. Phys. Chem. B 2002, 106, 2131.

Quantum Dot Artificial Solids: Understanding the Static and Dynamic Role of Size and Packing Disorder (K. C. Beverly, J. L. Sample, J. F. Sampaio, F. Remacle, J. R. Heath, and R. D. Levine) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2002, 99, 6456.

Interactions Between Conjugated Polymers and Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (D. W. Steuerman, A. Star, R. Narizzano, H. Choi, R. S. Ries, C. Nicolini, J. F. Stoddart, and J. R. Heath) J. Phys. Chem. 2002, 106, 3124.

Conductivity of 2-D Ag Quantum Dot Arrays: Computational Study of the Role of Size and Packing Disorder at Low Temperatures (F. Remacle, K. C. Beverly, J. R. Heath, and R. D. Levine) J. Phys. Chem. B 2002, 106, 4116.

Photochemical Response of Electronically Reconfigurable Molecular-Based Switching Tunnel Junctions (C. P. Collier, B. Ma, E. W. Wong, J. R. Heath, and F. Wudl) ChemPhysChem 2002, 3, 458.

Two-Dimensional Molecular Electronics Random Access Memory Circuits (Y. Luo, C. P. Collier, K. A. Nielsen, J. O. Jeppesen, J. Perkins, E. DeIonno, A. R. Pease, J. F. Stoddart, and J. R. Heath) ChemPhysChem 2002, 3, 519.

Starched Carbon Nanotubes (A. Star, D. W. Steuerman, J. R. Heath, and J. F. Stoddart) Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 2508.

A High Resolution High Frequency Monolithic Top-Shooting Microinjector Free of Satellite Drops: Part II: Fabrication, Implementation, and Characterization (F.-G. Tseng, C.-J. Kim, and C.-M. Ho) J. MEMS 2002, 11, 437.

A High Resolution High Frequency Monolithic Top-Shooting Microinjector Free of Satellite Drops: Part I, Concept, Design and Model (F.-G. Tseng, C.-J. Kim, and C.-M. Ho) J. MEMS 2002, 11, 427.

An Electrochemical Detection Scheme for Identification of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Using Hairpin-Forming Probes (T. J. Huang, M. S. Liu, L. D. Knight, W. W. Grody, J. F. Miller, and C.-M. Ho) Nucleic Acids Res. 2002, 30, e55.

High-Resolution Microwave Phonon Spectroscopy of Dispersion Shifted Fiber (I. Oh, S. Yegnanarayanan, and B. Jalali) IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 2002, 14, 358.

130 GSa/s Photonic Analog-to-Digital Converter with Time Stretch Preprocessor (A. S. Bhushan, P. V. Kelkar, B. Jalali, O. Boyraz, and M. N. Islam) IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 2002, 14, 684.

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publicationsAnalysis and Improvement of Mach-Zehnder Modulator Linearity Performance for Chirped and Tunable Optical Carriers (S. Dubovitsky, W. H. Steier, S. Yegnanarayanan, and B. Jalali) J. Lightwave Technol. 2002, 20, 886.

Time Stretched ADC Arrays (A. S. Bhushan, Y. Han, and B. Jalali) IEEE T. Circuits Syst. 2002, 49, 521.

Stimulated Raman Scattering in Silicon Waveguides (R. Claps, D. Dimitropoulos, and B. Jalali) Electron. Lett. 2002, 22, 1352.

Observation of Raman Emission in Silicon Waveguides at 1.54 µm (R. Claps, D. Dimitropoulos, Y. Han, and B. Jalali) Opt. Express 2002, 10, 1305.

130 Gsample/s Photonic Analog to Digital Converter (A. S. Bhushan, P. V. Kelkar, B. Jalali, O. Boyraz, and M. Islam) Proceedings of the International Topical Meeting on Microwave Photonics (MWP 2001) 2002, 185.

Novel Photonic RF Receiver Using Tunable Brillouin Filtering and Optical Mixing (I. Oh, S. Yegnanarayanan, and B. Jalali) Proceedings of the International Topical Meeting on Microwave Photonics (MWP 2001) 2002, 195.

Time-Bandwith Product of the Time Stretched Analog-to-Digital Converter (Y. Han and B. Jalali) Proceedings of the International Topical Meeting on Microwave Photonics (MWP 2002) 2002, 309.

Adaptive RF-Photonic Arbitrary Waveform Generator (J. Chou, Y. Han, and B. Jalali) Proceedings of the International Topical Meeting on Microwave Photonics (MWP 2002) 2002, 93.

A Novel Technique for Wavelength Independent Bias of Mach-Zehnder Modulators (S. Dubovitsky, W. H. Steier, Y.-H. Kuo, S. Yegnanarayanan, and B. Jalali) Proceedings of the International Topical Meeting on Microwave Photonics (MWP 2002) 2002, 57.

Demonstration and Analysis of Single Sideband Photonic Time-Stretch System (Y. Han, J. Han, and B. Jalali) Proceedings of the International Topical Meeting on Microwave Photonics (MWP 2002) Post-Conference Edition, 2002.

Positively Charged Magnetoexciton Transition in a p-Doped GaAs/AlGaAs Single Heterojunction (Y. Kim and H. W. Jiang) Appl. Phys. Lett. 2002, 81, 2020.

Thermodynamic Compressibility Measurements in the Context of 2D Metal-Insulator Transition (S. C. Dultz and H. W. Jiang) to appear as a supplement to Journal of Physical Society of Japan, Conference proceedings: “Quantum Transport and Quantum Coherence”, Tokyo, 2002.

Electrostatic Actuation of Microscale Liquid-Metal Droplets (L. Latorre, J. Kim, J. Lee, P.-P. de Guzman, H. J. Lee, P. Nouet, and C.-J. Kim) J. MEMS 2002, 11, 302.

Micromachining of Mesoporous Oxide Films for Microelectromechanical System Structures (J.-A. Paik, S.-K. Fan, C.-J. Kim, M. C. Wu, and B. Dunn) J. Mater. Res. 2002, 17, 2121.

Low Voltage Electrowetting-On-Dielectric (H. Moon, S. K. Cho, R. L. Garrell, and C.-J. Kim) J. Appl. Phys. 2002, 92, 4080.

A Surface-Tension Driven Micropump for Low Voltage and Low Power Operations (K.-S. Yun, I.-J. Cho, J.-U. Bu, C.-J. Kim, and E. Yoon) J. MEMS 2002, 11, 454.

Chapter 18: The Use of Surface Tension for the Design of MEMS Actuators (C.-J. Kim) in Nanotribology: Critical Assessment and Research Needs, Eds. S. M. Hsu and Z. C. Ying, Kluwer, Academic Publishers: Boston, MA, 2002, pp. 239.

Electrowetting and Electrowetting-on-Dielectric for Microscale Liquid Handling (J. Lee, H. Moon, J. Fowler, T. Schoellhammer, and C. -J. Kim) Sens. Actuators 2002, A95, 259.

A Micromechanical Switch with Electrostatically Driven Liquid-Metal Droplet (J. Kim, W. Shen, L. Latorre, and C.-J. Kim) Sens. Actuators 2002, A97-98, 672.

DNA Microarray For Microbial Biotechnology: Gene Expression Profiles in Escherichia coli During Protein Overexpression (L. Rohlin, M.-K. Oh, and J. C. Liao) J. Chin. Inst. Chem. Eng. 2002, 33, 103.

Global Expression Profiling of Acetate-Grown Escherichia coli (M.-K. Oh, L. Rohlin, and J. C. Liao) J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277, 13175.

Nitric Oxide Reaction with Red Blood Cells and Hemoglobin Under Heterogeneous Conditions (T. H. Han, D. R. Hyduke, M. W. Vaughn, J. M. Fukuto, and J. C. Liao) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2002, 99, 7763.

Co-expression Pattern from DNA Microarray Experiments as a Tool for Operon Prediction (C. Sabatti, L. Rohlin, M. K. Oh, and J. C Liao) Nucleic Acids Res. 2002, 30, 2886.

Nitric Oxide is Consumed, Rather than Conserved, by Reaction with Oxyhemoglobin Under Physiological Conditions (M. S. Joshi, T. B. Ferguson, T. H. Han, D. R. Hyduke, J. C. Liao, T. Rassaf, N. Bryan, M. Feelisch, and J. R. Lancaster) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2002, 99, 10341.

Memorial Review of Jay Bailey’s Contribution in Prokaryotic Metabolic Engineering. (V. Hatzimanikatis and J. C. Liao) Biotechnol Bioeng 2002, 79, 504.

Microanalysis of DNA Microarrays (J. C. Liao and C. Sabatti) ASM News 2002, 68, 432.

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publicationsBlood Feud: Keeping Hemoglobin from Fixing NO (J. C. Liao) Nat. Med. 2002, 8, 1350.

Involvement of Receptor Interacting Protein 2 in Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses (A. I. Chin, P. W. Dempsey, K. Bruhn, J. F. Miller, Y. Xu, and G. Cheng) Nature 2002, 416, 190

Reverse Transcriptase-Mediated Tropism Switching by Bordetella Bacteriophage (M. Liu, R. Deora, S. R. Doulatov, M. Gingery, F. A. Eiserling, R. W. Simons, P. A. Cotter, J. Parkhill, and J. F. Miller) Science 2002, 295, 2091.

