Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are...
-
Upload
sheena-joseph -
Category
Documents
-
view
216 -
download
1
Transcript of Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are...
![Page 1: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Types of CompoundsTypes of Compounds
19/04/2319/04/23
There are two types of compounds
1. Ionic Compounds
These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to another to give each atom full outer shells. This forms a (+) ion and a (-) ion. These oppositely charged ions are attracted to each other to form an ionic bond Eg Na = 2,8,1 Now Na+ is formed
Cl = 2,8,7 Now Cl- is formedThe Na+ and Cl- come together to form NaCl (now we don’t write the charges)
The Na electron is transferred to the Cl atom
![Page 2: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Ionic compounds are always between a metal and a non metal
eg Na (metal) Cl (non metal) make NaCl
In year 11 you will be given a table of ions – you don’t have to remember them.
But you must know how to write balanced formula for ionic compounds using these ions
1+ 2+ 3+ 2-
Na+ Mg2+ Al 3+ O2-
Li+ Ca2+
K+ Fe2+
Cu2+
Zn2+
Pb2+
![Page 3: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
1+ 2+ 3+ 2- 1-
Na+
(Sodium)Mg2+
(magnesium)Al3+
(aluminium)O2-
(oxide)OH-
(hydroxide)
Li+
(Lithium)Ca2+
(calcium)
Fe3+
(ferric)
SO42-
(sulfate) Cl-
(chloride)
K+
PotassiumFe2+
(ferrous)
CO3 2-
(carbonate)
F-
(fluoride)
Cu2+
(copper)
NO3-
(nitrate)
Zn2+
(zinc)
Pb2+
(lead)
![Page 4: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Task : write the chemical formula for sodium oxide in your book
Step one:
Write out the two ions from the chart with their charges ie Na+ and O2-
Step two :Step two :Make the two charges balanceMake the two charges balance(in other words are there the same number of (+) as (-) )(in other words are there the same number of (+) as (-) ) Na = +1 and O = -2 no they don’t balance.Na = +1 and O = -2 no they don’t balance.
Step three:Step three:
Now the seesaw doesn’t balance
You must add an extra Na+ ion to make the (+) and (-) balance You must add an extra Na+ ion to make the (+) and (-) balance which ion do you think you will need to add to the seesaw?which ion do you think you will need to add to the seesaw?
![Page 5: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Yes you are correct you need to add one NaYes you are correct you need to add one Na+ + to the left to the left hand side of the seesawhand side of the seesaw
Now you write the formula for sodium oxide as NaNow you write the formula for sodium oxide as Na22OO
This tells us in each particle of sodium oxide (NaThis tells us in each particle of sodium oxide (Na22O) O)
There are two NaThere are two Na++ ions and one O ions and one O2-2- ion ion
![Page 6: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Task : Find the formula for aluminium oxide
Step one
Write out the ions from your table ie Al 3+ and O 2-
Step two :Step two :Make the two charges balanceMake the two charges balance(in other words are there the same number of (+) as (-) )(in other words are there the same number of (+) as (-) ) Al = +3 and O = -2 Al = +3 and O = -2 no they don’t balance.no they don’t balance.
Step three: Step three:
Add ions to both sides until the charges balance Add ions to both sides until the charges balance
Al 3+ O 2-
Al 3+ O 2-
O 2-
Al2O3 Aluminium oxide
![Page 7: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
You try this one write out each step : Find the formula for magnesium nitrate
Step one
Write out the ions from your table
ie Mg2+ and NO3-
Step two :Step two :Make the two charges balanceMake the two charges balance(in other words are there the same number of (+) as (-) )(in other words are there the same number of (+) as (-) ) Mg = Mg = +2 +2 and NOand NO33
-- = = -1-1 no they don’t balance.no they don’t balance.
Step three: Step three:
Add ions to both sides until the charges balance Add ions to both sides until the charges balance Mg 2+
NO3-
Mg(NO3)2
NO3-
Then write formula
![Page 8: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Starter Task : Write the chemical formula for Calcium hydroxide in your book
Step one:
Write out the two ions from the chart with their charges
Step two :Step two :Make the two charges balance by adding ions Make the two charges balance by adding ions
Step three:Step three:
Write the finished formula without the chargesWrite the finished formula without the charges
![Page 9: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
You can quietly read the following 6 slides or you can copy them down
![Page 10: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Covalent bonds involve atoms sharing electrons to form molecules.
