Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen€¦ · Course Objectives In this course we will ......

Ubiquitous Computing in Business Processes

Part I

Prof. Dr. Lutz HeuserUrban Software Institute

DarmstadtOctober 27, 2017

0. Welcome & House-Keeping Notes

Outline

Dates and Location

Lecture dates:

Friday, 27.10.2017

Friday, 17.11.2017

Friday, 01.12.2017

Friday, 15.12.2017

Friday, 12.01.2018

Friday, 26.01.2018

Friday, 02.02.2018 (?)

Location: S1|03 175 (Altes Hauptgebäude)

Time: 9.50 - 13.20 h

Lecture on the Web UPDATE

Main website

https://www.tk.informatik.tu-darmstadt.de/de/teaching/wintersemester-201718/ubiquitous-computing-in-geschaeftsprozessen/

TUCaN website (but, please note: most recent information will be provided on the lecture’s main website, NOT on TUCaN)

https://www.tk.informatik.tu-darmstadt.de/de/teaching/wintersemester-201718/ubiquitous-computing-in-geschaeftsprozessen/

Registration, Slides, Exams UPDATE

If you want to participate in the lecture: Please send a short mail to [email protected] and [email protected] so that we can inform

you if there are any relevant changes. Please provide the following information:

Name

E-mail address

Matrikelnummer

Course of study

Register with TUCaN!!

Slides will be made available on the lecture’s main website

Exams will presumably be oral Important notes:

If the exam can be taken in an oral form depends on the number of participants.

To participate in the exam you have to register with Tim Grube and Florian Volk by mail and with TUCaN. Depending on your “Prüfungsordnung”, you might need to register for both the module and the exam. Please bring your "Studentenausweis" and a passport to the exam. This registration does not substitute a possibly necessary registration with your Fachbereich/Prüfungssekretariat.

Regarding the examination form and the exam‘s dates you will find information on our websites later.

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

0. Group Exercise

Outline

Goal: Develop a Smart City Service Business Case including PoC

Team of 4 -5

Exercise consists of two parts

Build a business case for a Smart City Service

Description of the Service

Deployment and operation of the Service

Business Plan using a business model canvas (see attached)

Build a PoC using UrbanPulse and [ui!] COCKPIT

Identify the smart data source and connect it via [ui!] CONNECTOR

Visualize the Service using [ui!] COCKPIT

(Build an App)

Kick-off on November 17th, 2017 with a tutorial on UrbanPulse and [ui!] COCKPIT

(Review / Feedback opportunity on December 16th, 2016)

Jam Session on pitch on January 12th, 2018 – first two hours

Successful presentations will influence result of exam

Group Exercise - Setting

Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta /

Business Model Canvas



Smart City Dashboard – Shows the urban data of the city

Smart City Dashboard - Sample Urban Sensor Data

Example: Environmental Data

Identify thresholds of air quality

Stake holder: City Authorities

Technical Solution:

Multi-sensor nodes as smart items collect data and send

them to a sensor data platform for evaluation.

Team 1This could

be yourservice?

Smart City Dashboard – PoC – Build your own Tile

Team 2This could

be yourservice?

Team 3This could be your

service?

Team 4This could

be yourservice?

Team 5This could

be yourservice?

Team 6This could be your

service?

1. Let’s get started

Outline

Course Objectives

In this course we will ...

learn how companies, public administration and end-consumers can benefit from state-of-the-art ubiquitous computing technologies, incl. auto-id, smart labels, sensors, embedded devices, etc. attached to everyday objects and things,

understand underlying technologies, their advantages and limitations,

identify technologies’ economic potential for business processes, and

demonstrate how integration works between the real and the virtual world as it is modeled in software systems today.


Business Processes in Our Scope

Business processes supported by ubiquitous computing technology

Enterprise processes

Manufacturing efficiency

Smart warehouse management

Quality management in transportation and logistics

Retail and shopping experience

Brand protection, safety management in value chains

Cities of the Future

Intelligent traffic management

Environmental sensing

Smart Quarter Energy Management

Managed electric mobility

”Setting an example is not the main means of influencing another, it is the only means.”(Albert Einstein)


What is a Business Process Actually?

Multiple “definitions” exist, we like most the one by Davenport:

”a structured, measured set of activities designed to produce a specific output for a particular customer or market. It implies a strong emphasis on how work is done within an organization, in contrast to a product focus’s emphasis on what. A process is thus a specific ordering of work activities across time and space, with a beginning and an end, and clearly defined inputs and outputs: a structure for action. ... Taking a process approach implies adopting the customer’s point of view. Processes are the structure by which an organization does what is necessary to produce value for its customers.”

Companies run multiple instances of the “same” process blueprint in the same time

Individual vs. mass volume manufacturing

Today, companies are usually part of so called business networks

Processes run in collaboration with multiple distributed suppliers, leading to interactions and dependencies between single companies’ processes

Thomas Davenport (1993). Process Innovation: Reengineering work through information technology. Harvard Business School Press, Boston

What kind of Business Processes are out there?

We can categorize typical enterprises’ business processes:

Management processes, incl. strategy and process management, etc.

Core business processes, incl. production, sales, marketing, purchasing, customer care, etc.

Supporting processes, incl. human capital management, accounting, facility management, IT management, etc.

Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Picture Source: SAP AG

Communication Capabilities

Trend: The Emerging World of Networked Smart Items

Computing, Sensing and Actuation Capabilities

Convergence of data processing systems and systems for measurement & control

Real world awareness

Business logic executed by items

Interaction with traditionalinformation systems

Interaction with physical environment

Interaction between physical items

+

Thanks to ubiquitous computing discrete everyday objects in the real world can become ‘smart’

Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen / Lutz Heuser, Zoltan Nochta / Source: SAP AG

Smart Items – Generic Definition

A smart item is …

Object of the Real world,

Basically every thing - buildings, vehicles, machines, tools, pallets, boxes, shopping carts, shelves, consumer products, etc.