Systemic Anti-tumor Immunity within the Central Nervous System Stimulated by Recombinant Listeria Monocytogenes Vaccination: Recognition of Tumor Antigens via Epitope Spreading (L. M. Liau, E. R. Jensen, M. C. Soung, S. N. Sykes, J. F. Miller, and J. M. Bronstein) Cancer Res. 2002, 62, 2287.

Comparative Phenotypic Analysis of the Bordetella parapertussis Isolate chosen for Genomic Sequencing (U. Heininger, P. A. Cotter, H. W. Fescemyer, G. Martinez de Tejada, M. Yuk, J. F. Miller, and E. T. Harvill) Infect. Immun. 2002, 70, 3777.

Safety and Shedding of an Attenuated Strain of Listeria Monocytogenes with a Deletion of actA/plcB in Adult Volunteers: a Dose Escalation Study of Oral Inoculation (H. Angelakopoulos, K. Loock , D. M. Sisul, E. R. Jensen, J. F. Miller, and E. L. Hohmann) Infect. Immun. 2002, 70, 3592.

Safety and Shedding of an Attenuated Strain of Listeria Monocytogenes with a Deletion of ActA/plcB in Adult Volunteers: A Dose Escalation Study of Oral Inoculation (H. Angelakopoulos, K. Loock, D. M. Sisul, E. R. Jensen, J. F. Miller, and E. L. Hohmann) Infect. Immun. 2002, 70, 3592.

The Art and Science of Engineering Hybrid Living/non-living Mechanical Devices (C. D. Montemagno and H. Neves) IEEE International Conference on MicroElectro Mechanical Systems, Technical Digest, 15th, Las Vegas, NV, Jan. 20-24, 2002, 1.

Control of a Biomolecular Motor-Powered Nanodevice with an Engineered Chemical Switch (H. Liu, J. J. Schmidt, G. D. Bachand, S. S. Rizk, L. L. Looger, H. W. Hellinga, and C. D. Montemagno) Nat. Mater. 2002, 1, 173.

Force Tolerances of Hybrid Nanodevices (J. J. Schmidt, X. Jiang, and C. D. Montemagno) Nano Lett. 2002, 2, 1229.

Using Machines in Cells (J. J. Schmidt and C. D. Montemagno) Drug Discovery Today 2002, 7, 500.

The Penultimate Scheme for Systems of Conservation Laws: Finite Difference ENO, with Marquina’s Flux Splitting (R. Fedkiw, B. Merriman, R. Donat, and S. Osher) in Innovative Methods for Numerical Solutions of Partial Differential Equations, Eds. M. M. Hafez and J. J. Chattot, World Scientific: New Jersey, 2002, pp. 49.

A General Technique for Eliminating Spurious Oscillations in Conservative Schemes for Multiphase and Multispecies Euler Equations (R. Fedkiw, X. D. Liu, and S. Osher) J. Nonlinear Num. Sim. 2002, 103, 99.

Implicit and Nonparametric Shape Reconstruction from Unorganized Data Using a Variational Level Set Method (H. K. Zhao, S. Osher, B. Merriman, and M. Kang) Comput. Vis. Image Und. 2002, 80, 295.

Motion of Curves Constrained in Surfaces Using a Level Set Approach (L-T. Cheng, P. Burchard, B. Merriman, and S. J. Osher) J. Comput. Phys. 2002, 175, 604.

Variational Problems and PDEs on Implicit Surfaces (M. Bertalmio, G. Sapiro, L.-T. Cheng, and S. J. Osher) IEEE Workshop on Variational and Level Set Methods in Computer Vision, ICCV: Vancouver, Canada, 2002, 186.

Geometric Optics in a Phase Space-Based Level Set and Eulerian Framework (S. J. Osher, L.-T. Cheng, M. Kang, H. Shim, and Y.-H. R. Tsai) J. Comput. Phys. 2002, 179, 622.

Dynamic Visibility and the Level Set Method (S. J. Osher) SIAM News, May, 2002.

Noninvasive Measurement of Myocardial Activity Concentrations and Perfusion Defect Sizes in Rats with a New Small-animal Positron Emission Tomograph (T. Kudo, K. Fukuchi, J. A. Annala, F. A. Chatziioannou, V. Allada, M. Dahlbom, Y.-C. Tai, M. Inubushi, S.-C. Huang, R. S. Cherry, M. E. Phelps, and R. H. Schelbert) Circulation 2002, 106, 118.

Force Detection Using a Fiber Optic Cantilever (R. Budakian and S. Putterman) Appl. Phys. Lett. 2002, 81, 2100.

Time Scales for Cold Welding and the Origins of Stick Slip Friction (R. Budakian and S. Putterman) Phys. Rev. B 2002, 65, 235429.

Blackbody Spectra for Sonoluminescing Hydrogen Bubbles (G. Vazquez and S. Putterman) Phys. Rev. Lett. 2002, 88, 197402.

Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Sonoluminescence (S. Ruuth, B. Merriman, and S. Putterman) Phys. Rev. E 2002, 66, 036310.

Comments on “Evidence for Nuclear Emissions During Acoustic Cavitation” by R. P. Taleyarkhan et al., (S. J. Putterman, L. A. Crum, and K. Suslick) Science 2002, 295, 1868

A Very Early Induction of Major Vault Protein Is Accompanied By Increased Drug Resistance in U-937 Cells (Y. Hu, A. G. Stephe, J. Cao, L. R. Tanzer, C. A. Slapak, S. D. Harrison, V. Devanarayan, A. H. Dantzig, J. J. Starling, L. H. Rome, and R. E. Moore) Int. J. Cancer 2002, 97,149.

Design and Synthesis of Glycodendrimers (W. B. Turnbull and J. F. Stoddart) Rev. Mol. Biotech. 2002, 90, 231.

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publicationsMaking Molecular-Necklaces from Rotaxanes (S.-H. Chiu, S. J. Rowan, S. J. Cantrill, L. Ridvan, P. R. Ashton, R. L. Garrell, and J. F. Stoddart) Tetrahedron 2002, 58, 807.

A Dendrimer with Rotaxane-Like Mechanical Branching (A. M. Elizarov, S.-H. Chiu, P. T. Glink, and J. F. Stoddart) Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 679.

A Ring-in-Ring Complex (S.-H. Chiu, A. R. Pease, J. F. Stoddart, A. J. P. White, and D. J. Williams) Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 270.

Dynamic Covalent Chemistry (S. J. Rowan, S. J. Cantrill, G. R. L. Cousins, J. K. M. Sanders, and J. F. Stoddart) Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 898.

Molecular Machines (F. M. Raymo and J. F. Stoddart) in Supramolecular Organization and Materials Design, Eds. W. Jones and C.N.R. Rao, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2002, pp. 332.

Ferrocene-Containing Carbohydrate Dendrimers (P. R. Ashton, V. Balzani, M. Clemente-Leon, B. Colonna, A. Credi, N. Jayaraman, F. M. Raymo, J. F. Stoddart, and M. Venturi) Chem. Eur. J. 2002, 8, 673.

Poised on the Brink between a Bistable Complex and a Compound (J. O. Jeppesen, J. Becher, and J. F. Stoddart) Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 557.

Reversing a Rotaxane Recognition Motif: Threading Oligoethylene Glycol Derivatives through a Dicationic Complex (S.-H. Chiu and J. F. Stoddart) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 4174.

Chemistry Gets a Fillip from Molecular Recognition and Self-Assembly Processes (J. F. Stoddart and H.-R. Tseng) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2002, 99, 4797.

A Supramolecular Approach for the Formation of Fullerene-Phthalocyanine Dyads (M. V. Martínez-Díaz, N. S. Fender, M. S. Rodríguez-Morgade, M. Gómez-López, F. Diederich, L. Echegoyen, J. F. Stoddart, and T. Torres) J. Mater. Chem. 2002, 12, 2095.

Synthetic Carbohydrate Dendrimers. Part 9. Large Oligosaccharide-Based Glycodendrimers (W. B. Turnbull, S. A. Kalovidouris, and J. F. Stoddart) Chem. Eur. J. 2002, 8, 2988.

Synthesis and Characterization of Annulene-Fused Pseudorotaxanes (J. J. Pak, T. J. R. Weakley, M. M. Haley, D. Y. K. Lau, and J. F. Stoddart) Synthesis 2002, 1256.

Dispersion and Solubilization of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with a Hyperbranched Polymer (A. Star and J. F. Stoddart) Macromolecules 2002, 35, 7516.

Translational Isomerism in a [3]Catenane and a [3]Rotaxane (S.-H. Chiu, A. M. Elizarov, P. T. Glink, and J. F. Stoddart) Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 3561.

Self-Assembly of Dendrimers by Slippage (A. M. Elizarov, T. Chang, S.-H. Chiu, and J. F. Stoddart) Org. Lett. 2002, 4, 3565.

Glycodendrimers Based on Cellobiosyl-Derived Monomers (S. A. Kalovidouris, W. B. Turnbull, and J. F. Stoddart) Can. J. Chem. 2002, 80, 983.

An Efficient Approach towards the Convergent Synthesis of “Fully Carbohydrate” Mannodendrimers (L. V. Backinowsky, P. I. Abronina, A. S. Shashkov, A. A. Grachev, N. K. Kochetkov, S. A. Nepogodiev, and J. F. Stoddart) Chem. Eur. J. 2002, 8, 4412.

