U6. secondary sector
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Transcript of U6. secondary sector
SECONDARY
SECTOR.
INDUSTRIAL SPACES.UNIT 6
IES CAMILO JOSÉ CELA
Teacher: Rocío Bautista
SECONDARY SECTOR:ACTIVITES CONCERNED WITH
TRANSFORMING RAW MATERIALS INTO
PRODUCTS THAT SATISFY HUMANS’ NEEDS
Industry most important
Mining
Energy production
Construction
What activities can you recognize in these pictures?
INDUSTRY
TRANSFORMS RAW MATERIALS INTO…
MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS for direct consumption in the
market.
SEMI-FINISHED PRODUCTS to be used in other industrial
processes.
Industry requires 3 elements
ENERGY SOURCES
PRODUCTION FACTORS:
- Labour force (employees)
- Capital (buildings, machinery, money…)
- Technology (knowledge)
RAW MATERIALS
MINING
LOCATES, EXTRACTS AND REFINES ROCKS &
MINERALS FOUND ON/BENEATH THE SURFACE.
PROSPECTION:
to locate the minerals.
EXTRACTION:
to obtain the minerals from subterranean &
open-air mines.
REFINING:to separate the
mineral from the rock that contains it.
ENERGY PRODUCTION
CREATION OF ELECTRICITY & HEAT IN SPECIALISED
INSTALLATIONS (POWER STATIONS).
NUCLEAR
WIND
WATERSOLAR
THERMAL
CONSTRUCTION
CREATES BUILDIGNS & INFRASTRUCTURES* (roads,
bridges, reservoirs,…)
PLANSBUILDING
MATERIALS
CONSTRUCTION
INDUSTRY
*INFRASTRUCTURES: basic facilities, services & installations needed for the functioning of a society and its economy (transportation &
communications systems such as roads, bridges, tunnels, etc., water supply, sewer systems, power lines…)
INDUSTRY
• Core elements:
• Raw materials
• Energy sources
• The world’s energy.
Energy saving.
• Industrial development and its landscapes:
• Artisanal industry
• Modern industry
• Contemporary industry
• Industry and globalisation
CORE ELEMENTS OF INDUSTRY:
RAW MATERIALS
RAW MATERIALS = Natural resources that industry transforms
into manufactured or semi-finished products.
RAW
MAT
ER
IALS
PLANT-SOURCED
From agriculture: sugar beets, cotton, linen, tobacco
From silviculture: wood, cellulose, rubber, cork…
ANIMAL-SOURCED
From livestock farming: wool, hides (leather), silk…
From fishing: fish (for canning & oil production)
GEOLOGICAL
Minerals: metallic (iron, lead, aluminium, copper, zinc…) & non-metallic (glass, gems…)
Rocks: granite, clay, limestone, marble,… (direct use or to produce construction materials like cement)
Energy products from which energy is obtained: coal, crude oil, natural gas, uranium…
CORE ELEMENTS OF INDUSTRY:
RAW MATERIALS Production & trade
CONSUMPTION (demand): concentrated in INDUSTRIALIZED COUNTRIES
1) WESTERN EUROPE
2) JAPAN
3) USA
4) Emerging countries:
CHINA
INDIA
Look at the map… is the distribution of minerals around the world equal?
Which countries produce large quantities of minerals?
CORE ELEMENTS OF INDUSTRY:
RAW MATERIALS Production & trade
PRODUCTION: concentrated in few countries:
1) Canada
2) USA
3) Brazil
4) South Africa
5) Russia
6) China
7) Australia
Which region produces the largest quantities of oil?
Do you know what COLTAN is? What is it used for? Where does it come from?
COLTAN: essential mineral in modern technology (cell phones, laptops, cameras…)
80% of World’s coltan D.R.C. (Democratic Republic of Congo)
D.R.C. / Uganda / Rwanda / different rebel paramilitary groups WAR to
control the coltan mines.
