TYPOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF CONSONANT...
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TYPOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF CONSONANT ARTICULATION
Daniel Recasens
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona & Institut d’Estudis Catalans, Barcelona, Spain
Projects FFI2009-09339 from the Spanish Ministry of Innovation and Science & 2009SGR3 from the Catalan Government
Queen Margaret University, Speech and Hearing Department
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INTRODUCTION
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along the lines of work carried out by Ladefoged and colleagues (Ladefoged & Maddieson, 1996, Dart, 1991, Nartey, 1982).
We have at present a good deal of knowledge about consonant inventory types (Maddieson, 1984) while being in need of more experimental data on
Consonant production characteristics/mechanisms Consonant allophonic patterns
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This paper is a contribution to the knowledge of these aspects through the study of two research topics:
allophonic patterns for clear /l/ and dark /l/.
Typology of
places of articulation for (alveolo)palatal consonants
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PLACE OF ARTICULATION TYPOLOGY
(ALVEOLO)PALATAL CONSONANTS
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(Goal) Study on closure and constriction locations for (alveolo)palatal consonants based on linguopalatal contact and sagittal tongue configuration data (static palatography, EPG, X-ray, MRI) taken from the literature.
(Hypothesis) The traditional ‘palatal’ consonant class ought to be subdivided into two independent consonant types:
- ‘alveolopalatals’, which are articulated simultaneously at the alveolar and palatal zones with the blade and predorsum,
- ‘palatals’, which are produced at the palatal zone with the dorsum of the tongue.
Research goal and working hypothesis
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Consonants fricatives [], [] lateral [] oral stops [c], [] nasal stop [].
Languages [1] Romance (Catalan; French; Italian; Occitan; Portuguese; Romansh; Spanish); [2] Germanic (German; Icelandic; Swedish), Irish Gaelic [3] Slavic (Czech; Polish; Slovak), Hungarian [4] African (Ibibio; Malagasy; Ngwo; Suto; Zulu) [5] Australian (Arrernte; Walpiri) [6] Eastern Asian (Chinese; Japanese) [7] Other (Greek; Abkhaz).
Data sample
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Total numbers perlanguage group
contact 0 0 42 15 66config 0 0 6 2 9 140contact 1 4 2 4 2config 0 7 0 1 0 21contact 2 1 3 15 12config 5 1 1 5 5 50contact 0 0 0 1 4config 0 0 0 1 0 6contact 0 0 3 3 3config 0 0 0 0 0 9contact 9 1 0 1 3config 3 0 0 0 0 17
Total numbers per consonant 20 14 57 48 104 243
6. Eastern Asian
2. Germanic, Irish
3. Slavic, Hungarian
ç c
1. Romance
4. African
5. Australian
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(Linguopalatal contact patterns) -Contact percentages were computed at 25% over the median line (mid alveolar zone), 50% " (postalveolar-prepalatal zone), 75% " (prepalato-mediopalatal zone), 100% " (postpalatal zone). -Closure or constriction placement was also identified at those zones.
Measurement criteria
Alveolar
Postalveolo-prepalatal
Prepalato-mediopalatal
Postpalatal
Static palatography Electropalatography (EPG)
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Alveolar
Postalveolo-prepalatal
Prepalato-mediopalatal
Postpalatal
Sagittal lingual configuration
(Linguopalatal contact patterns, sagittal vocal tract configurations) Closure or constriction placement was identified at the four articulatory locations (also at the dental zone).