Post-Assembly Processing of [2]Rotaxanes (S.-H. Chiu, S. J. Rowan, S. J. Cantrill, J. F. Stoddart, A. J. P. White, and D. J. Williams) Chem. Eur. J. 2002, 8, 5170.

Probing Polyvalency in Artificial Systems Exhibiting Molecular Recognition (D. A. Fulton, S. J. Cantrill, and J. F. Stoddart) J. Org. Chem. 2002, 67, 7968.

Photoinduced Electron Transfer in a Triad that can be Assembled/Disassembled by Two Different External Inputs. Toward Molecular-Level Electrical Extension Cables (R. Ballardini, V. Balzani, M. Clemente-León, A. Credi, M. T. Gandolfi, E. Ishow, J. Perkins, J. F. Stoddart, H.-R. Tseng, and S. Wenger) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 12782.

Molecular Switches and Machines using Arene Building Blocks (H.-R. Tseng and J. F. Stoddart) in Modern Arene Chemistry, Ed. D. Astruc, Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, 2002, pp. 574.

Surrogate-Stoppered [2]Rotaxanes: A New Route to Larger Interlocked Architectures (S. J. Rowan and J. F. Stoddart) Poly. Adv. Tech. 2002, 13, 777.

An Acid-Based Switchable [2]Rotaxane (A. M. Elizarov, S.-H. Chiu, and J. F. Stoddart) J. Org. Chem. 2002, 67, 9175.

An Hermaphroditic [c2]Daisy Chain (S.-H. Chiu, S. J. Rowan, S. J. Cantrill, J. F. Stoddart, A. J. P. White, and D. J. Williams) Chem. Commun. 2002, 2948.

Speed-Controlled Molecular Shuttles (M. Belohradsky, A. M. Elizarov, and J. F. Stoddart) Collect. Czech Chem. Comm. 2002, 67, 1719.

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publicationsInhibitors of Ras/Raf-1 Interaction Identified by Two-Hybrid Screening Revert Ras-Dependent Transformation Phenotypes in Human Cancer Cells (J. Kato-Stankiewicz, I. Hakimi, G. Zhi, J. Zhang, I. Serebriiskii, L. Guo, H. Edamatsu, H. Koide, S. Menon, R. Eckl, S. Sakamuri, Y. Lu, Q.-Z., Chen, S. Agarwal, W. R. Baumbach, E. A. Golemis, F. Tamanoi, and V. Khazak) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci USA 2002, 99, 14398.

Studies of Protein Farnesylation in Yeast (N. Thapar and F. Tamanoi) in Yeast as a Tool in Cancer Research, Eds. J. Heitman and J. L. Nitiss, Kluwer Academic Publishers: Boston, MA, 2002.

Using High Pressure Phase Stability to Determine the Internal Pressure of Silica/Surfactant Composites (A. M. Lapeña, J. J. Wu, A. F. Gross, and S. H. Tolbert) J. Phys. Chem. B 2002, 106, 11720.

The Effect of Electrostatic Interactions on Crystallization In Binary Colloidal Films (A. Rugge and S. H. Tolbert) Langmuir 2002, 18, 7057.

Elasticity Through Nanoscale Distortions in Periodic Surfactant Templated Porous Silica under High Pressure (J. Wu, L. Zhao, E. L. Chronister, and S. H. Tolbert) J. Phys. Chem. B 2002, 106, 5613.

Chemical Control of Phase Transformation Kinetics in Periodic Silica/Surfactant Composites (A. F. Gross, V. H. Le, B. L. Kirsch, and S. H. Tolbert) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 3713.

Single-Molecule Spectroscopy and Microscopy (X. Michalet and S. Weiss) C.R. Phys. 2002, 3, 619.

Fluorescent Probes and Bioconjugation Chemistries for Single Molecule Fluorescence Analysis of Biomolecules (A. N. Kapanidis and S. Weiss) J. Chem. Phys. 2002, 117, 10953.

Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase and Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase Regulate Overlapping Sets of Genes in B Lymphocytes (D. A. Fruman, G. Z. Ferl, S. S. An, A. C. Donahue, A. B. Satterthwaite, and O. N. Witte) Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 2002, 99, 359.

Recognition of Multiple Substrate Motifs by the c-ABL Protein Tyrosine Kinase (J. J. Wu, D. E. H. Afar, H. Phan, O. N. Witte, and K. S. Lam) Comb. Chem. & High Throughput Screen 2002, 5, 83.

Positron Emission Tomography Imaging Analysis of G2A as a Negative Modifier of Lymphoid Leukemogenesis Initiated by the BCR-ABL Oncogene (L. Q. Le, J. H. S. Kabarowski, S. Wong, K. Nguyen, S. S. Gambhir, and O. N. Witte) Cancer Cell 2002, 1, 381.

Photodiodes for High Performance Analog Links (P. K. L. Yu and M. C. Wu) in RF Photonic Technology in Optical Fiber Links, Ed. W. S. C. Chang, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, 2002.

Traveling Wave distributed Photodetectors with Backward Wave Cancellation for Improved AC Efficiency (C. Murthy, T. Jung, M. C. Wu, D. L. Sivco, and A. Y. Cho) Electron. Lett. 2002, 38, 827.

High Power and Highly Linear Monolithically Integrated Distributed Balanced Photodetectors (M. S. Islam, T. Jung, T. Itoh, M. C. Wu, A. Nespola, D. L. Sivco, and A. Y. Cho) J. Lightwave Technol. 2002, 20, 285.

Parallel Feed Traveling Wave Distributed Pin Photodetectors with Integrated MMI Couplers (S. Murthy, M. C. Wu, D. Sivco, and A. Y. Cho) Electron. Lett. 2002, 38, 78.

A Thermally Re-Mendable Cross-Linked Polymeric Material (X. Chen, M. A. Dam, K. Ono, A. Mal, H. Shen, S. R. Nutt, K. Sheran, and F. Wudl) Science 2002, 295, 1698.

An Insight into the Aromaticity of Fullerene Anions: Expermiental Evidence for Diamagnetic Ring Currents in the Five-Membered Rings of C60

6– and C706– (T. Stremfeld, C. Thilgen, R. E. Hoffman, M. R. C. Heras, F. Diederich, F. Wudl, L. T. Scott, J. Mack, and M.

Raabinovitz) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 5734.

Fullerene Materials (F. Wudl) J. Mater. Chem. 2002, 7, 1959.

An Efficient Synthesis of Dibenzocycloocta-4a,6a,-diene-5,11-diyne and its Precursors (S. Chaffins, M. Brettreich, and F. Wudl) Synthesis 2002, 9, 1191.

Synthesis, X-Ray Structure and Properties of a Tetra-Benzannelated 1,2,4,5-Cyclophane (M. Brettreich, M. Bendikov, S. Chaffins, D. F. Perepichka, O. Dautel, R. Helgeson, F. Wudl) Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 3688.

Molecular Metals, a Summary. (F. Wudl) J. Solid State Chem. 2002, 168, 712.

Photonic Bandgap based Designs for Nano-Photonic Integrated Circuits (E. Yablonovitch) IEDM Technical Digest (Cat. No.02CH37358) 2002, 17.

Designing Heterostructures with Predefined Value of Light-Hole g Factor for Coherent Solid-state Quantum Receiver (A. A. Kiselev, K. W. Kim, and E. Yablonovitch) Physica A 2002, 13, 630.

Photoconductance Quantization in a Single-Photon Detector (H. Kosaka, D. S. Rao, H. D. Robinson, P. Bandaru, T. Sakamoto, and E. Yablonovitch) Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 2002, 65, 2013071.

Designing a Heterostructure for the Quantum Receiver (A. A. Kiselev, K. W. Kim, and E. Yablonovitch) Appl. Phys. Lett. 2002, 80, 2857.

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Semiconductor Surface-Molecule Interactions (P. Bandaru and E. Yablonovitch) J. Electrochem. Soc. 2002, 149, G599.

Imaging Properties of a Metamaterial Superlens (N. Fang and X. Zhang) Appl. Phys. Lett. 2002, 82, 161.

The Adhesion Force of Polymer 3D Microstuctures Fabricated by Micro Stereo Lithography (D. Wu, N. Fang, C. Sun, and X. Zhang) Appl. Phys. Lett. 2002, 81, 3963.

Near Field Two-photon Nanolithography Using an Apertureless Optical Probe (X. Yin, N. Fang, X. Zhang, I. B. Martini, and B. J. Schwartz) Appl. Phys. Lett. 2002, 81, 3663.

The Influences of the Material Properties on Ceramic Microstereolithography (C. Sun and X. Zhang) Sens. Actuators A 2002, 101, 364.

Experimental and Numerical Investigations on Microstereolithography of Ceramics (C. Sun and X. Zhang) J. Appl. Phys. 2002, 92, 4796.

PatentsCatalyst Doping to Strengthen Metal-Support Interactions (E. A. Carter and E. A. Jarvis) Provisional patent filed on June 19, 2002. (United States and Foreign).

Silica-Forming Bond Coat Alloys (E. A. Carter and E. A. Jarvis) Provisional patent filed on June 19, 2002. (United States).

