Safety of Audiology Direct Access for Medicare Patients - American
Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU...
Transcript of Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU...
![Page 1: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Types of patients in audiology clinic
1. General Hearing assessment.
2. Hearing Aids patients ( Rehab, CI/ BAHA
assessment)
3. Diagnostic patients (site of lesion testing).
4. Medico-legal.
5. Paediateric patients.
![Page 3: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
To gain information on symptoms profile for
diagnosis and management of the patient.
To determine what tests need to be
administered.
To understand hearing needs of the patient,
only then effective management can be
planned
![Page 4: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Skills ( listening and analytical), listen not hear!
Patience.
Knowledge.
do not forget to write everything in patient notes … if you did not record, it didn’t happen!
![Page 5: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Interviews.
Questionnaires: Written, computer or
verbal.
SOAP: Subjective, Objective, Assessment
and plan.
![Page 6: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
These tools can be either used in tandem
(side –bye-side ) or as preferred by
audiologist depending on the patient.
Any way, it gives the opportunity to identify
the red flags.
![Page 7: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Audiological red flags
Sudden hearing loss
Bleeding or draining ear.
Unilateral hearing loss or tinnitus.
Dizziness.
![Page 8: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Sit at a good distance from you patient, about
3 feet.
Well lit room.
Face the patient.
Beware of ambient noise, most people you
see will have hearing loss.
![Page 9: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Have your patient full attention, family members
and children distracters.
Show you are listening.
Don’t be afraid to paraphrase if you are not sure.
![Page 10: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Ensure that patient can read and write.
Availability in other languages.
Multiple choice Vs Written answers.
It could be via the internet before the appointment, but beware of data protection (confidentiality).
Standardized Vs custom.
![Page 11: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Beware of using abbreviations that may not
be known !!!
Problem is that it focuses on the chief
complaint and miss the big picture.
![Page 12: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Summary of how to write a SOAP:
Subjective: Signalmen, History, non-measureable parameters
Objective: Measureable parameters and diagnostics: TPR, PE, CBC, Chem, UA etc.
Assessment = Problem list, differential diagnoses
Plan = Further treatment and/or diagnostics, surgery if any and client education.
http://www.bangavet.com/soap.htm Accessed at October 12, 12.05 pm
![Page 13: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Examples for some used abbreviations,
TCU (To Contact Us).
NAD (No Abnormality Detected)
C/O (Complaining Of).
WNL (Within Normal Limits).
RTA ( Road Traffic Accident).
NAA (Next Available Appointment)
![Page 14: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
1-Demographics:
Name.
Age. (otoscelrosis 2nd to 3erd decade while
presbycusis later).
Occupation ( risk factors or noise exposure).
Impact in quality of life.
![Page 15: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
2- Main complaint:
Why is the patient here, pain, swelling,
discomfort, imbalance, difficulty in hearing,
tinnitus, trauma.
3- past history:
Any previous surgery, conditions, hearing
aids, general medical conditions, trauma.
![Page 16: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
4- Family history:
Any family history of hearing loss, congenital and systemic diseases associated with hearing loss, consanguinity.
It accounts for over 50% of the hearing loss in early life.
May be autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive or X-linked ( take all hereditary forms).
![Page 17: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Risk increases if parents are relatives.
It could occur alone or as part of syndrome.
SNHL or CHL.
It may be present at birth or has delayed
onset.
![Page 18: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Questions to be asked on any disease or complaint and used to evaluate the symptoms:
Laterality (location) >> Right/ Left or both
ears.
Disease onset >>Acute or chronic.
Duration >> sudden/ progressive/ period of time.
Severity/ intensity.
![Page 19: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Patterns >> consistent/ fluctuating/ worse at
night.
Aggravating and relieving factors>> some
things increase or decrease the symptoms.
Associated symptoms >> fever, vomiting..
etc
Any medication used.
![Page 20: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Use the referral source to guide you into a
good history.
Include “ significant other”, if relevant.
Touch on each point.
Think about how to phrase questions.
![Page 21: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Use terms patient understand.
Ask open ended questions.
Be non-judgmental about patient’s responses.
Be flexible.
Use history form with points to be covered. If the case history has been taken properly, the formulated test battery will be appropriate.
![Page 22: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
But before testing the patients, don’t forget
the clinical examination.
![Page 23: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Visual inspection of patient walking into test room.
Visual inspection of external ear.
Hair, hands, eyes ( any syndrome).
Body language.
Otoscopy
![Page 24: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
It’s an examination that performed using an
instrument known as an otoscope.
It’s a test that used to examine the external
auditory canal ( the canal that connects the
external ear, auricle, to ME) and to assess
the Tympanic membrane.
![Page 25: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
It should be performed by a competent
examiner or under the supervision of
competent examiner.