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Cross-language linguopalatal contact percentages (fricatives)
[] Alveolar, Postalveolo-prepalatal
[] Postalveolo-prepalatal, Prepalato-mediopalatal
%
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
ɕ
ç
Alveolar Postalveolo-prepalatal
Prepalato-mediopalatal
Postpalatal
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Cross-language linguopalatal contact percentages (stops, laterals)
[] Alveolar
[] Alveolar, Postalveolo-prepalatal [c] Postalveolo-prepalatal, palatal
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
ɲ
ʎ
c
Alveolar Postalveolo-prepalatal
Prepalato-mediopalatal
Postpalatal
%
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Closure/constriction location
0
20
40
60
80
100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
%
++
+ + +++
+++
+++
+ ++
+++
++++
+ ++
+++
+ ++ ++
DentalAlveolar
Postalveolo-prepalatalPrepalato-mediopalatal
Postpalatal
Percentage of occurrence
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Closure/constriction location (lateral [])
0
20
40
60
80
100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
%
Romance Slavic, HungarianIrishAustralian
DentalAlveolarPostalveolo-prepalatalPrepalato-mediopalatalPostpalatal
++
+ + +++
+++
+++
+ ++
+++
++++
+ ++
+++
+ ++ ++
(Dento)Alveolar, (Dento)Alveolopalatal
All languages/dialects
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Alveolar // in Majorcan Catalan (Recasens & Espinosa, 2006)
Speaker AR
Speaker MJ
Speaker ND
Speaker CA
Alveolar zone
Palatal zone
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Closure location (stops [c, ]) (Dento)alveolar Australian
Alveolar, Alveolopalatal Czech
Essentially all places Romance (Parisian, Majorcan) Irish
Palatal African (Ngwo, Ibibio) 0
20
40
60
80
100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
%
Romance SlavicGermanic, IrishAustralian Eastern AsianAfrican
++
+ + +++
+++
+++
+ ++
+++
++++
+ ++
+++
+ ++ ++
DentalAlveolarPostalveolo-prepalatalPrepalato-mediopalatalPostpalatal
Slavic, Hung
Alveolopalatal Icelandic Slavic, Hungarian Chinese
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Alveolar and alveolopalatal /c/ in Czech (Hála, 1962, 27 speakers)
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Alveolopalatal and palatal [c] (allophone of /k/) in Majorcan Catalan (Recasens & Espinosa, 2006)
Speaker AR
Speaker MJ
Speaker ND
Speaker CA
Alveolar zone
Palatal zone
/ka/
Alveolopalatal
Palatal
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Palatal [c] (allophone of /k/) in Ibibio (Connell, 1991)
/ki/ /ka/
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Palatal // in Ngwo (Ladefoged & Maddieson, 1996)
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Closure location (nasal [])
(Dento)alveolar Walpiri
Alveolopalatal Romance languages African (Zulu, Ibibio) Chinese
Essentially all places Romance (Parisian, Majorcan)
Palatal African (Austronesian Malagasy) 0
20
40
60
80
100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
%
Romance Slavic, HungarianIrishAustralian Eastern AsianAfrican
++
+ + +++
+++
+++
+ ++
+++
++++
+ ++
+++
+ ++ ++
DentalAlveolarPostalveolo-prepalatalPrepalato-mediopalatalPostpalatal
More anterior, alveolopalatal Romance languages Irish Slavic, Hungarian Australian languages (Arrernte)
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Alveolopalatal and palatal // in Parisian French (Rousselot, 1924-1925)
Alveolopalatal Palatal
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Palatal // in Malagasy (Rousselot, 1924-1925)
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Symmetry relationship between [c] and []
(Dento)alveolar [c] (Dento)alveolar [] (Walpiri)
(Parisian French, Majorcan Catalan).
All places [c] All places []
Alveolopalatal [c] Alveolopalatal [] (Hakka Chinese, essentially Czech and Hungarian).
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Majorcan Catalan (Recasens & Espinosa, 2006)
Speaker AR
Speaker MJ
Speaker ND
Speaker CA
Alveolar zone
Palatal zone
Stop /c/ Nasal //
Alveolopalatal
Palatal
/[c]
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Ibibio (Connell, 1991)
/ki/ /i/
/ka/
/ku/ /u/
/a/
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Articulatory classification (a) the lateral [] cannot be purely palatal (i.e., it should be classified as alveolopalatal); (b) [], [c] and [] may allow for one or several closure/constriction locations depending on language/dialect, and therefore should be labeled alveolopalatal or palatal depending on the case.
Symmetrical relationship between closure location for (alveolo)palatal oral and nasal stops.
Possible generalizations
Is closure for [c] and [] exclusively palatal in specific African languages and exclusively alveolar in specific Australian languages?. (More data are needed).
Clear preference for [], [c] and [] to exhibit an alveolopalatal rather than a purely palatal place of articulation.
