Types of drawings for building design - Designing Buildings Wiki.pdf

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Types of drawings for building design

Contents

1 Location drawings and general arrangement drawings

1.1 Block plans

1.2 Site plans

1.3 Floor plans

1.3.1 Basic floor plan

1.3.2 General arrangement plans1.4 Elevations

1.5 Estate road layout

2 Assembly drawings

3 Component drawings

4 P rojections

4.1 Orthographic projection

4.2 Axonometric projection

4.3 Isometric projection

4.4 Oblique projection

5 Preliminary drawings

6 Sketch drawings

7 Working drawings

7.1 Specification

7.2 Bill of quantities

8 Find out more8.1 Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki

Location drawings and general arrangement drawings

The information shown on a locating drawing will be overall sizes, levels and references to

assembly drawings. They are intended to show the location of the works, not detail (a common

mistake). The location drawings, which can be plans, elevation or sections, are numbered

consecutively with the prefix L.

Typically, location drawings will include:

Block plans.

Site plans.

Floor plans.

Foundations plans.

Roof plans.

Section through the entire building.

Elevations.

British Standard Specification 1192 includes recommended or preferred scales for location

drawings.

Block plans

Block plans usually show the siting of the project in relation to Ordnance Survey Maps.

Conventions are used to depict boundaries, roads and other details. Recommended scales are:

1 : 2500

1 : 1250

1 : 500

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Related articles

As-built drawings and record drawings.

Assembly drawing.

Bill of quantities.

Building information modelling.

Component drawing.

Computer aided design.

Detail drawing.

General arrangement drawing.

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Last edited 16 Nov 2015

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Site plans

Site plans usually show the extent of the site but no surrounding detail. Recommended scales

are:

1 : 500

1 : 200

The function of the site plan is to show:

The location of the building or buildings in relation to their surroundings.

The topography of the site, with both existing and finished levels.Buildings to be demolished or removed.

The extent of earthworks, included, cutting and filling, and the provision of bank and retaining

walls.

Roads, footpaths, hardstandings and paved areas.

Planting.

The layout of external service runs, including drainage, water, gas, electricity, telephone, etc.

The layout of external lighting.

Fencing, walls and gates.

The location of miscellaneous external components bollards, litter bins, etc.

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Floor plans

Floor plans usually show the layout of rooms, key dimensions and levels, and may also use

conventions and symbols to show materials and locations of fittings and appliances.

Recommended scales are:

1 : 200

1 : 100

1 : 50

Line types are used to differentiate information in floor plans. Hatching or conventions are used

to illustrate materials, while symbols are used to show fittings and appliances, often with

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There are three situations that must be considered:

General arrangement (location) drawings designed to show a single building element and

what it should contain.

General arrangement drawings designed to be complete in themselves (clearly this type of

drawing would only arise on the smallest and simplest of projects.)

Basic floor plan drawings the drawings which provide the fundamental and minimal

information which will appear as the framework for each individual elemental plan. The basic

drawing, in fact, from which future drawing containing elemental information will be taken.

Basic floor plan

If a set of working drawings for a project is prepared, the floor plans may be divided into five

elements in the following manner:

(2-) Primary elements

(3-) Secondary elements

(5-) Services (piped and ducted)

(6-) Services (electrical)

(7-) Fittings

General arrangement plans

Where the elemental plans are to be drawn by CAD or manually, you must fist consider what

common features of the plans will need to appear in all five elementalised plans given in the

example above. It is clearly important that the information carried by the base negative, (manual)

or layers common to all drawings in a CAD set shall be, not too little, and not too much. Below is
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a check list of what the basic plan should contain and a list of those items which more often than

not get added to the original needlessly and superfluously to the subsequent inconvenience of

everyone.

To be included:

Walls

Main openings in walls (i.e. doors and windows)

Partitions

Main openings in partitions (doors)

Door swingRoom names and numbers

Grid references (when applicable)

Stairs (in outline)

Fixed furniture (including loose furniture where its disposition in a room is predetermined -

e.g. desks set out on a modular gird, etc.)

Sanitary fittings

Cupboards

North point

Items which tend to be included, but should not be:

Dimensions

Annotations

Details of construction e.g. cavity wall construction

Hatching and shadingLoose furniture where its disposition is not predetermined

Section i ndications

A uniform line t hickness should be used throughout and the middle of the t hree line thick ness

for the scale to be used on the plan is recommended.