Reactive Element Doped Bond Coat Alloys (Ti & Zr Doping) (E. A. Carter and E. A. Jarvis) Provisional patent filed on June 19, 2002. (United States)

Chemically Synthesized and Assembled Electronic Devices (J. R. Heath and P. J. Kuekes) US Patent 2002, US 6,459,095.

Compositions and Methods for Use of Bioactive Agents Derived from Sulfated and Sulfonated Amino Acids (J. A. Hubbell, R. Schoenmakers, and H. D. Maynard) WO Patent 2002, WO 03,007,689.

Solubilization of Carbon Nanotubes in Water using Starches (A. Star and J. F. Stoddart) Provisional patent filed, July, 2002. (United States).

Noncovalent Side-Wall Functionalization of Nanotubes (A. Star and J. F. Stoddart) Provisional patent filed, July, 2002. (United States).

BSTP-RAS/RERG Protein and Related Reagents and Methods of Use Thereof (D. Botstein, P. O. Brown, C. Der, C. M. Perou, D. Ross, R. Seitz, and F. Tamanoi) US Patent 2002, US 9,916,721.

Organo Luminescent Semiconductor Nanocrystal Probes for Biological Applications and Process for Making and Using Such Probes (M. Bruchez Jr, P. Alivisatos, and S. Weiss) US Patent 2002, US 6,423,551.

Method and Apparatus for Mode Locking of External Cavity Semiconductor Lasers with Saturable Bragg Reflectors (M. Wu) US Patent 2002, US 6,449,301.

Micromechanical Optical Switches (M. Wu) US Patent 2002, US 6,498,870.

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Russel Caflish

Modeling and Simulation for Epitaxial Growth of Thin Films (University of California, Santa Barbara), January 15, 2002

Modeling and Simulation for Epitaxial Growth of Thin Films (University of California, Irvine), January 28, 2002

Modeling and Simulation for Epitaxial Growth with Strain (Stanford University), May 10, 2002

Dynamics of Island and Step Edges (California Institute of Technology), October 7, 2002

Dynamics of Step Edges in Thin Film Growth (University of Colorado), November 21, 2002

Modeling and Simulation for Epitaxial Growth of Thin Films (University Colorado), November 22, 2002

Dynamic Model for a Step Edge in Epitaxial Growth (MRS Meeting, Boston), December 2, 2002

Emily Carter

Overthrowing Conventional Wisdom: from Gas Phase Dynamics to Heterogeneous Interfacial Adhesion (University of California, Los Angeles), January 7, 2002

Overthrowing Conventional Wisdom: from Gas Phase Dynamics to Heterogeneous Interfacial Adhesion (California Institute of Technology, Pasadena), January 8, 2002

Insights into Ceramic Coating Adhesion on Nickel (University of California, Los Angeles), April 19, 2002

Advances in Condensed Matter Electronic Structure Theory for Surfaces (Rutgers University, Piscataway), May 17, 2002

Coupling Chemistry to Mechanics: Material Response from Angstroms to Millimeters (Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden), August 29, 2002

Advances in Condensed Matter Theory: from Molecules to Metal Alloys (University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada), September 30, 2002

Understanding Failure of Materials from First Principles (University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada), October 1, 2002

Understanding and Mitigating Failure of Materials from First Principles (University of Southern California, Los Angeles), October 11, 2002

Coupling Chemistry to Mechanics: Material Response from Angstroms to Millimeters (Princeton University), October 23, 2002

Modeling the Full Monty: Baring the Nature of Materials from the Nano to the Milli World (University of California, Los Angeles), November 21, 2002

Sam Gambhir

Molecular Imaging (DOE Medical Sciences’ Molecular Nuclear Medicine Seminar on Imaging Gene Expression II in Boston, Massachusetts), February, 2002

Multimodality Molecular Imaging (University of North Carolina), February, 2002

Imaging Endogenous Gene Expression in Living Subjects (Stanford University), May, 2002

Molecular Imaging (Los Angeles Tech Center Seminar), May, 2002

Imaging Gene Expression for Gene Therapy (Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN), May, 2002

Multimodality Molecular Imaging of Rodent Cancer Models (Merck Research Laboratories in West Point, PA), September, 2002

Multimodality Molecular Imaging of Living Subjects (Grand Rounds for the Department of Pathology at the University of California, Los Angeles), November, 2002

Multimodality Molecular Imaging of Cancer (National Cancer Center in Seoul, Korea), December 2002

James Gimzewski

Molecular Dreams? (The Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIAR), Quebec, Canada), February 1, 2002

Nanoarchitectonics (University of California, Los Angeles), February 11, 2002

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Nanoarchitectonics (University of California, Santa Barbara, California Nanoscale Institute, Santa Barbara), April 5, 2002

Introduction to Nanotechnology (UCLA Extension Short Course, BIO-MEMS, Los Angeles), April 15, 2002

Nanoarchitectonics (University of California, Los Angeles California Nanoscale Institute, Los Angeles), April 17, 2002

Nanotechnology (Institute of Applied Math (IPAM), University of California, Los Angeles), September 16–19, 2002

Nanomechanics in Motion (MIT, Cambridge, MA), December 5, 2002

James Heath

NanoSystems Biology (Northwestern University), April 25, 2002

Molecular Nanomechanics (First Interational School on Nanoscale/Molecular Mechanics, Maui), May 13, 2002

A Systems Approach to Molecular Electronics (International Ph.D. Summerschool on Frontiers in Nano-Science and Nanotechnology, Vaelose, Denmark), June 18–23, 2002

A Systems Approach to Molecular Electronics (Michigan State University), October 3, 2002

A Systems Approach to Molecular Electronics (University of Toronto, Canada), October 4, 2002

A Systems Approach to Molecular Electronics (University of Washington), October 17, 2002

A Systems Approach to Molecular Electronics (University of Kansas), November 5, 2002

Bahram Jalali

Silicon Photonics and Fiber Optic Integrated Circuits (Intel Research Seminar), October, 2002

Hong-Wen Jiang

Single Electron/Spin Experiments for Quantum Information Processing (University of Wisconsin), January, 2002

Single Electron/Spin Experiments for Quantum Information Processing (National High Magnetic Field Laboratory), April, 2002

Single Electron/Spin Experiments for Quantum Information Processing (California State University, Los Angeles), May, 2002

Chang-Jin Kim

MEMS/Microfluidic Devices Utilizing Surface Tension (University of Michigan), March, 2002

MEMS/Microfluidic Devices Utilizing Surface Tension (ALZA Corp., Mountain View), March, 2002

Digital Microfluidic Circuits (Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Giheung, Korea), July, 2002

Reconfigurable Digital Microfluidic Circuits (Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea), July, 2002

Digital Microfluidic Circuits (SKC Corp., Seoul, Korea), July, 2002

Use of Surface Tension in Microdevices Leading to Programmable Digital Microfluidic Circuits (Intelligent Microsystem Center, Seoul, Korea), September, 2002

Heather Maynard

Peptide-Substituted Polymers with Tailored Biological Properties (Eindhoven University, The Netherlands), April 22, 2002

Synthesis of Multimeric Biomolecules Using Combinatorial Chemistry and Olefin Metathesis (University of California, Santa Cruz), October 21, 2002

Jeffery Miller

Parasite Adaptation to Dynamic Hosts: Bordetella and their Phage (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA), May 2, 2002

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Parasite Adaptation to Dynamic Hosts: Bordetella and their Phage (University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC), November 11, 2002

Parasite Adaptation to Dynamic Hosts: Bordetella and their Phage (Lyola Medical School, Chicago, IL), December 12, 2002

Signal Transduction During the Bordetella-Host Interaction (University of Florida, Gainesville, FL), December 16, 2002

Stanley Osher

The Level Set Method, What’s In It For You (University of California, Los Angeles, Mechanical Engineering Department Seminar), March 7, 2002

The Level Set Method, What’s In It For You (University of California, Los Angeles, Computer Science Department), March 15, 2002

The Level Set Method, What’s In It For You (University of California, Los Angeles, Civil Engineering Department), April 26, 2002

The Level Set Method, What’s In It For You (University of California, Los Angeles, Applied Mathematics Colloquium), May 23, 2002

The Level Set Method, What’s In It For You (Hong Kong University of Science and Technology), August 8, 2002

The Level Set Method, What’s In It For You (Beijing University, China), August 13, 2002

Geometric Optics in a Phase Space Based Level Set Framework (Wright Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH), August 22, 2002

The Level Set Method, What’s In It For You (Broad Area Colloquium at Stanford University), October 14, 2002

Some New Approaches to PDE Based Graphics and Image Analysis (Image Processing Seminar at the University of California, Los Angeles), October 16, 2002

The Level Set Method, What’s In It For You (Princeton University, PACM Department), November 11, 2002

The Level Set Method, What’s In It For You (University of California, Los Angeles, Department of Biomathematics), November 21, 2002

The Level Set Method, What’s In It For You (University of Texas, Austin), November 25, 2002

Seth Putterman

An Integrated Systems-Oriented Approach to Molecular Electronics (California Institute of Technology), February 20, 2002

Friction and Fatigue at the Nanoscale (American Physica Society, Indianapolis, IN), March 21, 2002

Is Wave Turbulence as Challenging as Vortex Turbulence? (Los Alamos National Laboratories), March 26, 2002

Friction and Fatigue at the Nanoscale (American Chemical Society, Orlando, FL), April 8, 2002

