• Defined in to directions by management thinkers.

– Based on futurity

– As an intellectual function

• Based on futurity:

– “Planning is a trap laid down to capture the future” (Allen)

– “Deciding in advance what is to be done in future” (Koontz)

– “Informed anticipation of future”( Haimann)

– Anticipatory decision making” (R L Ackoff)

• Long range Vs Short range

• Strategic Vs Operational

• Corporate Vs Functional

• Proactive Vs Reactive

• Standing Vs Single Use

Long range plans are Covers many years and

affects many departments of the business this

goes on more than 5 years. I this long term

goals and strategies are involved.

Short range plans are more specific and

detail. Its maximum goes upto the 1 year.in

this only the current operations of

organisation are involved

These plans the based on primary jugdemental. Adapt

to external environment based on internal strengths .

These goes on more than 5 years.

Thes are based on exact data and standards.

They also involves in implementing internal

goals. These goes on not more than a year.

6

Corporate Plan

– A comprehensive plan that outlines the broad objectives of a company as a whole and develops plans to achieve those objectives

– Focus on organizational performance

Functional Plan

– Is unit planning and deals with different departments in an isolated manner.

– Focus on departmental performance

7

Proactive Planning

– Managers challenge the future, anticipating future

contingencies and get ready with alternative routes

for unforeseen circumstances

reactive Planning

– Organizations react to events as and when they

arise

8

Standing Plans

– Developed for activities that recur regularly over a

period of time

Ex:

– Objectives, Policies, Procedures, Methods, Rules

Single Use plans

– Developed to carry out a course of action that is not likely to be repeated in future

Ex:

– Programmes, Schedules, Projects, Budgets

9

Hierarchy of Plans

Purpose

or Mission

Procedures

Strategies

Policies: Major or Minor

Rules

Objectives

Programs: Major or minor and supporting

Budgets: numberized programs

We must plan for the future , because people who stay in the present will remain in the past.