U5. Primary sector
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PRIMARY SECTOR.
AGRARIAN SPACES.UNIT 5
IES CAMILO JOSÉ CELA
Teacher: Rocío Bautista
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PRIMARY SECTOR:ACTIVITES RELATED TO THE
EXTRACTION OF NATURAL RESOURCES
Agriculture
Livestock farming
Silviculture (forestry)
Fishing
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What activities can you recognize in these pictures?
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AGRARIAN SPACE: Land where agrarian
activities are undertaken. Cultivated
lands, pastures, woodland…
RURAL SPACE: all non-urban areas. It
includes agrarian spaces + land where other
activities are also carried out (somo of
them more typical of cities: leisure areas,
shopping centres, factories…).
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AGRARIAN SPACES
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RURAL SPACES
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Types of
spaces
URBAN
(city)
RURAL
(countryside)
AGRARIAN
(primary activities)
Agriculture
Livestock farming
Silviculture
Fishing
NON AGRARIAN
(industrial & tertiary activities)
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AGRARIAN POPULATION
Underdeveloped countries:
Employment: >50%
GDP: >10%
Developed countries:
Employment: <10%
GDP: <4%
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ACTIVITIES
P.104-105: activities 1, 2, 4, 5.
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FACTORS OF AGRARIAN
ACTIVITYFACTORS
NATURAL (PHYSICAL)
Climate
Relief
Soil
HUMAN
Population
Technological development
Economic & social organization
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Natural factors: CLIMATE
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Natural factors: CLIMATE
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Natural factors: RELIEF
Agriculture prefers flat valley floors.
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Natural factors: RELIEF
It’s also conditioned by the side of the
mountain:
- Sunslit slopes (solanas) best for
growing crops.
- Shady slopes (umbrías) less
sunlight, more frost…worst for
agriculture.
Agriculture can’t be
undertaken in places
with too high altitudes.
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Natural factors: RELIEF
Silviculture &
livestock farming
can be
undertaken
better in high
places.
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Natural factors: SOIL
Agriculture is conditioned by the
type of soil (surface layer of the
Earth’s crust).
A good soil for agriculture is the
one that is…:
• Deep
• Retains water
• Porous: lets air reach the
plants’ roots.
• Neutral PH (acidity/alkalinity)
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Natural factors: SOIL
Humus (top soil layer) is essential
for soil fertility, as it provides
bacic nutrients.
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ACTIVITIES
P.107: activities 2, 3.
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Human factors: POPULATION
High population densities led to deforestation & soil overexplotaition.
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Human factors: POPULATION
High population densities led to deforestation & soil overexplotaition.
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Human factors: POPULATION
Low populated areas lead to abandoning crops & environmental
decline.
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Human factors: TECHNOLOGICAL
DEVELOPMENT
TRADITIONAL
SOCIETIES
ADVANCED
SOCIETIES
Farming tools
Farming
techniques
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FARMING TOOLS
TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES ADVANCED SOCIETIES
Spade
(pala)
Hoe
(azada)
Sickle
(hoz)
Plough
(arado)
Tractor
Harvester (cosecadora)
Milking
machines
(ordeñador
eléctrico)
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FARMING TECHNIQUES
TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES ADVANCED SOCIETIES
Natural
fertilizers
Advanced
irrigation
techniques
Crop
rotation
(leaving a
part
fallow)
Overuse of
soil
Chemical
fertilizers &
pesticides
Selection &
genetic
manipulation of
speies
Greenhouses
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Greenhouses in Almería (Satelite
view)
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Irrigation techniques
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Genetic manipulation of species
Seedless
watermelon
Genetically modified
tomatoesNatural
tomatoes
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Human factors: ECONOMIC
ORGANIZATION
SUBSISTENCE ECONOMIES
• Produce enough to cover their own needs.
• Polyculture (various products are cultivated) & combination of agriculture & livestock farming.
• Small scale farming by landowners.
MARKET ECONOMIES
• Produce food to sell it.
• Farmers specialize in a type of crop (monoculture) or a type of livestock.
• Large scale farming by companies.
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Human factors: SOCIAL
ORGANIZATION
PROPERTY
COLLECTIVEPRIVATE
LAND USE
INDIRECTDIRECT
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AGRARIAN LANDSCAPE: Elements
AGRARIAN LANDSCAPE = it’s the result of the
transformation of the natural environment due
to agrarian activities.
INHABITED SPACE
FARMLANDAGRARIAN
LANDSCAPE
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AGRARIAN LANDSCAPE:
Inhabited space
AGRARIAN SETTLEMENTS =
way in which the agrarian
population is distributed
across the land
AG
RARIA
N
SETTLEM
EN
TS
Dispersed
(disperso)
Concentrated
(concentrado)
Interspersed
(intercalar)
AGRARIAN HABITAT =
combination of houses &
agricultural buildings.
