Unit 7 The world we live in

Use of passive with prepositions and use of infinitive clauses and phrases

Use of passive with prepositions and use of infinitive clauses and phrases

Lic. Selene Rodríguez

Lic. Norma Dzib Tello January 23 2008

Use of passive• A passive sentence is usually more formal than the active

sentence. Compare:We’ll send you a letter (informal)A letter will be sent to you (formal)

Note that in a passive construction we can mention the person or the thing that does the action (the agent) after the word by.

The house was bought by a local businessmen

WHEN YOU ARE WORKING ON ACTIVE TO PASSIVE SENTENCES, FIRST YOU HAVE TO ASK YOURSELF: WHAT KIND OF SENTENCE IS IT? STRUCTURE

Active : Subject + verb + object

Passive : Subject + verb be (was, is, has been..) + Past Participle

WHEN YOU ARE WORKING ON ACTIVE TO PASSIVE SENTENCES, FIRST YOU HAVE TO ASK YOURSELF: WHAT KIND OF SENTENCE IS IT? STRUCTURE

Active : Subject + verb + object

Passive : Subject + verb be (was, is, has been..) + Past Participle

Passive with prepositionsPresent continuous passive

The air is being polluted by fumes from cars and trucks

City streets are being damaged as a result of heavy traffic

Present perfect passive

The roadways have been jammed because of people’s dependence on cars

Many parks have been lost through overbuilding

The homeless have been displaced due to overcrowding in city shelters

Present continuous passive

The air is being polluted by fumes from cars and trucks

City streets are being damaged as a result of heavy traffic

Present perfect passive

The roadways have been jammed because of people’s dependence on cars

Many parks have been lost through overbuilding

The homeless have been displaced due to overcrowding in city shelters

Forms of passive

Radio London sacked Mark Walsh is an active sentence

Mark Walsh was sacked by Radio London is a passive sentence

The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence.

We form the passive with the verb be (is, was, has been, etc) + a past participle (heard, stopped, etc)

The tense of the verb be changes to form the different tenses in the passive.

Present simple: The show is listened to by 1 million people

Present continuous: A letter is being sent to Mrs. Hind

Past simple: The argument was heard by the director

Present perfect: Mr. Walsh has not been offered his job back

Past continuous: I was being insulted by a silly woman

Past perfect: He had been given the job a month ago

Future: A new DJ will be chosen soon

Forms of passive

Radio London sacked Mark Walsh is an active sentence

Mark Walsh was sacked by Radio London is a passive sentence

The object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence.

We form the passive with the verb be (is, was, has been, etc) + a past participle (heard, stopped, etc)

The tense of the verb be changes to form the different tenses in the passive.

Present simple: The show is listened to by 1 million people

Present continuous: A letter is being sent to Mrs. Hind

Past simple: The argument was heard by the director

Present perfect: Mr. Walsh has not been offered his job back

Past continuous: I was being insulted by a silly woman

Past perfect: He had been given the job a month ago

Future: A new DJ will be chosen soon

PRACTICEPRACTICERewrite the sentences using the passive and the prepositions given.

1. Air pollution is threatening the health of people in urban areas. (by)

2. Livestock farms have contaminated soil and underground water. (because of)

3. The burning of gas, oil, and coal has created acid rain. (as a result of)

4. The use of CFCs in products like hair spray has created a hole in the ozone layer. (through)

5. The destruction of rain forests is harming rare plants and wildlife. (through)

6. The growth of suburbs has eaten up huge amounts of farmland. (due to)

Example: The health of people in urban areas is being threatened by air pollution.

Rewrite the sentences using the passive and the prepositions given.

1. Air pollution is threatening the health of people in urban areas. (by)

2. Livestock farms have contaminated soil and underground water. (because of)

3. The burning of gas, oil, and coal has created acid rain. (as a result of)

4. The use of CFCs in products like hair spray has created a hole in the ozone layer. (through)

5. The destruction of rain forests is harming rare plants and wildlife. (through)

6. The growth of suburbs has eaten up huge amounts of farmland. (due to)

Example: The health of people in urban areas is being threatened by air pollution.