Molecules can be compounds made of two or more different atoms eg CO2, H2O, C6H12O6 etc
Molecules can also be elements where 2 identical atoms are covalently bonded together eg H2, N2, O2, Cl2 etc
Types of CompoundsTypes of Compounds
2. Covalently bonded Compounds
![Page 11: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Remember covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons
This is how both carbon and hydrogen achieve full valence (or outer) shells in CH4.
When atoms form covalent bonds they form molecules.
![Page 12: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
First draw both atoms with their valence electrons
How to draw the bonding structure of a covalent molecule
![Page 13: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
1. In pairs use the model atoms to make a methane (CH4) molecule
C atoms are black H atoms are white
Use the long grey bonds to join them
2. Then make an H2O molecule
H = white O = red
3. Then make a SO2 molecule S = yellow O = red
4. Then make an H2 molecule
Show me when you have finished each one
![Page 14: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Then make a carbon dioxide (CO2) molecule
Then make a glucose (C6H12O6) molecule (hint make a ring of 6 carbons)
Show me when you have finished each one
![Page 15: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Covalent bonding in methane (CH4)
From the carbon atomic number we find:
C6
12
carbon has an electron arrangement of 2, 4
This means carbon has 4 electrons in its valence
(or outer) shell
We can draw the 4 valence electrons of carbon like this:
How many electrons does carbon need in its valence (or outer) shell?
Ans: 8 electrons
![Page 16: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
H1
1
hydrogen has an electron arrangement of 1
This means hydrogen has 1 electron in its valence (or outer) shell
From the hydrogen atomic number we find:
We can draw the valence electron of hydrogen like this:
How many electrons does hydrogen need in its valence (or outer) shell?
Ans: 2 electrons
![Page 17: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Place 4 hydrogen atoms around the C atom so that each H shares an electron with a C electron
Each H atom shares one electron with one C electron to give each H a full valence shell of 2 electrons
This sharing of electrons between H and C also means the C atom has a full valence shell of 8 electrons
Can you see that both H and C atoms have full valence shells by sharing their electrons?
![Page 18: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Ions and Molecules
IonsWrite down the following filling in the gaps.
Ions are atoms that have g_____ or l_____ electrons to form p_______ or n________ ions
3 examples of ions are _________ion symbol ( ) , ________ ion symbol ( ) and _________ ion symbol ( ).
Choose from : smallest, neutrons, covalent, electrons, gained, loss, negative, positive, valence, outer, protons, water, hydrogen gas, H2, CO2, H2O
![Page 19: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Atoms, Ions and Molecules
AtomsWrite down the following filling in the gaps.
Atoms are the s________ particles that make up all things.They consist of ________ and _________ in the nucleus with e________ in shells around the nucleus.
3 examples of atoms are _________ symbol ( ) , ________ symbol ( ) and _________ symbol ( ).
Choose from : smallest, neutrons, covalent, electrons, gained, loss, negative, positive, valence, outer, protons, water, hydrogen gas, H2, CO2, H2O
![Page 20: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Atoms, Ions and Molecules
MoleculesWrite down the following filling in the gaps.
Molecules are where two or more atoms share electrons in a c________ bond to give both atoms full v______ or o______ shells.
3 examples of molecules are w_______ formula ( ) , c________ d_______ formula ( ) and h______ g___ formula ( ).
Choose from : smallest, neutrons, covalent, electrons, gained, loss, negative, positive, valence, outer, protons, water, hydrogen gas, H2, CO2, H2O
![Page 21: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
19/04/2319/04/23
What is an ion?What is an ion?An anion is an atom that has gained An anion is an atom that has gained electron(s) to form a (-) ion electron(s) to form a (-) ion
e.g Cle.g Cl- - (Chloride) (Chloride) SS2- 2- (Sulfide) (Sulfide)
or a cation is an atom that has lost electron(s) or a cation is an atom that has lost electron(s) to form a (+) ionto form a (+) ion e.g Nae.g Na+ + (Sodium) (Sodium)
FeFe2+ 2+ (iron (ll) ion) (aka Ferric ion) (iron (ll) ion) (aka Ferric ion) FeFe3+ 3+ (iron(lll) ion ) (Ferrous)(iron(lll) ion ) (Ferrous)
![Page 22: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Compounds can be two types – Copy this neatly into your book
1. Compounds can be Ionic
Ionic compounds form when atoms lose and gain electrons to form charged (+) and (-) .These oppositely charged ions are attracted together to form an ionic bond.Ionic bonds always occur between a metal and non metal.