AGRARIAN HABITAT usually made
with local materials.
Stone
WoodClay
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Dispersed settlements
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Concentrated settlements
Linear concentrated settlement
Clustered concentrated
settlement
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Interspersed settlements
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Clay
Agrarian habitats
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Wood
(or combined
materials)
Agrarian habitats
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Different spaces (living &
agrarian) in the same building
Agrarian habitats
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Different buildings for each
space; arranged around a
patio.
Agrarian habitats
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AGRARIAN LANDSCAPE:
Farmland
FARMLAND = land dedicated to agrarian activities. Divided into fields.
Classification of fields
SIZE
Small
(<10 ha)
Medium
(10 – 100 ha)
Large
(>100 ha)
SHAPE
Regular
Irregular
LOCATION
Open
Enclosed
USE
Agriculture
Livestock farming
Silviculture
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1 ha = 10.000 m2 (100 m X 100m)
Size
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REGULAR VS IRREGULAR
Shape
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OPEN FIELD VS ENCLOSED FIELD
Location
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AGRICULTURE
USE
LIVESTOCK FARMING
SILVICULTURE
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ACTIVITIES
P.108: activity 2.
P.110: activity 1.
Define the following concepts: Deforestation
Polyculture
Monoculture
Greenhouse
Dispersed settlement
Concentrated settlement
Openfield
Enclosed field
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AGRICULTURE- Cultivation methods
- Types of agriculture
- Traditional
- Modern: - Industrial
- Organic
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CULTIVATION METHODS
PROCEDURES USED BY FARMERS TO GROW CROPS.
Different classifications:
According to
CROP VARIETY
MONOCULTURE
(monocultivo)
POLYCULTURE
(policultivo)
According to
WATER SUPPLY
DRYLAND AGRICULTURE
(secano)
IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE
(regadío)
According to
SOIL USE
CONTINUAL CULTIVATION
(cultivo continuo)
CROP ROTATION
(rotación de cultivos)
According to
DEGREE OF LAND USE
INTENSIVE
(intensiva)
EXTENSIVE
(extensiva)
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CULTIVATION METHODS
MONOCULTURE
(monocultivo)
POLYCULTURE
(policultivo)V.S.
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CULTIVATION METHODS
DRYLAND AGRIC.
(a. secano)
IRRIGATED AGRIC.
(a. regadío)V.S.
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CULTIVATION METHODS
CONTINUAL CULTIVATION
(cultivo contínuo)
CROP ROTATION
(rotación de cultivos)
V.S.
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CULTIVATION METHODS
INTENSIVE AGRIC.
(a. intensiva)
EXTENSIVE AGRIC.
(a. extensiva)V.S.
Uses small amounts of labour & capital
(fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation
techniques, machinery…). High fallow
ratio. Since it has a lower productivity per
unit of land, it requires large quantities of
land to be profitable.
Uses large amounts of labour & capital
(fertilizers, pesticides, irrigation
techniques, machinery…). Low fallow ratio.
Greater productivity per unit of land. It
require less land than an extensive
agriculture to produce a similar profit.
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TYPES OF AGRICULTURET
YPES O
F A
GR
ICU
LT
UR
E
TRADITIONAL
(Subsistence agriculture)
PRODUCTION: low; aimed to supply the farmer & his family (self-consumption).
CHARACTERISTICS:
- Outdated technology.
- Large labour force.
LOCATION: underdeveloped regions (Africa / South-East Asia / Latin America).
Migratory agriculture
(slash-and-burn)
Sedentary drylandagriculture
Irrigated monsoon agriculture
MODERN
(Commercial agriculture)
PRODUCTION: sell production in national & international markets.
CHARACTERISTICS:
- Technological & scientific advancements, mechanisation.
- Minimum labour force.
LOCATION: developed regions (Europe / North America / Australia) & some tropical coasts.
Industrial agriculture
Organic agriculture
(bio-extensive)
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TRADITIONAL:
Migratory agriculture (slash-and-burn)Agricultura itinerante (de roza y quema)
1) Cut trees
(slashing)
2) Burn trees & undergrowth.
Ashes fertilize the soil.
Areas with dense vegetation (equatorial & humid tropical climate)
3) Cultivate continuously until soil is
exhausted. Repeat process
somewhere else.
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SORGHUM (Sorgo)
CASSAVA (Yuca)
YAMS (Batata)
SWEET POTATOES
(Boniato)
MAIZE
(Maíz)
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TRADITIONAL:
Sedentary dryland agriculture
Tropical areas.