Wave Turbulence in Microgravity (NASA Cleveland), August 14, 2002

Fraser Stoddart

An Integrated Systems-Oriented Approach to Molecular Electronics (California Institute of Technology), February 20, 2002

An Integrated Systems-Oriented Approach to Molecular Electronics (University of Missouri-St Louis), March 18, 2002

An Integrated Systems-Oriented Approach to Molecular Electronics (University of California, Berkeley), March 22, 2002

An Integrated Systems-Oriented Approach to Molecular Electronics (University of Chicago), April 5, 2002

An Integrated Systems-Oriented Approach to Molecular Electronics (University of Kansas), April 29, 2002

From Motor-Molecules to Molecular Machines and Electronic Devices (New York University), May 3, 2002

An Integrated Systems-Oriented Approach to Molecular Electronics (University of Reading, UK), June 7, 2002

From Molecular Recognition via Molectronics to NanoElectroMechanical Systems (NEMS) (Nanomix, Emeryville CA), August 7, 2002

From Motor-Molecules to Molecular Machines and Electronic Devices (Columbia University), September 4, 2002

An Integrated Systems-Oriented Approach to Molecular Electronics (KTH Stockholm, Sweden), September 30, 2002

Building a Molecular Meccano Kit (University of Uppsala, Sweden), October 1, 2002

From Motor-Molecules to Molecular Machines and Electronic Devices (University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands), October 4, 2002

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An Integrated Systems-Oriented Approach to Molecular Electronics (IBM, Almaden), November 8, 2002

An Integrated Systems-Oriented Approach to Molecular Electronics (Notre Dame University), November 13, 2002

Molecular Meccano (Notre Dame University), November 14, 2002

Dynamic Chiralty (Notre Dame University), November 15, 2002

Fuyuhiko Tamanoi

Effects of Ras/Raf Inhibitor on Human Cancer Cells (Morphochem Inc., Princeton), February 8, 2002

Recent Advance in the Study of Farnesyltransferase Inhibitors (Bristol Myers Squibb Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Princeton), February 11, 2002

Inhibitors of the Ras Signaling Pathway (Moffitt Cancer Center, University of South Florida, Tampa), April 3, 2002

Signal Transduction Inhibitors and Chemical Genomics (Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan), October 2, 2002

Sarah Tolbert

New Ideas for Structural and Electronic Materials Using Surfactant Templated Nanostructured Inorganics (University of California, Santa Barbara, Department of Chemistry, Santa Barbara), February, 2002

New Ideas for Structural and Electronic Materials Using Surfactant Templated Nanostructured Inorganics (University of Colorado, Physical Chemistry Seminar, Boulder), April, 2002

New Ideas for Structural and Electronic Materials Using Surfactant Templated Nanostructured Inorganics (Colorado State University, Physical Chemistry Seminar, Fort Collins), April, 2002

New Ideas for Structural and Electronic Materials Using Surfactant Templated Nanostructured Inorganics (Northwestern University, Physical Chemistry Seminar, Evanston, IL), April, 2002

New Ideas for Structural and Electronic Materials Using Surfactant Templated Nanostructured Inorganics (University of Chicago, MRL Seminar, Chicago), April, 2002

New Ideas for Structural and Electronic Materials Using Surfactant Templated Nanostructured Inorganics (Harvard University, Physical Chemistry Seminar, Cambridge, MA), May, 2002

New Ideas for Structural and Electronic Materials Using Surfactant Templated Nanostructured Inorganics (University of California at Riverside, Departmental Colloquium, Riverside), May, 2002

New Approaches to Structural and Electronic Materials Through Control of Nanoscale Self-Assembly (Argonne National Laboratory, Chemistry Division, Argonne, IL), August, 2002

New Approaches to Structural and Electronic Materials Through Control of Nanoscale Self-Assembly (University of California, Berkeley, Physical Chemistry Seminar), October, 2002

New Structural and Optical Materials Through Surfactant Directed Inorganic/Organic Self-Organization (California State University, Northridge, Departmental Seminar, Los Angeles), October, 2002

Shimon Weiss

Biophysics of Single Molecules (Israel Chemical Society Meeting, Israel)

Biophysics of Single Molecules (UCLA/UCSB Soft Condensed Matter Meeting)

Biophysics of Single Molecules (NIH BRP Meeting)

Biophysics of Single Molecules (LBNL Molecular Foundry)

Single Molecule Nanoscale Rulers (Technion, Haifa, Israel)

Single Molecule Nanoscale Rulers (Crump Institute, University of California, Los Angeles)

Single Molecule Nanoscale Rulers (Caltech, Pasadena)

Single Molecule Nanoscale Rulers (ABI/ Perkin Elmer)

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RNA Polymerase Mechanism: Single-Molecule Analysis (American Chemical Society Meeting)

Owen Witte

Lymphocyte Growth Regulation (Aventis, Bridgewater, NJ), February 19, 2002

Lymphocyte Growth Regulation (Tufts University Genetics Program, Boston, MA), April 1, 2002

Lymphocyte Growth Regulation (Harvard Medical School Immunology Seminar Series, Boston, MA), April 3, 2002

Analysis of Bcr-Abl Function Using an in vitro Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation (HHMI-NIH Research Cloister Scholars Lecture, Bethesda, MD), April 29, 2002

Lymphocyte Growth Regulation (Wyeth Research, Cambridge, MA), June 19, 2002

Ming Wu

MEMS WDM Routers With Analog Micromirror Arrays (NTT, Japan), July 8, 2002

Optical Micro-Electromechanical Systems (Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan), July 8, 2002

Optical MEMS from Micro to Nano Scale (National Chiao Tong University, Taiwan), November 4, 2002

Fred Wudl

A Thermally Remendable Hyper-Crosslinked Polymeric Material (Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta), April 16, 2002

The Polyazaacenes: A Zwitterionic Liquid Crystal and More (Emory University, Atlanta), April 17, 2002

The Polyazaacenes: A Zwitterionic Liquid Crystal and More (Nano-Electronics and Materials Symposium, University of South Carolina, Columbia), April 19, 2002

Recent Developments in the Design and Preparation of Thermally Re-mendable Organic Polymeric Materials (University of Colorado at Boulder), November 12, 2002

Xiang Zhang

Engineering Sub-Wavelength Meta Structures (CNSI-NanoTriangle Meeting, University of California, Los Angeles), July 9, 2002

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invited lecturesRussel Caflisch

Modeling and Simulation for Epitaxial Growth with Elastic Strain (Workshop on Fronts and Growth at the University of Michigan), May 23, 2002

Simulation of Epitaxial Growth with Strain using the Level Set Method (Am. Conf. Crystal Growth and Epitaxy in Seattle, WA), August 6, 2002

Emily Carter

Nanoscopic Origins of Materials Failure (Mardis Gras Conference on Nanotechnology in Baton Rouge, LA), February 7, 2002

Insights into Ceramic Coating Adhesion on Nickel (the AFOSR Molecular Dynamics Contractor’s Review in Waltham, MA), May 22, 2002

Orbital-Free Density Functional Methods (MURI Program Review in Waltham, MA), May 23, 2002

Quantum/Continuum Coupling via Cohesive Zones (MURI Program Review in Waltham, MA), May 23, 2002

Quantum/Atomistic Coupling in the Quasicontinuum Method (MURI Program Review in Waltham, MA), May 23, 2002

The Effect of Oxide Ionicity in Thermal Barrier Coatings of Jet Engine Turbines (DoD High Performance Computing Users Group Conference in Austin, Texas), June 13, 2002

Coupling Chemistry to Mechanics: Materials Response from Angstroms to Millimeters (American Conference on Theoretical Chemistry at the Seven Springs Mountain Resort, Champion, PA), July 14, 2002

Understanding and Mitigating Failure of Thermal Barrier Coatings from First Principles (Gordon Research Conference: High Temperature Materials, Processes, and Diagnostics at Colby College, Waterville, ME), August 5, 2002

Multiscale Methods for Optimization of Materials (DARPA Workshop: Predicting Real Optimized Materials in Arlington, Virginia), September 23, 2002

Roos’s CASSCF A Role in the Solid State Via a First Principles Embedding (Mediterranean Seminar on Computational Chemistry in Palermo, Italy), October 5, 2002

TBC Bond Coat Alloy Design from First Principles (International Conference on High-Power Electron Beam Technology (ebeam) at the Hilton Head Island, SC), October 28, 2002

Challenges in Bridging Time Scales (Panel Discussion Leader, CIMMS-IPAM Workshop Molecular Modeling and Computation: Perspectives and Challenges at Caltech, Pasadena), November 16, 2002

Revisiting Old Ideas: Cohesive Laws of Fracture and Solving Directly for Electron Densities of Materials (Mathematics in Nanoscale Science and Engineering Workshop at the Institute for Pure and Applied Mathematics (IPAM), University of California, Los Angeles), November 19, 2002

Multiscale Methods for Characterization of Materials Response to Chemical and Physical Stresses (Conference on Stochastic and Multi-scale Problems in the Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study at the School of Mathematics, Princeton University), December 10, 2002

Challenges for Theory and Modelling of Nano-Systems (California NanoSystems Institute Retreat in Ventura, CA), December 16, 2002

Sam Gambhir

Of Mice and Men: Molecular Imaging in Living Subjects (SPIE meeting on Medical Imaging 2002 in San Diego, CA), February, 2002