Recommended pen size/line sizes are as follows:

Drawings to a scale of 1 : 50 and less (a) (b) (c)

Drawings to a scale 1 : 20 to 1 : 5 (a) (b) (c)

Drawings to a scale larger than 1 : 5 (a) (b) (c)

Pen size Range 1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.7

P en S iz e Range 2 (I SO 9175-1)* 0. 18 0. 25 0. 35 0. 5 0. 7

* Pens size range follows the same size-ratio principle used for the international A-series paper

size (ISO216). The standard sizes (ISO 9175-1) differ by a factor 2. These pens are: 2.00 mm,

1.40 mm, 1.00 mm, 0.70 mm, 0.50 mm, 0.35 mm, 0.25 mm, 0.18 mm and 0.13 mm. So after

drawing with a 0.35 mm pen on A3 paper and reducing it to A4, you can continue with the 0.25

mm pen. (ISO 9175-1). Other sizes of pens are available, however, to keep the same factor

when working between different size sheets, the standard sizes of pens should be used.

Elevations

Elevations usually show the outline of the building, opening details and sizes, level datums and

floor position. An elevation should give an impression of how one face of the building will look

from the outside.
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Estate road layout

Should be at either 1:1250 or 1:500 scales. Line types will fulfil an important role in this type of

location drawing. The identity of buried items will be indicated by different line types.

Conventions and symbols will indicate hard and soft landscape details and street furniture should

be indicated by symbols.

Assembly drawings

The purpose of assembly drawings is to show how the building is erected on site. Information willinclude component identification and reference, assembly dimensions and tolerances with

reference to component drawings.

The assembly drawings can be:

Plans

Elevations

Section

The assembly drawing number is prefixed by the letter A. Standard details need an efficient

library coding system to aid retrieval and sorting, and the Common Arrangement of Work Section

(CAWS) reference system found in the standard old Method of Measurement (SMM7 - now

replaced by the NMR2 and Uniclass). Some assembly drawings will show:

Substructure section

External wall details

Wall openings such as head, sill and jamb sections, plans

Eaves details

Internal walls

Stair details

The structuring of drawn information into specific sheets helps the search patterns of the end

user. Some unenlightened designers will fill the drawing sheet with a mixture of plans, elevations

and, if there is room, detailed sections. The titled chosen for the drawing sheet is the first

indication of the content of the sheet. Search procedures by the end users follow a pattern and

the drawings should be structured and titled to maximise this procedure. Recommended scales

fore assembly drawings are: 1:50 1:20 1:10.
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The drawings will comprise plan view and sections, and the thickness of lines will depend on the

information hierarchy. Outlines and different components drawn with thicker lines alert the user tokey information as the eye scans the entire drawing. The placing of the section on the drawing

sheet should be carefully laid out to minimise search time for the end user.

Identification of materials using standard conventions will complement the annotation and

convey the extent of the materials used in the assembly detail.

The amount of text and dimensions included on the sheet should be just enough to achieve the

purpose of the drawing. For example, a drawing of a substructure detail should not include text or

specification relating to the roof. When placing text and dimensions onto the sheet, it is best to

assist the end user by leaving the drawing area uncluttered. The focal point is the drawn detail.

Once the diagram has been assimilated, further information is sought, with the eye radiating out

form the focus diagram. The diagram should therefore be encircled with dimensions and text, and

the text should be legible, concise and accurate.

Code references direct the user to further drawn information such as component drawings or to

the bill of quantities. The specification or the measured section of the bill of quantities should

explain the quality of the material or workmanship. This will avoid expensive duplication of

specifications on the drawings, reducing the possibility of discrepancies between tender and

contract documents.

Component drawings

This type of drawing shows individual components in the unfixed state. Information will include

component sizes, tolerance and specification with reference to the bill of quantity.

The component drawing number is prefixed by the letter C, and typical component details are:

Wood window head detail

Special door construction

Sill

Coping stone
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Component drawings are often large-scale, sometime full-sized drawings showing individual

components. Assembly drawings will contain several components, showing how the individual

components fit together to make a building element.

Recommended scales are:

1 :10

1 : 5

1 : 2

1 : 1

The component drawings will contain dimensions and some text, but the material specification

and the minimum acceptable quality will be defined in the specification section of the bill of

quantities. The CAWS reference code will direct the end user to the correct part of the bill of

quantities.

Projections

Orthographic projection
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Orthographic projection is a way of illustrating three-dimensional objects in a two-dimensional

drawing. The basic drawing layouts are shown below.

Drawing projections must comply with the relevant British Standard to prevent misunderstanding

and avoid errors in interpreting the drawing. The orthographic projection commonly used in Britain

is called the first angle projection, but there are other less common projections that can be used

to illustrate a three-dimensional object.