Agricultura sedentaria de secano
• Extensive polyculture:
• Natural fertilizers (livestock manure) & crop rotation: FALLOW LAND /
MAIN CROP (maize) / COMPLEMENTARY CROP (tubers or peanuts).
• Vegetable plots near the houses.
• Soil is not exhausted. Enables permanent settlements.
MAIN
CROP
(Maize)
SECONDARY
CROP (tubers/
groundnuts)FALLOW
LAND
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PEANUTS
(cacahuetes)
FALLOW LAND
(barbecho)
MAIZE
(maíz)
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TRADITIONAL:
Irrigated monsoon agricultureAgricultura irrigada monzónica
Tropical monsoon climate (South-East Asia: China / Cambodia / Vitenam /
Philippines).
RIVERBED
ALLUVIAL
PLAIN
• Rice is grown in small fields (paddy fields)
separated by ditches (to flood the fields).
• Requires large labour force.
• 2-3 harvests per year high production to
feed a large population.
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1) Before the rainy season,
the fields are ploughed &
rice is planted in fertilised
nurseries.
2) During the monsoon season, once the
plants are grown, they are transferred
to the paddy fields (arrozales).
3) After the monsoon, when the crops begin to ripen,
water is removed & rice is harvested & threshed.
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MODERN:
Industrial agriculture
Developed countries (Europe,
N.America & Oceania) &
tropical coasts.
Agricultura industrial
• INTENSIVE MONOCULTURE:
• Mechanisation, technological & scientific advancements (chemical
fertilizers, pesticides, genetic manipulation & selection of species…)
• High production with minimum labour force.
• Specialisation (crop best suited to local environment)
• Mass-production supply international market.
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Agriculture in new countries
(America & Oceania)
• Very large & regular fields.
• Very mechanised.
• High degree of regional specialisation (MONOCULTURE) according to local
climate ej: CROP BELTS (USA):
Wheat belt
Maize belt
Tobacco belt
Cotton belt
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• Enormous fields.
• Belong to multinational companies
from developed countries.
• Products highly demanded in
developed countries:
• Food (bananas, pineapples,
coffee, cocoa, sugar)
• Industrial products (cotton, palm
oil, rubber).
• Advanced techniques but also
extensive paid labour force.
• Cheap mass production.
Tropical plantation agriculture
(Tropical coasts: S.America, SE Asia, G.Guinea)
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MODERN:
Organic agricultureAgricultura orgánica / ecológica
• Environmentally friendly techniques:
• Organic fertilizers
• Crop rotation
• Higher quality but lower yield more expensive.
• Increasing number of consumers prepared to pay more for better products.
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ACTIVITIES
Explain the difference between these pairs of concepts.
At home, find images to illustrate each of them:
MONOCULTURE / POLYCULTURE
DRYLAND AGRICULTURE / IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE
INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE / EXTENSIVE AGRICULTURE.
INDUSTRIAL AGRICULTURE / ORGANIC AGRICULTURE
P.114. activity 2 / 3 / 4
Explain the slash-and-burn agricultural process.
Draw a diagram to represent the crop rotation in
sedentary dryland agriculture.
P.116. activity 1
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LIVESTOCK FARMING- Farming systems: intensive VS extensive
- Types of livestock farming
- Traditional
- Modern: - Industrial
- Organic
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LIVESTOCK FARMING SYSTEMS
PROCEDURES USED BY FARMERS TO REAR LIVESTOCK:
INTENSIVE
LIVESTOCK FARMINGV.S.
Animals in large, open-air fields.
Needs small amounts of capital & labour.
Complements agriculture: provides
labour force & fertilizer.
Lower productivity.
Animals in barns & fed with
artificial feeds.
Needs large amounts of capital &
labour: buildings, breed selection,
feeding technology, veterinary care…
Greater productivity.
EXTENSIVE
LIVESTOCK FARMING
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LIVESTOCK FARMING METHODSLiv
est
ock f
arm
ing
METH
OD
S
TRADITIONAL
Nomadic livestock farming
Seasonal migration
MODERN
Industrial
Organic
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TRADITIONAL:
Nomadic livestock farmingGanadería/pastoreo nómada
• Extensive
• Livestock continually moved looking
for fresh pastures.
• Characteristic of peoples in areas next
to deserts:• Bedouins Arabian Peninsula
• Tuareg Sahara
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TRADITIONAL:
Seasonal migrationTrashumancia
• Extensive
• Livestock seasonally moved, in
summer & winter, looking for fresh
pastures.
• Characteristic of mountainous areas.
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MODERN:
Industrial livestock farmingGanadería industrial
• Seeks maximum yield to be sold on the market.