Eg Na (+) and Cl (-) come together to form NaCl
![Page 23: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Compounds can be two types – Copy this neatly into your book
2. Compounds can be Covalent
These atoms share electrons so that each atom has a full outer shell. This sharing of electrons is called a covalent bond.Covalently bonded atoms form molecules.Molecules are always between non metal atoms.
Examples of molecules are CH4 methane, H2O water, CO2 carbon dioxide
![Page 24: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
19/04/2319/04/23
Atoms and elements
A substance made of one type of atom is called an element
e.g. a piece of Aluminium (symbol Al) consists of only aluminium atoms bonded together and is called an element.
![Page 25: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
19/04/2319/04/23
MoleculesMoleculesSome elements are unstable as Some elements are unstable as single atoms and only exist as 2 single atoms and only exist as 2 atoms atoms covalentlycovalently bonded together to bonded together to form a form a molecule. molecule.
These are usually gasesThese are usually gases
e.g He.g H22 , N , N22, Cl, Cl22, O, O22
![Page 26: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
19/04/2319/04/23
Compounds and MoleculesCompounds and Molecules
Some compounds are molecules that Some compounds are molecules that contain 2 or more contain 2 or more differentdifferent atoms atoms covalently bondedcovalently bonded together. Some together. Some common molecular compounds are:common molecular compounds are:
COCO2 2 (carbon dioxide) (carbon dioxide)
HH22O (water)O (water)
CHCH44 (methane) (methane)
CC66HH12 12 OO6 6 (glucose) (glucose)
![Page 27: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
19/04/2319/04/23
Balancing Reactions Balancing Reactions Mg + O2
Zn + HCl
Fe + Cl2
NaOH + HCl
CH4 + O2
Ca + H2O
NaOH + H2SO4
CH3OH + O2
MgO
ZnCl2 + H2
FeCl3
NaCl + H2O
CO2 + H2O
Ca(OH)2 + H2
Na2SO4 + H2O
CO2 + H2O
2
2
2 3
2
2
2
2 3
2
2
2
2
2 4
![Page 28: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
19/04/2319/04/23
Simple formulae to learnSimple formulae to learn
H2O
CO2
NH3
H2
O2
N2
SO2
Water
Carbon dioxide
Ammonia
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Sulphur dioxide
NaCl
CaCl2
MgO
HCl
H2SO4
HNO3
NaOH
Ca(OH)2
CaCO3
Al2O3
Fe2O3
Sodium chloride
Calcium chloride
Magnesium oxide
Hydrochloric acid
Sulphuric acid
Nitric acid
Sodium hydroxide
Calcium hydroxide
Calcium carbonate
Aluminium oxide
Iron oxide
![Page 29: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Acids Acids release hydrogen ions (H+) in water to give acidic solutions
Common Lab Acids are:
Sulfuric acid (formula H2SO4 )
Nitric acid (formula HNO3)
Hydrochloric acid (formula HCl)
These are strong acids because they form a lot of H+ ions in water
Eg HCl (l) H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)
Eg H2SO4 (l) 2H+ (aq) + SO42- (aq)
![Page 30: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Acids
Other Acids found around the home are:
ethanoic acid (formula CH3COOH )
this is the acid found in vinegar.
Tartaric acid (formula C4H6O6 )used in cooking
Citric acid ( formula C6H8O7) this is the acid found in
oranges and other fruits.
ascorbic acid is another acid known as vitamin C.
These acids are called weak acids because they form a small number of H+ ions in water
![Page 31: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
BasesBases are substances that release hydroxide ions (OH-) in water.