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TYPOLOGY OF ALLOPHONIC PATTERNS
DARKNESS DEGREE IN /l/
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Two different varieties of apicoalveolar /l/ have been identified, i.e., dark and clear.
predorsum lowering
postdorsum retraction
Tongue body raising & fronting
([ɫ]) ([l])
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Articulatory differences between the two /l/ types yield different spectral configurations.
ili (Valencian Catalan)
Clear /l/ ([ili]) iɫi
(Majorcan Catalan)
Dark /l/ ([ili])
High F2 (1500-2000 Hz) Low F2 (800-1300 Hz)
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Research issues
This position-dependent F2 frequency difference ought to be larger for languages with clear /l/ than for those with dark /l/
‘Intrinsic’ allophones of /l/ (one distinctive allophone with two positional phonetic variants)
/l/ should be slightly ‘clearer’ (and thus should show a slightly higher F2) initially than finally in line with a trend for front lingual consonants to exhibit a somewhat higher and more anterior tongue position in initial vs final position (Recasens & Pallarès, 2004).
since dark /l/ is more constrained than clear /l/ at the articulatory level.
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What is the size of the F2 difference between initial and final /l/ in languages with intrinsic allophones and in languages with extrinsic allophones?.
‘Extrinsic’ allophones of /l/
(considerably different initial and final variants of /l/, which may be characterized as a ‘clear’ and ‘dark’; Ladefoged, 1971).
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Experimental conditions Acoustic recordings of postpausal /li, la/, intervocalic /i(#)li, a(#)la/ and prepausal /il, al/ produced in short meaningful sentences by several male speakers of 23 languages/dialects.
Languages/dialects Clear /l/ Dark /l/ Alguerese & Valencian Catalan Midwestern American English (extrinsic allophony) Czech British English RP (extrinsic allophony) Danish Eastern & Majorcan Catalan Dutch (extrinsic allophony) Leeds English Finnish Portuguese French Russian Hungarian German Italian Newcastle English (extrinsic allophony) Norwegian Lengadocian Occitan Romanian Spanish Swedish
Methodology
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Darkness degree (cross-language data)
F2 (Hz)
iCi
Clear /l/
Dark /l/
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
aCa
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
*** (p<.001) *** (p<.001)
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Darkness degree estimated from the sequence /ili/ (data for individual languages/dialects)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Clear /l/
Dark /l/
F2 (Hz)
Eastern Catalan
Czech Newcastle English
Languages/dialects showing an intermediate darkness degree
Overlap zone
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Initial and final allophones (cross-language data)
0
100
200
300
Clear /l/
Dark /l/
li-il la-al
F2 (Hz)
-100
0
100
200
300*** (p < .001) *** (p < .001)
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F2 (Hz) Clear /l/
Dark /l/
0
400
800
1200
1600
2000
VlV Vl lV VlV Vl lV
/i/
/a/
More /l/ darkening as a function of position for clear /l/ than for dark /l/
Position-dependent darkening degree (cross-language data)
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Extrinsic allophones (data for individual languages/dialects )
Clear /l/
Dark /l/
li-il
F2 (Hz)
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
American English
Dutch
British English RP
Czech
Newcastle English
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39 /ili/ /li/ /il/
Dark /l/
Clear /l/
0
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DutchNewcastle English
Czech
0
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HzRemaining languages/dialects
Remaining languages/dialects
/ili/ /li/ /il/
Languages with extrinsic allophones
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VAIT
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EC
/ili/ /li/ /il/
Languages with intrinsic allophones
Clear /l/
Dark /l/
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Robust F2 difference between clear /l/ and dark /l/. The splitting boundary occurs at 1300-1400 Hz in the /i/ context and at 1000 Hz in the /a/ context. Differences are largest word initially in the context of /i/.
Summary and discussion
The initial-final F2 difference is below 200/300 Hz for the ‘intrinsic’ allophones of /l/ and above this figure for the ‘extrinsic’ allophones of the consonant.
‘Extrinsic’ allophones: American English (initial clearing); British English RP, Czech, Dutch, Newcastle English (final darkening).
Larger contrast between intrinsic allophones in languages with clear /l/ than in those with dark /l/ in line with differences in articulatory constraint between the two /l/ varieties.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
My thanks to scholars who have provided acoustic recordings or spectral data.
(Alguerese) Francesco Ballone; (Czech) Jan Volín; (Danish) John Tndering; (Dutch) Louis Pols; (Finnish) Olli Aaltonen; (German) Marzena Zygis and Micaela Mertins; (Hungarian) Mária Gósy; (Italian) Silvia Calamai; (Norwegian) Hanne Gram Simonsen and Inger Moen; (Occitan) Daniela Müller; (Portuguese) António Texeira; (Romanian) Ioana Chitoran; (Russian) Alexei Kochetov; (Swedish) Francisco Lacerda.
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