Complete the sentences

• Many species of animals _____ hunting and fishing

a) Have been endangered by

b) Have endangered

2. Pollution _____ buildings and trees in the inner cities.

a) Is being harmed by

b) Is harming

3. Oil and reserves _____ because of our dependence on cars.

a) Are using up

b) Are being used up

Complete the sentences

• Many species of animals _____ hunting and fishing

a) Have been endangered by

b) Have endangered

2. Pollution _____ buildings and trees in the inner cities.

a) Is being harmed by

b) Is harming

3. Oil and reserves _____ because of our dependence on cars.

a) Are using up

b) Are being used up

Practice

4. People’s health _____ due to overeating junk food

a) Has affected

b) Has been affected

5. Recycling _____ natural resources.

a) Is saving

b) Is being saved by

6. New types of cars don’t pollute as much _____ some of the major car companies.

a) Are developing

b) Are being developed by

4. People’s health _____ due to overeating junk food

a) Has affected

b) Has been affected

5. Recycling _____ natural resources.

a) Is saving

b) Is being saved by

6. New types of cars don’t pollute as much _____ some of the major car companies.

a) Are developing

b) Are being developed by

WHEN YOU ARE WORKING ON ACTIVE TO PASSIVE SENTENCES, FIRST YOU HAVE TO ASK YOURSELF: WHAT KIND OF SENTENCE IS IT? STRUCTURE

Active : Subject + verb + object

Passive : Subject + verb be (was, is, has been..) + Past Participle

WHEN YOU ARE WORKING ON ACTIVE TO PASSIVE SENTENCES, FIRST YOU HAVE TO ASK YOURSELF: WHAT KIND OF SENTENCE IS IT? STRUCTURE

Active : Subject + verb + object

Passive : Subject + verb be (was, is, has been..) + Past Participle

Infinitive clauses and phrasesInfinitive clauses and phrases

Structure the sentences as follows:

(A way/ Two Ways) + infinitive + is/are + infinitive

One thing+ to do about it+ is+ to talk to the company’s management

Another way+ to stop them+ is +to get a TV station to run a story

The best ways+ to fight HIV / AIDS +are +to do more research and educate people.

An infinitive is part of the subordinate clauses which are named after the form of the verb . TO-INFINITIVE CLAUSE:You must book early [to secure a seat]

Structure the sentences as follows:

(A way/ Two Ways) + infinitive + is/are + infinitive

One thing+ to do about it+ is+ to talk to the company’s management

Another way+ to stop them+ is +to get a TV station to run a story

The best ways+ to fight HIV / AIDS +are +to do more research and educate people.

An infinitive is part of the subordinate clauses which are named after the form of the verb . TO-INFINITIVE CLAUSE:You must book early [to secure a seat]

PRACTICEFind one or more solutions for each problem.Find one or more solutions for each problem.

Solutions

a. to build more public housing.

b. to train people in modern farming methods

c. to start free vocational training programs.

d. to educate people on how diseases are spread

e. to have more police on the streets.

f. to provide ways for people to voice their concerns

g. To develop cleaner public transportation

h. To create more jobs for the unemployed

Solutions

a. to build more public housing.

b. to train people in modern farming methods

c. to start free vocational training programs.

d. to educate people on how diseases are spread

e. to have more police on the streets.

f. to provide ways for people to voice their concerns

g. To develop cleaner public transportation

h. To create more jobs for the unemployed

Problems

1. One way to reduce famine is …

2. The best way to fight HIV/AIDS is …

3. One way to stop political unrest is …

4. One thing to improve air quality is …

5. The best way to reduce poverty is …

6. One thing to help the homeless is …

Problems

1. One way to reduce famine is …

2. The best way to fight HIV/AIDS is …

3. One way to stop political unrest is …

4. One thing to improve air quality is …

5. The best way to reduce poverty is …

6. One thing to help the homeless is …

Richards, Jack C.

Interchange Third Edition

Cambridge University Press

Images:www.zazzle.comwww.tendringdc.gov.ukwww.ipodtotal.comwww.postershop-espana.comwww.allposters.esjuliardilla.wordpress.comwallpapers.bpix.orgwww.ucl.ac.uk/internet-grammar/clauses/bare.htm

Richards, Jack C.

Interchange Third Edition

Cambridge University Press

Images:www.zazzle.comwww.tendringdc.gov.ukwww.ipodtotal.comwww.postershop-espana.comwww.allposters.esjuliardilla.wordpress.comwallpapers.bpix.orgwww.ucl.ac.uk/internet-grammar/clauses/bare.htm

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