Eg NaOH (s) Na+ (aq) + OH- (aq)
Eg KOH (s) K+ (aq) + OH- (aq) Strong bases give off lots of OH- ions and weak base give off less OH-
ions
Common strong bases are:Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)Potassium hydroxide (KOH)Ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH)
Many cleaning agents are bases eg oven cleaners, window cleaners
![Page 32: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
The pH Scale
The amount of H+ ions given off by an acid are measured by the pH scale
1 on the pH scale means there are a lot of H+ ions in the water and the solution is said to be acidic
14 on the pH scale means there are very few H+ ions in the water but a lot of OH- ions creating a basic solution
![Page 33: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Draw the pH scale below your book
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
acidNeutralEg water
base
The colours below are the colours for the different pH numbers with universal indicator this indicates how acidic or basic a solution is
Task – gently shade your pH scale these colours
![Page 34: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
acid neutral basic
Anything less than 7 on the pH scale is called an acid
Weakacid
Strong
acid
neutral
![Page 35: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
acid neutral basic
Indicators can also tell us how many OH- ions a base will give off and this gives us an indication of how basic a solution is.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Weakbase
Strongbase
neutral
![Page 36: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Which beaker contains the acid and which one contains the base?
Beaker 1Blue litmus
Beaker 2Red litmus
BaseAcid
Which beaker has more OH- ions?
Which beaker has more H+ ions?
(H+) (OH-)
Litmus paper is another indicator
Remember blue litmus paper tests for acids
Red litmus tests for bases
![Page 37: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Litmus paper can also tell us Whether we Have an Acid or a base.
Litmus paper can be red or blue
Acids turn blue litmus paper red
Bases turn red litmus paper blue
![Page 38: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Neutralisation hydroxide (OH-) ions are the opposite to H+
When there are equal amounts of H+ and OH- ions in a solution they will react to form pure water (H2O) in a neutralisation reaction – the neutralisation reaction is below
H+ + OH- H2O (water is neutral and has a pH of 7)
So bases eg NaOH, KOH can neutralise acids!
and acids eg HCl,H2SO4 can neutralise bases!
From acid
From base
![Page 39: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Gas tests
All carbonates eg _______ react with any acid to from CO2 (carbon dioxide) gas.
The limewater test bubbled CO2 through limewater
How do you test for CO2?
CaCO3
Give a balanced equation for an acid/carbonate reaction
CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + 2H2O
![Page 40: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
How do you test for O2? (Oxygen)
The glowing splint test
KMnO4 MnO2 + O2
![Page 41: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Finally how do you test for H2 (hydrogen)?
The pop test
Give a balanced reaction for the magnesium and hydrochloric acid reaction
Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2
Give a balanced reaction for the combustion of the hydrogen
![Page 42: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Physical Property of metal
Meaning
malleable Means the metal can be bent
ductile Means the metal can be made into wires
Conductivity Conducts both heat and electricity
lustrous Shinysolid All are solid except
Hg
Physical Properties of metals
![Page 43: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Metal Structure Metal Structure
A metal consists of a regular arrangement of A metal consists of a regular arrangement of positive ions held together by a 'sea' of positive ions held together by a 'sea' of electrons. electrons.
![Page 44: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Metal structure StarterMetal structure StarterMetals consist of p______ metal ions surrounded by n______ electrons.The attraction of the e_______ for thep_____ ions acts like a glue that holds metals atoms together
![Page 45: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Activity Activity
On the periodic table in your book colour the On the periodic table in your book colour the metals red and nonmetals blue metals red and nonmetals blue
leave the metalliods (these are elements found on leave the metalliods (these are elements found on the border line between the metals and non the border line between the metals and non metals) white.metals) white.
Give names to the following metal symbols:
Al - Zn - Ag -
Ni - Ca - Cu –
Fe - Li - Mg –
Pb - Na - Au -
Aluminium
Nickel
Iron
Lead
Calcium
Zinc
LithiumSodium
Silver
CopperMagnesiumGold
![Page 46: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Metal Structure Metal Structure A metal consists of positive A metal consists of positive ions held together by a 'sea' ions held together by a 'sea' of electrons. of electrons.