Types of otoscope
1. Hand-held otoscope.
2. Pneumatic otoscope.
3. Video otoscope.
![Page 26: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Handheld otoscope
![Page 27: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Pneumatic otoscope
![Page 28: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Video otoscope
![Page 29: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
There are 3 main parts for the otoscope:
1. Handle ( where the battery built in).
2. Neck, connects the handle to the head.
3. Head, that contains the magnifying lens and
the light bulb ( fiber optic to produce the
light).
![Page 30: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
There is one more additional ( disposable
part) known as ear speculum,
it’s a cone shape tool with different sizes
and can deeply inserted into the ear canal
for better viewing.
![Page 31: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
In Pneumatic otoscope, there is an external
rubber bulb (pressure pump) connected to
the otoscope and allows the tester to check
the tympanic membrane mobility by creating
puff of air into the ear.
![Page 32: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
In video otoscope ,there is a video camera
attached to the otoscope and connected to a
colored monitor to allow
the online viewing of the TM and external ear
and the patient can watch too.
Also it allows pictures and videos saving for
documentation.
![Page 33: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Hand-cleaning before and after examination.
Covering any breaks in the skin.
Avoiding direct contact with body fluids.
Cleaning or using disposable specula.
Avoid using the same speculum for both ears of the same patient if there is any possibility for infection transfer.
![Page 34: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Effective communication tactics should be
established and adopted by the clinician and
the patient with the respect of patient’s age,
status and mental condition.
Clinician face needs to be visible during the
examination time.
![Page 35: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Attention should be paid toward any
information presented by the patient and
everything need to be recorded
Recorded data need to be protected,
confidential and used as a future reference,
![Page 36: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
1- subject preparation
Some questions need to be asked at the
beginning like ( ear discomfort, pain or
discharge, any previous ear related
surgeries, any additional symptoms).
The examiner shall explain the procedure
and demonstrates it whenever needed to the
subject or his/her caregiver.
![Page 37: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Verbal informed consent should be obtained.
The subject should be seated comfortably
and motionless during examination time.
For young children, they should be seated
sideways on an adult’s lab, their hands
secured by one hand and the child head held
against the chest with other hand.
Any interfering objects should be removed
like the hearing aids.
![Page 38: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Instructions
Patients should remain still and motionless.
Patient should be instructed to report any
pain or discomfort.
![Page 39: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
It’s usually preferable to start with ears that
seems with the least abnormality (the
healthier ear).
Test could be stopped at any time if
persistent pain, discomfort reported by the
patient, bleeding or any related signs and
symptoms appeared during the examination
time.
Instant medical attention may be required.
![Page 40: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
1- examine the pinna and adjacent features (without otoscope)
Start the examination with the skin around,
behind, and adjacent to the pinna.
Then, the pinna needs to be checked thoroughly including the top, the rear and it’s entrance to the ear canal.
At this stage use of magnification is not required, just some extra light source might be helpful.
![Page 41: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
2- Ear canal and tympanic membrane examination.
otoscope used at this stage.
First, before use the examiner shall ensure
that the otoscope is working (battery not dead).
The appropriate speculum size for patient ear shall be chosen and securely attached the otoscope.
![Page 42: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
The examiner shall take a stable position to
avoid harming the patient. Sitting on a chair or
kneeling but not bending if needed.
Adults are usually examined from below, pinna
is pulled up and back to straighten the ear canal.
Infants and children are usually examined from
above the head, pinna pulled down and back or
just back as they have straight or slightly slope
to downward ear canal.
![Page 43: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Use right hand to test the right ear and left
hand for left ear.
Examiner fingers should be braced against
patient head to avoid injury from any
unexpected (sudden) patient movement.
![Page 44: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
External auditory canal (EAC) >>
it’s with small amount of hair and cerumen.
TM, land marks could be seen:
It’s pinkish- gray in color.
Neutral position.
Translucent ( semi-transparent).
![Page 45: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Cone of light ( reflected light from the TM
directed inferiorly and anteriorly).
Pars-tensa and pars- faccida of TM.
Umbo, the tip of the handle of the malleus,
the greatest retraction point on the TM.
![Page 46: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
![Page 47: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
![Page 48: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Small , missing or malformed auricle.
Microtia.
Aresia, absence of EAC.
Stenosis, narrowing of EAC.
Otitis externa.
![Page 49: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Otitis media.
Ear discharge.
Bony growths.
Foreign bodies.
![Page 50: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Excessive cerumen.
TM perforation.
Tympanosclerosis, scars on TM.
VT in TM.
Traumatic injury.
![Page 51: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
![Page 52: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
![Page 53: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
![Page 54: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
![Page 55: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
![Page 56: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
![Page 57: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
![Page 58: Types of patients in audiology clinic - KSU Facultyfac.ksu.edu.sa/sites/default/files/preliminary_audiological_assessment_case_history... · Types of patients in audiology clinic](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022041122/5d1f2ff588c9934c378d1f21/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)