Types of peasant dwellings:

Isolated farmsteads: in-field and out-fieldcultivation

Nucleated villages: open-field farming

Diet of grain-based products supplementedwith other foods (pork, fruit, fish, etc.)

Rise in population from 10th-13th c.

Improved nutrition

Cultivating more land

More women surviving to bear children

End of attacks from outside

Diminishing use of slavery

“Agricultural Revolution,” 10th-11th c.

Rise in agricultural productivity from 10th c. on

End of attacks from outside

Use of three-field system, especially inN. Europe

Improved use of animal power

Increase in amount of land cultivated

“Agricultural Revolution,” 10th-11th c.

Two-field system (600 acres):

“Agricultural Revolution,” 10th-11th c.

Cultivating 300 acres per year

Three-field system (600 acres):

“Agricultural Revolution,” 10th-11th c.

Cultivating 400 acres per year

Various reasons suggested:

Around castles for protection

Around markets and merchant settlements

Around bishoprics, monasteries, palaceswith royal support (Germany)

Mix of commerce, production, centres oflearning (Muslim Spain)

Growth of Towns, 10th-11th c.

Various reasons suggested:

Around markets, with royal support,also around strongholds, religiouscentres, production centres(eastern Europe)

Most cities of about 5,000 people, but othersreaching c. 40,000 (London, Bruges,Ghent); 100,000 (Venice, Florence, Genoa,Naples); 200,000 (Constantinople)

Growth of Towns, 10th-11th c.

Most towns seeking freedom from servileobligations

Town charters usually granting:

1. Freedom of inhabitants

2. Lands and buildings (tenements) heldas burgage tenure

3. Security of property from seizure

Growth of Towns, 10th-11th c.

Various factors involved:

Technological advances in sea-basedtravel and warfare

Prosperous bases on land, enablingeffective military action, e.g. conquestof Corsica and Sardinia by Genoeseand Pisans, conquest of Sicily byNormans

Expansion of Trade from 11th c.

Map Link: Europe and the Byzantine Empire about 1000:

<http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd_1911/shepherd-c-058-059.jpg>

Map Link: Europe and the Mediterranean Lands about 1097:

<http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/historical/shepherd/europe_mediterranean_1097.jpg>

Various factors involved:

Lack of limitation by Muslims orByzantines

Distances across which traders preparedto travel or send goods

Expansion of Trade from 11th c.

Rodrigo (or Ruy) Díaz de Vivar (Al-Sayyid/El Cid, El Campeador, c. 1043-99)

Member of Castilian nobility, is exiled in 1081

Fights for various Muslim and Christianrulers

1094 Takes Valencia, rules there until death

El Cid

El Cid

El Cantar de mío Cid (“The Song of my Lord”)

Earliest manuscript from 14th c., copy ofmanuscript from 1207 transcribedby Per Abbat