Consequences:
• Slavery, child-labour, violence, murder, violations,…
• 5 million deaths
• War refugees
• Destruction of rainforests & species (gorillas, elephants)
• Farms are abandoned
• Coltan contraband finances rebel paramilitary groups
B L O O D C O L T A N
CORE ELEMENTS OF INDUSTRY:
RAW MATERIALS Contemporary problems
PROBLEMS RELATED TO RAW MATERIALS
SCARCITY OF RAW MATERIALS FOR FOOD INDUSTRY
SCARCITY & UNEVEN DISTRIBUTION OF GEOLOGICAL RAW
MATERIALS
Food prices increase due to
a higher demand (increasing
population) of agrarian raw
materials. Worst impact on
the poorest people.
In order to ensure their supply,
wealthy countries try to control
trade with producer countries
& international markets.
http://sociedad.elpais.com/socied
ad/2013/05/13/actualidad/136845
7967_724617.html
ACTIVITIES
Define the following concepts:
Secondary sector
Raw materials
Prospecting methods
Refining systems
Power stations
Infrastructures
Devise an outline about the main activities of the secondary
sector (p.130)
P.132, exercise 1.
Are raw materials distributed equally around the world? Where
do production & consumption concentrate?
CORE ELEMENTS OF INDUSTRY:
ENERGY SOURCES
ENERGY SOURCES
TRADITIONAL
OIL
COAL
NATURAL GAS
NUCLEAR FISSION
HYDROELECTRIC
ALTERNATIVE
BIOMASS
WIND
SOLAR
GEOTHERMAL
WAVE
NUCLEAR FUSION
•Most widely
used.
•Mostly non-
renewable
(except
hydroelectric).
•60% oil &
coal.
Traditional energies
•Most widely used.
•Mostly non-renewable (except hydroelectric).
•75-80% oil + natural gas + coal however, there are differences
between countries.
Traditional energies
• COAL more widely used in
developing countries (China) than
in developed ones (UE, USA).
Traditional energies• RENEWABLE ENERGIES are gaining ground to
non-renewable energies, specially in developed
countries.
Traditional energies: CRUDE OIL
Traditional energies: NATURAL GAS
PRODUCCIÓN
MUNDIAL DE GAS,
2006
Traditional energies: COAL
COAL CONSUMPTION IS IN CLEAR REGRESSION DO TO ITS HIGH POLLUTION LEVELS (CO2 EMISSIONS)
Traditional energies: NUCLEAR FISSION
Traditional energies: HYDROELECTRIC• Only traditional energy that is
RENEWABLE!!!• Growing importance.
1984-2009
Alternative energies
Development
after the
1973 Oil
Crisis
NEED TO
SEEK NEW
ENERGY
SOURCES, TO
AVOID
EXTERNAL
ENERGETIC
DEPENDENCE.
YOM KIPPUR WAR (6-25 Oct. 1973):
• Coalition of Arab states (led by Egypt & Syria) VS Israel (who received help
from the US).
• Egypt and Syria attacked Israel unexpectedly, since they wanted to regain
the Sinai and the Golan Heights respectively, territories that were occupied
by Israel since the Six-Day War (1967).
• CONSEQUENCE: in response to U.S. support of Israel, the Arab members of
OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries), decided to
reduce oil production & declared an embargo against the USA and other
Western countries, causing the 1973 energy crisis.
Alternative energies
ADVANTEGES: they are renewable & clean (they don’t pollute or generate waste).
DISADVANTAGES: necessary technologies to develop them are still too expensive.
However, in time renewable energies are expected
to became cheaper, while fossil fuels will became
more expensive.
Alternative energies: SOLAR
Alternative energies: SOLAR
Alternative energies: WIND
Alternative energies: BIOMASS
Alternative energies: GEOTHERMAL
Alternative energies: WAVE
Alternative energies: NUCLEAR FUSION
With 1gr of hydrogen we
could produce, by means of
nuclear fusion, in an hour,
11 times more energy than
by current nuclear fission.