Multimodality Molecular Imaging: Emerging Applications in Molecular Therapy & Cell Biology (Association of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Neurobiology Chairperson in St. Croix, Virgin Islands), February, 2002

Molecular Imaging (DOE Medical Sciences’ Molecular Nuclear Medicine Seminar on Imaging Gene Expression II in Boston, MA), February, 2002

Multimodality Molecular Imaging (University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill, NC), February, 2002

Multimodality Molecular Imaging with Applications in Biology and Medicine (Gertrude and Florian Nelson Cardiovascular Research Lecture in Jackson, MS), March, 2002

Molecular Imaging (BioX Symposium on Molecular Imaging at Stanford University), March, 2002

Recent Advances in Molecular Imaging of Living Subjects (Barr Systems Distinguished Lecture in Gainesville, FL), March, 2002

A Primer in Molecular Imaging (33rd International Diagnostic Course in Davos, Switzerland), April, 2002

Multimodality Molecular Imaging (33rd International Diagnostic Course in Davos, Switzerland), April, 2002

Imaging Gene Expression for Gene Therapy (Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN), May, 2002

Systems Imaging in Living Subjects (Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in Berkeley, CA), May, 2002

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invited lecturesImaging Gene Therapy in Humans (Seventh Annual Gene Medicine Symposium at the University of California, Los Angeles), May, 2002

Noninvasive Imaging of Molecular Events in Living Subjects: Applications to Cancer Biology. (Eighth Annual William D. Kaplan Lecture at Harvard Medical School), May, 2002

Seeing is Believing: Watching Molecular Events in Living Subjects (Symposium on Frontiers of Biomedical Imaging at the University of California, Los Angeles), June, 2002

Molecular Imaging and Drug Discovery/Development (Millennium Pharmaceuticals Inc. in Cambridge, MA), June, 2002

New Developments in Small Animal Optical Imaging (Jonsson Cancer Center Advisory Board Meeting at the University of California, Los Angeles), June, 2002

PET Imaging of Transgene Expression (Congress of the Collegium Internationale Neuro Psycopharmacologicum in Montreal, Canada), June, 2002

New Tracers and Novel Concepts in Molecular Imaging (Symposium on Molecular Imaging with PET at the University of California, Los Angeles), June, 2002

Past, Present and Future of Molecular Imaging (Society of Nuclear Medicine in Los Angeles, CA.), June, 2002

Gene Expression. Invited Speaker (Society of Nuclear Medicine in Los Angeles), June, 2002

Evaluating Gene Incorporation (Society of Nuclear Medicine in Los Angeles), June, 2002

Molecular Imaging (Gordon Research Conference in Oxford, United Kingdom), August, 2002

Molecular Imaging of Breast Cancer (The Future of Breast Cancer: An International Breast Cancer Congress in Paradise Island, Bahamas), August, 2002

Emerging Role of PET Scanning (The Future of Breast Cancer: An International Breast Cancer Congress in Paradise Island, Bahamas), August, 2002

Molecular Imaging of Complex Interactions in Living Subjects (Abramson Research Center in Philadelphia, PA), September, 2002

Multimodality Molecular Imaging of Rodent Cancer Models (Merck Research Laboratories in West Point), September, 2002

A Primer of Molecular Imaging (27th Western Regional Society of Nuclear Medicine in Sacramento, CA), September, 2002

Multimodality Imaging of Prostate Cancer Models in Living Mice (Ninth Annual CaP CURE Scientific Retreat in Washington, DC.), September, 2002

Molecular Imaging. Taplin Lecturer (27th Western Regional Society of Nuclear Medicine in Sacramento, CA), September, 2002

Molecular Imaging in Animals and Humans: Opportunities for the Next Decade (Etta Kalin Moskowitz Lecture at Stanford University), November, 2002

Multimodality Molecular Imaging of Living Subjects (Grand Rounds for the Dept. of Pathology at the University of California, Los Angeles), November, 2002

Multimodality Molecular Imaging in Living Subjects (Seoul National Univ. Hospital in Seoul, Korea), December, 2002

Clinical FDG PET Imaging, The Past/Present & Future (34th Annual Conference of the Society of Nuclear Medicine – India in Kolkata, India), December, 2002

Multimodality Molecular Imaging (1st Annual Meeting of the Korean Society of Molecular Imaging at Seoul National University, Korea), December, 2002

James Gimzewski

Hewlett-Packard-California Nanoscale Institute Conference (University of California, Los Angeles), February 13, 2002

Japan Meets the Nano Republic of California (Torrance, CA), February 15, 2002

Nanoarchitectonics (Weissberger-Williams Lecture at the Eastman Kodak Company in Rochester, NY), April 11, 2002

Nanoarchitectonics (Nanoscale and Molecular Mechanics in Maui, HI), May 12–7, 2002

The Economist Innovation Summit (San Francisco), September 18, 2002 Nanoarchitectonics (International Symposium on NT-BT-IT Fusion Technology in Seoul, Korea), October 21, 2002

Using Nanomechanical Responses in Individual Systems from a Single C-C Bond to a Single Cell (AVS in Denver, CO), November 3–5, 2002

Nanomechanics and Complexity (Veeco-China Nanotechnology Center Opening in Beijing, China), November 20, 2002

ZeroWave (ArtSci in New York), December 6–8, 2002

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invited lecturesJames Heath

Better Biology through Nanotechnology (2002 Bio-Vision Roundtable, Biotechnology Institute, Library of Congress, Washington, DC), January 31, 2002

California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI): An Incubator of Future Technology (University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine, Board of Visitors), February 6, 2002

California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI): An Incubator of Future Technology (University of California, Los Angeles, School of Medicine, MSTP Orientation), February 28, 2002

Small Things Considered: Defining Nanotechnology and Its Implicaitons (NanoFinancing 2002 in Los Angeles), March 19, 2002

A Systems Approach to Molecular Electronics (2nd Annual Conference, The Partners of Rustic Canyon Group in Ojai), March 21, 2002

A Systems Approach to Molecular and Biomolecular Electronics (ISB Symposium on Systems Biology in Seattle), March 25, 2002

Better Biology through Nanotechnology (The Anderson School Annual Conference at the University of California, Los Angeles), April 12, 2002

A Systems Approach Toward Molecular Electronics Computing Machines (Baekeland Award Symposium on Frontiers in Bio-Nanotechnology at Rutgers in Piscataway), April 24, 2002

A Systems Approach Toward Molecular Electronics (Emerging Technologies Lecture Series, Center for Biomedical Inventions, Southwestern Medical Center, University of Texas, Dallas), May 7, 2002

A Systems Approach to Molecular Electronics (First International Conference on Nanoscale/Molecular Mechanics in Maui), May 14, 2002

What Have We Learned from Hot Topics? (Chemical Sciences Roundtable, NRC/NAS in Washington, DC), June 4–5, 2002

A Systems Approach to Molecular Electronics (Nano7/Ecoss-21 Conference in Malmo, Sweden), June 24, 2002

California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI): An Incubator of Future Technology (The Nano Republic Conference, The Anderson School, Annual Conference at the University of California, Los Angeles), July 17, 2002

NanoSystems Biology (2002 Summer Roundtable Meeting in Seattle), July 26, 2002

A Systems Approach to Molecular Electronics (Asia SPM4 & Taipei Symposium on Nanotechnology in Taiwan), August 13, 2002

An Integrated Systems-Oriented Approach to Molecular Electronics (Symposium on Chemistry of Computers, American Chemical Society in Boston, Massachusetts), August 18, 2002

A Systems Approach to Molecular Electronics (TNT 2002 Conference in Santiago de Compostela, Spain), September 11, 2002

A Systems Approach to Molecular Electronics (Autumn Conference 2002 on Nanotechnology Assessment, Europaische Akademie, Bonn, Germany), September 13, 2002

A Systems Approach to Molecular Electronics (Nano2002 Workshop I: Alternative Computing at the Institute for Pure & Applied Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles), October 2, 2002

A Systems Approach to Molecular Electronics (NanoDays 2002 at the Center for Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology, Rice University, Houston), October 15, 2002

NanoSystems Biology (2002 Annual Conference of the Academy of Molecular Imaging in San Diego), October 23, 2002

A Systems Approach to Molecular Electronics (Seaborg Symposium at the University of California, Los Angeles), October 26, 2002

Better Biology through Nanotechnology (Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC), October 31, 2002

A Systems Approach to Molecular Electronics (AVS 49th International Symposium in Denver), November 5, 2002

NanoSystems Biology (2002 Biennial Symposium on Polymeric Nanomaterials, American Chemical Society, Rohnert Park), November 20, 2002

NanoSystems Biology (MRS 2002 Symposium: Bio-Inspired Hanoscale Hybrid Systems in Boston, MA), December 4, 2002

Systems Approaches to Nanoelectrics (Symposium on Nanosized Materials in Liege, Belgium), December 10, 2002

Chih-Ming Ho

Measurements in Nano/Micro Fluidic Systems (The 1st International Meeting on Microsensors and Microsystems in Tainan, Taiwan), January 12–14, 2003

Educating Future Engineers with Interdisciplinary Approach (International Forum on the Prospective Mission and Role of Engineering at the University in the 21st Century in Nagoya, Japan), Jun 20–21, 2002

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invited lecturesThe Bioscience X Factor (Southern California Technology Venture Forum in Los Angeles), April 18, 2002