Capable to store data about itself or its environment

e.g. identifier, temperature, location, etc.

Capable to exchange data via a communication interface

wired or wireless


Smart Items Integration into Business Processes

Strategy

InsightDecisions

Business Process Execution

ProcessMonitoring

ProcessAdaptation

Events

Towards to “High Resolution Enterprise Management”

High frequency of data collection

High density of data points

Near real-time data


Smart Items Main Capabilities #1

Information Storage

Static data (identifier, production date, expiry date, list of ingredients or parts, etc.)

Dynamically changing data (maintenance history, next business step, etc.)

Information Collection

Location, Position, Orientation – Indoor & outdoor

Environmental conditions– Physical parameters (temperature, humidity, velocity, acceleration, light intensity, etc.)

– Chemical parameters (presence of toxic molecules, composition of gases and fluids, etc.)

Information (Pre-)Processing

Arithmetic & logical operations

Statistical computation, data filtering & aggregation


Smart Items Main Capabilities #2

Communication

Item-to-item

– wired or wireless medium (e.g. radio, light, sound waves)

– various network topologies (star, ring, bus, etc.)

– typically message based data exchange (unicast, multicast, broadcast messaging)

– typically without infrastructure (e.g. peer-to-peer)

Communication with other (IT-)systems

– Unidirectional notifications (e.g. upon hitting thresholds, indicating exceptions)

– Bidirectional communication (request-response)

– Typically protocol bridging required (e.g. coupling between IP and proprietary protocols)

Performing Actions

Control and regulation of environmental parameters (via actuators, micro electro-mechanical systems, etc.)


2. Object identification: Auto-ID & RFID

Outline

Automatic Identification of Objects in the Real World

Automatic Identification (Auto-ID): broad term given a host of

technologies that are used to help machines identify real-world objects and

persons

Example Auto-ID technologies

linear barcode

data matrix (‘2D barcode’)

optical character recognition

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)

magnetic strips

chip cards

biometrics

…


RFID - Radio Frequency Identification

RFID is an automated identification and data collection technology

RFID tags can be attached to real-world objects of interest, such as

product, primary package, secondary package, case, pallet, container, …

RFID tag consists of a chip for holding data and an antenna for communicating the data via radio waves.

RFID chip can store static or dynamically changing information about the tagged item:

item identifier, manufacturer, production date, target customer, etc.

tracking history (where?), timestamps (when?), business events (what?), incl. built, shipped, sold, returned, stolen, refurbished, etc.

relevant physical or chemical conditions (e.g. temperature, pressure, humidity, etc.) the item is/was exposed to


RFID System - Basic Technical Setting

Controller

Netw

ork

Transponder

(‘RFID Tag’)

Interrogator (‘RFID Reader’)


Data Transmission in a RFID System

Backscattering


Electromagnetic waves from the RFID reader’s antenna transport energy and information

RFID tags within the range of the reader use the received energy to power the tag’s chip and to send out radio signals

Tag executes program stored on chip and responds to the reader

Reader can send messages/commands to tag each leading to specific responses

Interrogator

Example HF RFID Tag

Source: Auto-ID Center


RFID Tag Characteristics

Antenna geometry

Broad variety of tag sizes and material exists

durable plastic tags for discouraging retail theft,

wafer thin tags for use within "smart" paper labels,

tiny tracking tags which are inserted beneath an animal's skin,

credit card sized tags for access control …


RFID Tags Technical Classification Criteria

Power supply

active (integrated battery)

passive (powered by interrogator)

Memory type

read only

writeable (write-once-read-many, write-many-read-many)

Radio transmission frequency

Low Frequency (e.g. 125 KHz)

High Frequency (e.g. 13,56 MHz)

Ultra High Frequency (e.g. 865 MHz)


Functionality oriented Classification

Description

Essentially readers. They can power Class I, II and III tags, as well as communicate with other Class IV tags and with each other wirelessly.

Class

Class V

Class IV

Class III

Class II

Class I

Class 0

Source: Auto-ID Center

Active tags. They may be capable of broad-band peer-to-peer communication with other active tags in the same frequency band, and with readers.

Read-only passive identity tags. The ID is programmed by the chip manufacturer.

Read-only passive identity tags. The ID can be programmed at the point of use (Write Once Read Multiple).

Passive tags with additional functionality like memory or encryption.

Semi-passive RFID tags. They may support broadband communication and gave environmental sensors like temperature that operate even when the tag is not within the radio field of the reader.


RFID Interrogators / Readers

Similar to RFID tags, interrogators/readers also heavily vary …

RFID tunnel

gate reader

mobile reader


Source: SAP AG

Major Benefits of RFID (compared to e.g. Barcodes)

Uniquely identifies every physical object

Unsupervised identification

(nearly)Any orientation

No line of sight required

Bulk reading

Anti-collision techniques needed

Works in harsh environments

Read & Write capability

Dynamic information

Reuse

High amount of data stored on items


… and the Challenges

Tag Price

… but well on the way towards cheap ‘5 Cents tags’

Infrastructure Costs

... but decreasing rapidly ...

Technology restrictions (e.g. metals, liquids)

… yes, it is all about physics

Heterogeneous technologies, still many competing standards

Legal, privacy and health protection concerns


Next time: RFID in Business Processes

Outline

Ubiquitous Computing in Geschäftsprozessen€¦ · Course Objectives In this course we will ......

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