Axonometric projection

The advantage of an axonometric projection is the true plan set at 45 degrees. It is suitable for

interior and kitchen layout. Planning drawings are effective as axonometric projection to show the

relationship of existing buildings, topography and the proposed building.

Isometric projection

Unlike the axonometric projection, the isometric plan view is slightly distorted and can be used to

show the nature of the design more clearly than an orthographic projection. It is sometimes used

during the conceptualisation of the design to help the client grasp the mass of the proposal.

Oblique projection

When primary information is drawn in elevation, the interpretation can be enhanced by an oblique

projection.

Preliminary drawings

These drawings are often refereed to as thinking drawings, and illustrate elements of the design.

The freehand sketches are broad strokes with little detail and illustrate mass, proportion or other

aesthetic principles. Soft pencil or a fineliner pen on detail paper is the preferred medium. To

avoid deception the detail paper is often grid paper to ensure a correct proportion of images. The

focal point of the building can be quickly illustrated by a preliminary sketch. Simplicity and

avoidance of detail are the main aspects of a good preliminary drawing.

Sketch drawings

The entire range of drawings can be illustrated as sketch drawings. A location drawing can be

key or control drawing, showing control dimensions or levels. A sketched assembly drawing can

be used by the architect to instruct the technician preparing the ink negative. To avoid
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misinterpretation of size, it is advantageous to use a modular, grid ruled plan, in which the main

grid is 300 mm, with a secondary grid of 100 mm.

Working drawings

These are the final drawn instructions which the builder will use on site to convert the design

ideas into a real building, and care must be taken to ensure accuracy of dimensions and

specification. In preparing the location plan it is best to use a control box when hand drawing a

working drawing that is, maximum design length and width are drawn on the tracing film. All

details should fit within this control box, and if you find you are drawing outside the control boxyou should stop immediately as this indicates an error in the detailed measurements. Once the

drawing has been completed in ink, clean up the drawing and erase the control box.

When a drawing is being produced, thought must be given to the structuring of information. A

drawing contains certain information that must be observed. This is primary information, shown

by thicker lines and/or high intensity. Secondary information will be shown by lines of medium

thickness, while tertiary information will be indicated by thin lines. With ink drawings on film or

tracing paper, different pen thickness will achieve the necessary information hierarchy.

Specification

All drawings require annotation describing t he elements or identifying the c omponents. As these

descriptive notes and words must be clearly understood, it is essential to aim for legibility if they

are hand written, which means taking time to:

Form and shape each individual letter.

Space letters and words correctly.
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Arrange the text to help the end user.

Arrange the text in hierarchical c ontext.

To help achieve clarity of specification, stencils and dry letter transfers are available. When

using CAD, take the time to select a clear and suitable font. Fonts like Comic Sans should never

be used on any formal documents, signage, publications or drawings.

Bill of quantities

The bill of quantities which is, first, a vital tender document, then a contract document should

be an accurate description and quantification of the project. There should therefore be a cross-

reference to the tender drawing and architects notes or specifications.

Based on the old SMM7, some of the main cross-references are:

Concrete work:

1. - Concrete foundation E10.1

2. - Concrete bed (floor) E10.4

3. - Concrete cavity f illing E30.8

Masonry

1. - Clay brickwork in wall F10.1

2. - Cavities F30.1.1

3. - Damp-proof course, vertical F30.2.1

4. - Damp-proof course, horizontal F30.2.3

Carcass timber

1. - Rafter G20.92

2. - Floor joist G20.6

3. - Floor boarding K20.2

4. - Trussed rafter G20.2

Finishing joinery

1. - Wood window L20.1

2. - Double glazing L40.2

3. - Wood door frame L20.7

4. - Wood door L20.1

5. - Architrave P20.1

Roofing

1. - Concrete roof tiles H60.1

Plastering1. - Plasterboard and skim M20.2

2. - Plaster to walls M20.1

3. - Floor screed M10.5

(This information and cross-referencing should have been applied to older architectural drawings.)

Find out more

Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki

As-built drawings and record drawings.

Assembly drawing.

Bill of quantities.Building information modelling.

Component drawing.

Computer aided design.

Detail drawing.

General arrangement drawing.

Installation drawings.

North American Paper Sizes

Notation and symbols.

Paper sizes (ISO 216 A, B and C series)

Production information.

Shop drawings.

Specification.

Technical drawing.

Working drawing.
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Types of drawings for building design - Designing Buildings Wiki.pdf

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