ITER (International Thermonuclear
Experimental Reactor)
• International project to design and build an experimental fusion
reactor.
• South France.
• 7 member entities (EU, India, Japan, China, Russia, South Korea &
USA).
• EU (host party for the ITER complex), contributes with about 45 %
of the cost. The rest 9& each.
ACTIVITIES
On the political World map, locate the main production
countries of traditional & alternative energy sources.
In groups of 4-5, make up a song about the different types of
energy sources… BE CREATIVE!!!! Record it and send it to
THE WORLD’S ENERGY
Essential in our daily lives:
• Transport
• Machines & household appliances
• Lights
• …
WHICH IS THE BIG PROBLEM CONCERNING ENERGY??!
THE WORLD’S ENERGY
ENERGY PROBLEMS
SUPREMACY OF NON-
RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION OF ENERGY SOURCES
ENVIRNMENTAL PROBLEMS
CONSTANT RISE IN ENERGY
CONSUMPTION
http://www.rtve.es/noticias/20141029/claves-guerra-
del-gas-entre-rusia-ucrania/1038365.shtml
THE WORLD’S ENERGY
SOLUTIONS TO ENERGY
PROBLEMS
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES
ENERGY-SAVING POLICIES
http://www.rtve.es/alacarta/videos/programa/spot-campana-ahorra-
energia-protagonizado-seleccion-espanola/1131287/
• The Kyoto Protocol: UN international treaty that
committed State Parties to reduce greenhouse gases
emissions (CO2), to stop global warming. It was adopted in
Kyoto (Japan) in 1997.
• SPECIFIL GOAL: to reduce, in the period 2005 - 2012,
collective emissions of greenhouse gases by 5%
compared to the year 1990.
• 2012: technically the K.P. was extended until 2020, but
limited to only 15% of the global C02 emissions, due to the
lack of participation of many industrialized & emerging
countries such as: USA, Canada, Japan, Russia, Belarus,
Ukraine, New Zealand, China, India & Brazil.
• 2014: new negotiations were held in Lima (Peru) to agree
on a post-Kyoto legal framework that would obligate all
major polluters to pay for CO2 emissions. However, some
large polluting countries (China, India, USA) indicated that
they will not ratify any treaty that will commit them legally
to reduce CO2 emissions.
ACTIVITIES
P. 138 ex.1
Indicate which energy sources do these countries produce:
USA
Canada
Venezuela
Norway
Russia
Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, U.A.E., Iran, Qatar, Algeria, Lybia & Nigeria.
Comment the graph about “Evolution of energy consumption in
the world” on page 139.
DESCRIPTION (what information does the graph gives us? Source?)
ANALYSIS:
Describe the contribution & evolution of renewable & non-renewable energies.
Explain some problems (consequences) related to such energetic consumption.
Give some possible solutions.
INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT
ARTISANAL INDUSTRY
(until mid-18th
century)
MODERN INDUSTRY
(1770 – 1950)
CONTEMPORARY INDUSTRY
(Mid-20th century onwards)
1º) Artisanal industry
2º) Modern Industry:
1st I.R. (1770 – 1850)
STEAM ENGINE (“Máquina de vapor”) powered
by burning coal; moved other machines.
2º) Modern Industry:
2st I.R. (1850 – 1950)
3º) Contemporary industry
3º) Contemporary industry
• Have relocated to cheaper areas:
• Developing countries
• Industrial estates (polígonos industriales) in the outskirts of cities.
TRAD
ITIO
NAL
IND
USTRIE
S
Industrial estate: physical
place that gathers several
industrial activities.