• It can be extensive (large quantities of animals reared in the open-air) or
intensive (genetically selected livestock in barns, artificial feeds, technology…)
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MODERN:
Organic livestock farmingGanadería orgánica/ecológica
• Respects environment & animal welfare:• Semi-extensive systems
• Balanced feeds: no artificial feeds, no growth stimulants
• Animal welfare: spacious shelters, they aren’t kept
permanently in barns.
• Avoid excessive use of pastures; appropriate number of
animals per hectare.
• Lower productivity, but higher quality.
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ACTIVITIES
Devise a diagram to classify livestock farming traditional
& modern methods.
P.118-119: activities 1 / 3 / 5
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SILVICULTURE- Forest spaces
- Forestry production & environmental roles
- Problems created by forestry activities
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FOREST SPACES
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FOREST SPACESEquatorial & tropical forests
• Warm climate zone.
• Tall, hardwood trees.
• Many species combined
together extensive
areas are deforested to
harvest the most
profitable ones.
MAHOGANY (caoba)
EBONY (ébano)
TEAK(teca)
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FOREST SPACESTemperate forest
• Temperate climate zone.
• Smaller trees.
• More homogeneously
grouped.
OAK (roble) BEECH (haya) CHESTNUT (castaño)
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FOREST SPACESTemperate forest
• The deciduous temperate forest is
being replaced by more profitable
species: pine & eucalyptus
PINE (pino) EUCALYPTUS (eucalipto)
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FOREST SPACESBoreal/taiga forest
• Northern regions, near polar areas.
• Softwood trees.
• Dense forest, but few species
(homogeneously grouped): conifers.
PINE (pino) FIR (abeto) BIRCH (abedul)
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FORESTRY PRODUCTION & ROLES
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FORESTRY PRODUCTION & ROLES
FORESTS’
USES & ROLES
Energy source (firewood)
Food (fruits, mushrooms…)
Industrial products (cork,
paper, resin, rubber…)
Protect environment:
- Absorb CO2
- Protect soil from erosion
- Helps biodiversity
Wood for building/furniture Recreation
activities
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Problems created by forestry
activities
• Uncontrolled
exploitation of
forests has led to
serious levels of
DEFORESTATION.
• 1/3 of Earth’s forest
lost since 1950.
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https://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=yvdfqrnvu6Q
https://www.youtube.com
/watch?v=sf5SoW0YKMw
VIDEOS
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Consequences of DEFORESTATION
Bigger risk of floods
Soil erosion landslides & loss
of land for growing crops
Destruction of animals’ habitats:
- biodiversity loss (extinction of animals).
- Wild animals appearing in urban areas.
Greenhouse effect increases Weak
ozone
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Solutions to prevent DEFORESTATION
Policies to ensure sustainable tree
felling
Education & consciousness-raising encourage local populations to care for
the forest
Recycling & reuse wood products
(PAPER!!)
Replanting trees
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FISHING- Fishing systems
- Future of fisheries
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FISHING SYSTEMS• ACCORDING TO PLACE & TIME REQUIRED:
SHALLOW-WATER FISHING
(Pesca de bajura)
DEEP-SEA FISHING
(Pesca de altura)
OCEAN FISHING
(Pesca de gran altura)
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FISHING SYSTEMS• ACCORDING TO TECHNOLOGY USED:
TRADITIONAL FISHING INDUSTRIAL FISHING
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SOME INDUSTRIAL FISHING TECHNIQUES…
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SOME INDUSTRIAL FISHING TECHNIQUES…
SONARS & RADARS TO LOCATE SHOALS
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SOME INDUSTRIAL FISHING TECHNIQUES…
TROLLING
SUCTION
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SOME INDUSTRIAL FISHING TECHNIQUES…
SEINE FISHING(PESCA DE CERCO)
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SOME INDUSTRIAL FISHING TECHNIQUES…
TRAWLING(PESCA DE ARRASTRE)
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FUTURE OF FISHERIE
PROBLEMS SEA POLLUTION
DIFFICULTY TO OBTAIN ACCESS TO OTHER COUNTRIES’ FISHING GROUNDS
(caladeros)
OVERFISHING
SOLUTIONS:
• Promotion of aquaculture breeding of fish, crustaceans & molluscs.
• Fishing quotas
• Prohibition of harmful fishing practices
• Anti-pollution measures
• International fishing agreements
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AQUACULTURE (acuicultura)
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ACTIVITIES P.120: activities 2 / 3
Do a chart to compare traditional & industrial fishing
Do a commentary about this map:
a) DESCRIPTION: describe
what the map shows.
Define technical
concepts (e.g.:
“deforestation”).
b) ANALYSIS:
CAUSES of
deforestation
CONSEQUENCES of
deforestation
SOLUTIONS to avoid
deforestation