Types of sentence structure 1
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Sentence Structure:Sentence Types
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Sentence Types
• Simple• Compound• Complex• Compound-Complex
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Basic Elements of Every Sentence
SUBJECT PREDICATE
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Basic Elements
Mary plays tennis.
SUBJECT PREDICATE
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Simple Sentence
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Simple Sentence
• A simple sentence has one subject and one
predicate.
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Simple Sentence
We went to San Juan yesterday.
Observe how a simple sentence is constructed:
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Simple Sentence
We went to San Juan .
Pronoun Verb
Simple subject Complete predicate
Prepositional phrase
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SIMPLE SENTENCE
Mary plays tennis.
SUBJECT PREDICATE
one subject one predicate
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Simple Sentence
play tennis.Tom and Mary
Compound Subject
&
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Simple Sentence
play tennis and swim.Tom and Mary
Compound Subject Compound Predicate
& &
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SIMPLE SENTENCEwith compound subject
Tom and Mary play tennis.
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SIMPLE SENTENCEwith compound subject
andcompound predicate
Tom and Mary play tennis and swim.
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Compound Sentence
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Compound Sentence
• A compound sentence has more than one
part that can stand alone (independent
clauses).
• Independent clauses are connected by
coordinating conjunctions, conjunctive
adverbs or a semi-colon.
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Compound Sentence
We went to San Juan, and
most of us danced all night.
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Compound Sentence
We went to San Juan,
and most of us danced all night .
Subject Verb
CoordinatingConjunction
Predicate
Verb
Prepositional phrase
Modifying phraseSubject
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Compound Sentence
Use of Coordinating Conjunctions
SUBJECT PREDICATE
SUBJECT PREDICATE
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Compound SentenceTom swims,
Mary plays tennis.
and
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COMPOUND SENTENCE:COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
FOR
AND
NOR
BUT
OR
YET
SO
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Tom swims, and Mary plays tennis.
Clause 1 Clause 2
Independent Independent
COMPOUND SENTENCE:COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
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Tom swims, and Mary plays tennis.
Comma before “and” in compound
sentences!
COMPOUND SENTENCE:COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
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COMPOUND SENTENCE:CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS
MOREOVER
HOWEVER
OTHERWISE
THEREFORE
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Bob is handsome; moreover, he is rich.
Clause 1 Clause 2
Independent Independent
COMPOUND SENTENCE:CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS
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Note: Semicolon before conjunctiveadverb and comma
after conjunctive adverb!
Bob is handsome; moreover, he is rich.
COMPOUND SENTENCE:CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS
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Conjunctive Adverbs “float”
• Conjunctive adverbs are sometimes called “floating” adverbs because they can be positioned at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of a clause.
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CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB:AT THE BEGINNING, IN THE MIDDLE,AT THE END
Bob is handsome; moreover, he is rich.
Bob is handsome; he is, moreover, rich.
Bob is handsome; he is rich, moreover.
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Semicolons
• “If the relation between the ideas expressed in the main clauses is very close and obvious without a conjunction, you can separate the clauses with a semicolon” (Little, Brown Handbook, 9th Edition, p. 361).
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COMPOUND SENTENCE:SEMICOLON
Tom has benefited from his exercise program; he is slim and energetic.
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Complex Sentence
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Complex Sentence
• A complex sentence has at least two
parts: one that can stand alone and
another one that cannot
• The part that cannot stand alone is linked
to the rest of the sentence by a
subordinating conjunction
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Complex Sentence
Since my boyfriend and I wanted to have
fun, we went to San Juan yesterday.
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Complex Sentence
Since we wanted to have fun,
we went to San Juan yesterday.
PredicateSubject
SubordinatingConjunction
Part that cannot stand alone
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Complex Sentence
SUBJECT PREDICATE
SUBJECT PREDICATE
even though
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Complex Sentence
Bob is popular
he is ugly.
even though
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COMPLEX SENTENCE:SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
The most common subordinating conjunctions are "after," "although," "as," "because," "before," "how,"
"if," "once," "since," "than," "that," though," "till," "until,"
"when," "where," "whether,” and while."
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Bob is popular even though he is ugly.
Clause 1 Clause 2
Independent Dependent
COMPLEX SENTENCE:SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
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Even though Bob is ugly, he is popular.
Clause 1 Clause 2
Dependent Independent
COMPLEX SENTENCE:SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
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Compound-Complex Sentence
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• This type of sentence has more than one
part that can stand alone, and at least one
that cannot.
• Conjunctions link the different parts of this
sentence.
Compound-Complex Sentence
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Compound-Complex Sentence
Since we wanted to have fun,
my boyfriend and I went to San Juan yesterday,
and we danced all night.
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Since we wanted to have fun,
my boyfriend and I went to San Juan,
and we danced all night.
Subject Predicate
SubordinatingConjunction
CoordinatingConjunction
Part that cannot stand alone
Compound-Complex Sentence
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Compound-Complex Sentence
Mike is popular
he is good looking,
because
he is not very happy.
but
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Exercises
Say if the following sentences are:Simple, compound, complex or
compound-complex.
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1. The bell rang. 2. Bridget ran the first part of the race, and Tara
biked the second part.3. He stands at the bottom of the cliff while the
climber moves up the rock.4. The skier turned and jumped.5. Naoki passed the test because he studied
hard and understood the material.
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Answers
1. Simple2. Compound 3. Complex4. Simple 5. Compound-complex
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1. Because Kayla has so much climbing experience , we asked her to lead our group.
2. You and I need piano lessons.3. I planned to go to the hockey game, but I
couldn’t get tickets.4. Dorothy likes white water rafting, but she
also enjoys kayaking.5. There are many problems to solve before this
program can be used, but engineers believe that they will be able to solve them soon.
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Answers
1. Complex2. Simple3. Compound4. Compound5. Compound-complex
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References
Writing Academic English, Second Edition, by Alice Oshima and Ann Hogue. White Plains: Addison, Wesley, Longman, 1999.
The Little, Brown Handbook, by H. Ramsey Fowler and Jane E. Aaron, Pearson, 2004.