3º) Contemporary industry
• Have established in Science parks in economically flourishing cities, where they have access to:• Qualified workers
• Infrastructures
• Advanced services
INN
OVATIV
E
(HIG
H-T
ECH
)
IND
USTRIE
S
Science park: physical place that supports
university, businesses & government
collaboration to promote research &
innovation in order to develop & share high
technology knowledge. It comprises high
quality facilities, and gathers innovative
industries.
ACTIVITIES
Fill in the worksheet comparing the 3 phases of industrial
development.
P. 141 ex.2
Research activity at home: what is “Silicon Valley”?
What is the difference between an industrial estate & a science
park?
Industry & globalisation:TYPES OF INDUSTRY
Heavy industry
Industria de base o pesada
Transforms raw materials into semi-finished products to be used in other industries (steel, petrochemistry).
Uses large quantities of heavy raw materials.
Capital goods industry / Semi-heavy industry
Industria de bienes de equipo
Transforms semi-finished products into equipment needed for other industries, transport & construction (machinery, vehicles…).
Uses less raw materials.
Consumer goods industry / Light industry
Industria de bienesde consumo o industria ligera
Makes products intended directly for consumers (textiles, food, household appliances…).
Uses lightweight materials.
Which types of
industries can you
identify in these pairs of pictures?
Industry & globalisation:FACTORS OF INDUSTRIAL LOCATION
Imagine you’re going to set up an industry and you have to decide where to locate it… what factors would condition your choice?
Industry & globalisation:FACTORS OF INDUSTRIAL LOCATION
LOCATION FACTORS
ECONOMIC FACTORS
(infrastructures, transports,
services consumers…)
SOCIAL FACTORS (workforce)
POLITICAL FACTORS (taxes,
political stability…)
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
(environmental legislation,
quality)
NATURAL FACTORS (raw
materials, energy sources)
Industry & globalisation:FACTORS OF INDUSTRIAL LOCATION
DO YOU THINK THESE 2 INDUSTRIES ARE EQUALLY LIKELY TO BE RELOCATED TO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES?
Industry & globalisation:FACTORS OF INDUSTRIAL LOCATION
INNOVATIVE (HIGH-TECH)
INDUSTRIES
TRADITIONAL (MATURE)
INDUSTRIES
• Located in developed countries:
Advanced services.
Infrastructures.
Qualified labour force.
High purchase power
consumers.
• Located in developing countries:
Abundant but unqualified
labour force.
Special conditions (duty-free
zones) & permissive
environmental legislations.
Industry & globalisation:RELOCATION
Globalization has led to INTERNATIONAL DIVISION OF LABOUR: breaking
up of the production process in different locations around the world:
• Complex tasks (research, development) undertaken in developed
countries (North America, Europe, Japan, Australia) .
• Less-skilled labour (manufacturing) relocated/offshored to
developing countries (China, India, Vietnam, Brasil…)
ACTIVITIES
P. 144-145: ex. 1, 3 & 4
Why do innovative (high-tech) industries prefer to locate in
developed countries?
Industry & globalisation:THE WORLD’S INDUSTRIAL AREAS
HISTORICAL INDUSTRIAL REGIONS
• USA, _______, EU.
• World’s ______ ______________ industrial areas.
• Extensive industrial areas that use _____________ _____________.
• Benefit from high _____________-__________ markets.
• _________________ of large companies; but have relocated many manufacturing parts of the production process to _____________ countries.
EMERGING COUNTRIES
• ________ (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa)
• Growing industrialization due to:
• Abundant __________ resources
• _________________ attracts the ___________ of developed countries’ low-technology industries. This provides them with capital to -____________ in new & more innovative industries.
LEAST INDUSTRIALISED AREAS
• Poorest countries on Earth (Sub-Saharan _________)
• Lack of industrialisation due to:
• Lack of ___________.
• Limited market (small & poor _______________).
• __________ because of poor communications.
• Politic __________.
ACTIVITIES: fill in the worksheet.
ACTIVITIES
P.151, exercises 2 / 3 / 4 / 5.