Nano and Micro Fluidics – A Twilight Zone in Fluid Mechanics (The 14th U. S. National Congress of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics in Blacksburg), June 23–28, 2002

Paths linking Micro and Nano Sciences and Technologies (International Conference on Micro & Nano Systems in Kunming, China), August 11–14, 2002

Ultra-Sensitive Bio-signature Sensor System (International Workshop In Nanobiochemistry 2002 in Taipei, Taiwan), September 5–6, 2002

MEMS – a Gateway for Nano Technology (6th Nano Engineering and Micro System Technology Workshop in Tainan, Taiwan), November 21–22, 2002

Bahram Jalali

Chirped Pulse Signal Processing and Storage (DARPA Workshop on Variable All-Optical at Buffers, Arlington), July, 2002

Photonic Data Conversion (Weekly Colloquium at the University of California, San Diego), October, 2002

Silicon Photonics and Fiber Optic Integrated Circuits (Intel Research Seminar in Calabasas), October, 2002

Adaptive Electronic Linearizer for Optical and RF Transmitters (DARPA/MTO Integration of Photonics and Microelectronics for Mixed Signal Applications Workshop in Arlington), December, 2002

Hong-Wen Jiang

Single Electron/Spin Measurements for a Spin-Based Qubit (The Second International Workshop on Solid State Implementations for Quantum Computing at the IBM Watson Research Center in Yorktown Heights), April, 2002

Single Electron/Spin Measurements for a Spin-Based Qubit (International Workshop on Quantum Device Technology at the Clarkson University), May, 2002

Search for Signatures of Single Spin in a Submicron Si field Effect Transistor (Conference on Quantum Enabled Science and Technology in Santa Fe, CA), August, 2002

Thermodynamic Compressibility Measurements in the Context of 2D Metal-Insulator Transition (International Conference on Quantum Transport and Quantum Coherence in Tokyo, Japan), August, 2002

CJ Kim

Micromechanical Machines Driven by Electrochemistry (Gordon Research Conferences in Ventura), January, 2002

Re-Programmable Digital Microfluidic Circuits (Microfluidics in the 21st Century at the Institute for Pure and Applied Mathematics, Los Angeles), November, 2003

James Liao

DNA microarray and Metabolic Engineering (Plant, Animal, and Microbe Genomes X in San Diego), January 14, 2002

Erythrocyte Modulation of Nitric Oxide Bioavailability (Department of Physiology at the University of Alabama Medical School), January 31, 2002

Metabolic Control Engineering (Bioengineering Seminar at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology), March 12, 2002

Engineering Intracellular Control (Chemical Engineering Department at Purdue University), March 21, 2002

Metabolic Control Engineering (Chemical Engineering Department at Pennsylvania State University), March 26, 2002

Metabolic Engineering (Chemical Engineering Department at the Chang Gung University in Taipei, Taiwan), June 26, 2002

Engineering Intracellular Control (Annual Meeting of the Biochemical Engineering Society of Taiwan), June 28, 2002

DNA Microarray in Metabolic Engineering (The 9th International Symposium on the Genetics of Industrial Microorganisms (GIM-2002) in Gyeongju, Korea), July 1, 2002

Investigation of Metabolic Regulation Using DNA Microarray (Society of Industrial Microbiology Annual Meeting, 2002 in Philadelphia), August 15, 2002

DNA Microarray and Metabolic Control Engineering (European Symposium on Biochemical Engineering Science ESBES-4 2002, in Delft, The Netherlands), August 29, 2002

Engineering Intracellular Control (DSM in Delft, The Netherlands), August 27, 2002

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invited lecturesEngineering of Intracellular Control (BASF, Recent Advances in Bioproducts Research in Deidesheim, Germany), September 30, 2002

Impact of Genomics on Metabolic Engineering (Metabolic Engineering Conference IV in Il Cioco, Italy), October 6, 2002

Engineering of Intracellular Control: Impact of Genomics (School of Chemical Engineering, Cornell University), December 2, 2002

Engineering of Intracellular Control (Department of Chemical Engineering at the University of California, Santa Barbara), December 5, 2002

Heather Maynard

Peptide-Substituted Polymers as Synthetic Analogs of Natural Macromolecules (Unilever Award Symposium – Young Investigators at the Interface of Materials and Biology at the American Chemical Society National Meeting in Boston, MA), August 18, 2002

Tailored Polymeric Materials as Human Therapeutics and Nanoprobes of Cellular Events (NanoSystems Poster Day 2002 at the University of California, Los Angeles), September 17, 2002

Jeffery Miller

Molecular Recognition in Bordetella-Host Interactions (UCSF/Bay Area Microbial Pathogenesis Symposium Keynote in San Francisco, CA), March 23, 2002

Bacterial Virulence Gene Regulation, Symposium Chair (American Society for Microbiology National Meeting in Salt Lake City, UT), May 21, 2002

Parasite Adaptation to Dynamic Hosts: Bordetella and their Phage (Gordon Conference: Microbial Stress Responses, in Newport, RI), July 15, 2002

Signal Transduction during the Bordetella Infectious Cycle (Spetsai Symposium in Bacterial Pathogenesis in Spetsai, Greece), September 5, 2002

Parasite Adaptation to Dynamic Hosts: Bordetella and their Phage (HHMI/NAS sponsored Czech Academy of Sciences Forum in Prague, Czech Republic), September 16, 2002

Reverse Transcriptase-Mediated Tropism Switching in Bordetella Bacteriophage (Sanger Centre Microbial Genomes Conference in Cambridge, UK), September 18, 2002

Stanley Osher

Level Set/PDE Based Algorithms for Image Restoration, Surface Interpolation and PDEs on Manifolds (SIAM Imaging and Life Sciences Conference, Boston, MA), March 6, 2002

Geometric Optics in a Phase Space Based Level Set Framework (Symposium on Recent Advances in the State-of-the-Art in Computational Electromagnetics, US Army) June 27, 2002

The Level Set Method and Its Applications (SIAM National Meeting, Philadelphia) July 9, 2002

The Level Set Method and Ray Tracing (Symposium on Scientific Computing, Xian, China) August 16, 2002

The Level Set Method, What’s In It For You (Distinguished Speaker Series in High Performance Computation for Engineering Systems at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA), November 13, 2002

The Level Set Method, What’s In It ForYou (Image Analysis and Understanding at theLos Alamos Laboratory), December 3, 2002

Fraser Stoddart

From Motor-Molecules to Molecular Electronic Devices (ICCT 2002 in Taipei, Taiwan), February 26, 2002

From Motor-Molecules to Molecular Machines and Electronic Devices (International Symposium on Nanotechnology in Valencia, Spain), March 5, 2002

From Motor-Molecules to Molecular Machines and Electronic (Symposium on Devices Trends in Hydrocarbon Chemistry at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles), March 15, 2002

The Mechanical Band in Nanoarchitectonics (Symposium on Nanoarchitectonics using superinteractions at the University of California, Los Angeles), March 27, 2002

An Integrated Systems-Oriented Approach to Molecular Electronics (Symposium on Molecular Nanosystems – From Single Molecules to Supramolecular Assemblies at the Centro Stefano Franseiniat Monte Veritá, Switzerland), April 16, 2002

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invited lecturesFrom Motor-Molecules to Molecular Machines and Electronic Devices (Technology Forum on Self-Assembly in Nanomaterials and Devices at the University of California, Santa Barbara), April 19, 2002

An Integrated Systems-Oriented Approach to Molecular Electronics (Fifth International Symposium on Functional π-Electron Systems in Neu-Ulm, Germany), June 1, 2002

A Molecular Meccano Kit (XXVII International Symposium on Macrocyclic Chemistry in Park City, UT), June 23, 2002

Toward Supramolecular Polymers (Tenth International Conference on Polymers and Organic Chemistry 2002 at the University of California, San Diego), July 16, 2002

An Integrated Systems-Oriented Approach to Molecular Electronics (Gordon Research Conference on Electron Donor-Acceptor Interactions in Newport, RI), August 11, 2002

An Integrated Systems-Oriented Approach to Molecular Electronics (Symposium on Chemistry of Computers at the American Chemical Society Fall Meeting in Boston), August 18, 2002

Toward Supramolecular Daisy-Chainlike Polymers (Symposium on Chemistry at a Supramolecular Level at the American Chemical Society Fall Meeting in Boston), August 19, 2002

A Molecular Meccano Kit in the Making (Donald J Cram Memorial Symposium at the American Chemical Society Fall Meeting in Boston), August 20, 2002

An Integrated Systems-Oriented Approach to Molecular Electronics (Mexican Chemical Society Congress Symposium on New and Exciting Results in the Chemical Sciences), September 24, 2002

An Integrated Systems-Oriented Approach to Molecular Electronics (Cost Action Workshop on Nanochemistry), September 27, 2002

An Integrated Systems-Oriented Approach to Molecular Electronics (MESA+ Symposium at the University of Twente, The Netherlands), October 3, 2002

Supramolecular Chemistry of Carbon Nanotubes (Seaborg Symposium at the University of California, Los Angeles), October 26, 2002

Fuyuhiko Tamanoi

Approaches to Inhibit the Ras Signaling Pathway “A Comparison of FTI and a Novel Ras/Raf Inhibitor MCP” (FASEB Summer Research Conference on Protein Lipidation, Signaling and Membrane Domains in Tucson), July 23, 2002

Farnesyltransferase Inhibitors: A Comparison of FTIs and Novel Ras/Raf Inhibitors (Second Annual International Symposium on Translational Research in Oncology in Laguna Nigel), June 29, 2002

Sarah Tolbert

Understanding Phase Stability and Rigidity at the Nanometer Scales in Periodic Silica/Surfactant Composite Materials (Local and Nanoscale Structure in Complex Systems in Santa Fe), January, 2002

Using Self Organization to Control Electronic And Photonic Properties In Materials (Office of Naval Research Polymer Program Contractors Meeting in Washington, D.C.), April, 2002

Understanding the Behavior of Periodic Nanostructured Composite Materials under Pressure (Gordon Conference on Research at High Pressure in Meriden), June, 2002

New Approaches to Structural and Electronic Materials through Control of Nanoscale Self-Assembly (Nanoporous Materials III, Keynote Lecture in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada), June, 2002

Exploring the Role of Nanometer Scale Architecture on Deformations in Periodic Silica/Surfactant Composites under both Hydrostatic Compression and Tensile Loading (Gordon Conference on Solid State Studies in Ceramics in Meriden), August, 2002.

Periodic Nanoscale Semiconductors through Surfactant Driven Self-Organization of Soluble Zintl Clusters (Materials Research Society Fall Meeting in Boston, MA), November, 2002

New Electronic and Magnetic Materials through Inorganic/Organic Self-Organization (National Science Foundation – European Commission Nanomaterials Workshop in Boston, MA), December, 2002

Shimon Weiss

Single Molecule Nanoscale Rulers (Israel Chemical Society Meeting in Jerusalem, Israel), January, 2002

RNA Polymerase Mechanism: Single Molecule Analysis (102nd Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology), May, 2002

Molecular Machines at work: Single Molecule Analysis of Transcription by RNA Polymerase (Single Molecule Biophysics Conference in Aspen), 2003

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honors & awardsOwen Witte

Gene Expression & Signaling in the Immune System (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Meeting in Cold Spring Harbor), April 25–26, 2002

Lymphocyte Growth Regulation by a Lysolipid Agonized Protein Coupled Receptor Family (Inaugural Basic Science Symposium in Sprague Hall at the University of Irvine), June 5, 2002

Prostate Growth Regulation (Cap CURE 9th Annual Scientific Retreat in Washington, DC), September 20, 2002

Prostate Development (Keynote Speaker “Stanford Oncology Retreat” Asilomar), October 16, 2002

Prostate Development (Arthur M. Sackler Colloquia of the National Academy of Sciences for Regenerative Medicine at the University of Irvine Beckman Center in Irvine), October 20, 2002

Quantitation of the T Cell Immune Response by Positron Emission Tomography (HHMI Scientific Meeting in Chevy Chase), November 18, 2002

Ming Wu

Advanced MEMS Devices and Systems (Fifth International Symposium on Contemporary Photonics Technology (CPT) in Tokyo, Japan), January 15–17, 2002

MOEMS Electrostatic Scanning Micromirrors Design and Fabrication (201st Meeting of the Electrochemical Society (ECS) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), May 12–17, 2002

Advanced MEMS for Photonics,” 60th Device Research Conference (DRC) in Santa Barbara), June 24–26, 2002

Recent Advances in Optical MEMS Devices and Systems (SPIE’s 47th Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington), July 7–11, 2002

MEMS Photonic Devices and Their Applications (7th OptoElectronics and Communications Conference (OECC) in Yokohama, Japan), July 8–12, 2002

Optical MEMS from Micro to Nano Scale (3rd International Conference on Optics- photonics Design & Fabrication (ODF 2002) in Tokyo, Japan), October 30 – November 1, 2002

MEMS WDM Routers Using Analog Micromirror Arrays (Proc. IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society (LEOS) Annual Meeting in Glasgow, Scotland), November 10–14, 2002

Fred Wudl

Don Cram and the Synthesis and Versatile Chemistry of Unnatural Products (50 Years of Cram’s Rule, A celebration of Donald J. Cram’s Chemistry and Chemical Legacy at the University of California, Los Angeles), March 29, 2002

New Highly Luminescent Molecules for Optoelectronic Devices (MRS Spring Meeting in San Francisco), April 2, 2002

New C60 Adducts of Weak Dienes (201st Meeting of the Electrochemical Society in Philadelphia, PA), May 15, 2002

A Thermally Remendable Hyper-Crosslinked Polymeric Material (Frontiers in Materials Science in Viña del Mar, Chile), May 22, 2002

A Thermally Re-Mendable Highly Crosslinked Polymeric Material (Polymers and Organic Chemistry at the University of California, San Diego), July 17, 2002

Pentacene and Magnetism (International Conference on Molecule-Based Magnets in Valencia, Spain), October 4, 2002

Solid State Synthesis of a Conjugated Polymer in its Highly Conducting, Doped State (New Mountains to Climb: New Phenomena, Materials and Technologies for the 21st Century: Frestschriften Honoring Alan G. MacDiarmid’s Achievements on his 75th Birthday at the University of Texas at Dallas), December 6, 2002

Xiang Zhang

Manufacturing of Photonic “Atoms” and “Molecules” (NSF Nano-Manufacturing Workshop in San Juan, Porto Rico), January, 2002

Engineering of Sub-Wavelength Photonic Structures (University of Southern California, Los Angeles), February, 2002

Manufacturing of Photonic “Atoms and “Molecules” (US-Japan Nano-Thermal Symposium, Berkeley), June 22–26, 2002

Transmission Enhancement of Evanescent Wave Through a Silver Film: A Step Toward Superlens (PIERS, Boston), July 1–5, 2002

Tunable Plasmonic THz Filters (IEEE Nanotechnology conference, Washington DC), August 23–25, 2002

Manufacturing of Photonic “Atoms” and “Molecules” (ASME Annual Meeting Nano-Manufacturing Symposium), November 17–22, 2002

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honors & awardsEmily Carter

Dean’s Recognition Award for Research (University of California, Los Angeles)

McDowell Lecturer (University of British Columbia)

Sam Gambhir

Taplin Award (Society of Nuclear Medicine, Western Regional)

James Gimzewski

Weissberger-Williams Lecture (Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, New York)

James Heath

Scientific American 50

Commendation from California Governor Gray Davis

Chih-Ming Ho

Alexander Granham Christie Lecture (Johns Hopkins University)

Bryron Short Lecture (University of Texas, Austin)

Hong-Wen Jiang

Honored Commencement Speaker (College of Math and Sciences, California State University at Northridge)

CJ Kim

Association for Laboratory Automation Achievement Award

Jeffery Miller

M. Philip Davis endowed Chair in Microbiology and Immunology, UCLA (2002)

Bortree Lectureship (Pennsylvania State University)

Stanley Osher

Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, Computational Mechanics Award

International Conference on Scientific Computing and Partial Differential Equations, in Honor of Stanley Osher’s 60th birthday, (Hong Kong Baptist University, China)

International Conference on Scientific Computing, Partial Differential Equations and Image Processing, on the Occasion of Stanley Osher’s 60th birthday, (IPAM at the University of California, Los Angeles)

ISI Highly Cited Researcher

Fraser Stoddart

Murray Lectureship (University of Missouri – St Louis)

Closs Lectureship (University of Chicago)

Daines Lectureship (University of Kansas)

Nieuwland Lectureship (University of Notre Dame)

Owen Witte

The Dean’s Lecture (University of Texas Medical School at Houston)

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memberships & fellowshipsEmily Carter

Member (1981): American Chemical Society

Member (1984); Fellow (1998): American Physical Society

Member (1989); Fellow (1995): American Vacuum Society

Member (1998): Materials Research Society

Member (1999); Fellow (2000): American Association for the Advancement of Science

Fellow (2002): Institute of Physics

James Gimzewski

Fellow (1995): Institute of Physics, London, United Kingdom

Fellow (2001): Royal Academy of Engineering, London, United Kingdom (FREng)

Fellow (2002): World Innovation Foundation

James Heath

Fellow (1999): The American Physical Society

Chih-Ming Ho

Fellow (1989): American Physical Society

Fellow (1994): American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics

Member (1997): National Academy of Engineering

Member (1998): Academia Sinica

Hong-Wen Jiang

Fellow (2002): American Physical Society

James Liao

Fellow (2002): American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering

Jeffery Miller

Fellow (2003): American Academy of Microbiology

Mike Phelps

Member (1999): National Academy of Sciences

Leonard Rome

Fellow (1979): National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland

Fraser Stoddart

Fellow (1994): The Royal Society of London (FRS)

Fellow (1999): German Academy of Natural Sciences (Leopoldina)

Owen N. Witte

Member (1990): American Society for Clinical Investigation

Fellow (1996): American Academy of Arts and Sciences

Member (1997): National Academy of Sciences

Fellow (1997): American Academy of Microbiology

Ming Wu

Fellow (2002): (IEEE) Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)

Fred Wudl

Fellow (1989): The American Association for the Advancement of Science

Eli Yablonovitch

Fellow (1982): Optical Society of America

Fellow (1990): American Physical Society

Fellow (1992): IEEE

Member (2003): National Academy of Engineering

Member (2003): National Academy of Sciences

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