The electrons account for the The electrons account for the lustrous appearance of lustrous appearance of metalsmetals
Because the electrons can Because the electrons can move freely they conduct move freely they conduct electricity, however the electricity, however the positive ions can only vibrate positive ions can only vibrate in the one spot. This means in the one spot. This means metals also conduct heat as metals also conduct heat as wellwell
Note
This type of metal bonding between positive ions and electrons in metals is strong giving metals high melting points.
![Page 47: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Why metals conduct heatWhy metals conduct heat
Demo by heating spatula with paper clips attached by vasoline
The word particle in this passage refers to the metal ions.
![Page 48: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
As the metallic bonds do not act in a particular direction, the rows of positive ions can slide over one another easily. This allows the metal to be bent or shaped. This structure allows metals to be bent (malleable) or made into wires (ductile)
Why most metals can be bent or Why most metals can be bent or shapedshaped
![Page 49: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Metal structure StarterMetal structure StarterMetals consist of p______ metal ions surrounded by n______ electrons.The attraction of the e_______ for thep_____ ions acts like a glue that holds metals atoms together
![Page 50: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Isotopes
An isotope is an atom with a different number of neutrons
The above are all naturally occurring isotopes of hydrogen
electron) 1 neutrons, 2 proton, (1 TritiumH
elctron) 1 neutron, 1 proton, (1 Deuterium H
electron) 1 proton, (1 Hydrogen H
31
21
11
![Page 51: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Metals and oxygen What is Metals and oxygen What is Rust?Rust?
Rust only occurs with iron (Fe) metal.
Rusting is where iron reacts with oxygen in the air to form rust (also known as iron oxide Fe2O3)
To from rust iron, water and oxygen must be present.
Rust is always noticed by a reddish brown layer occurring on the surface of the iron.
![Page 52: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Summary – Metal Reactions
metal + oxygen metal oxide
aluminium + oxygen aluminium oxide
Metals and oxygen – general reaction
Example
![Page 53: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
metal + oxygen
Use the general reaction below to write both word equations then symbol equations for each of the metals reacting with oxygen
calcium
sodium
magnesium
+ oxygen sodium oxide
+ oxygen calcium oxide
+ oxygen magnesium oxide
metal oxide
4Na + O2 2Na2O
2Ca + O2 2CaO
2Mg + O2 2MgO
![Page 54: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
zinc
copper
iron
aluminium
+ oxygen zinc oxide
+ oxygen iron oxide
+ oxygen copper oxide
+ oxygen aluminium oxide
4Al + 3O2 2Al2O3
2Zn + O2 2ZnO
4Fe + 3O2 2Fe2O3
2Cu + O2 2CuO
![Page 55: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Experiment: metals and waterExperiment: metals and water
Aim: to observe the reactions of metals Aim: to observe the reactions of metals with water and sort out which react faster with water and sort out which react faster than others page 129 yellow lab bookthan others page 129 yellow lab book
The general reaction for a metal reacting with water is:
metal + water metal hydroxide + hydrogen
eg Na + H2O NaOH + H2
![Page 56: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
reaction mixture starter reaction mixture starter complete the followingcomplete the following
Li + H2O Ca + H2O
Mg + H2O (steam)
Al + H2O (steam)
Cu + O2
Fe + O2 (rust forms)
2LiOH + H2
Ca(OH)2 + H2
2CuO
2Fe2O3
MgO + H2
Al2O3 + 3H2
2
2
4 3
2 3
2 2
![Page 57: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Experiment: metals and acidExperiment: metals and acidAim: to observe the reactions of metals with Aim: to observe the reactions of metals with acid and sort out which react faster than others acid and sort out which react faster than others ((that is - which ones are more reactivethat is - which ones are more reactive))
The general reaction for a metal reacting with an acid is:
metal + acid metal salt + hydrogen
![Page 58: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Summary Summary
Most metals will react with dilute acids to give off hydrogen gas and form a salt.
The general formula for a metal acid reaction is
Magnesium + hydrochloric acid
Magnesium + chloride
hydrogen gas
Iron + hydrochloric acid
Iron Chloride +
hydrogen gas
Zinc + hydrochloric acid
Zinc Chloride +
hydrogen gas
Metal + acid Metal salt + hydrogen gas
Write word and symbol equations for these acid metal reactions
![Page 59: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Complete the following WORD equation.
(a) ACID + METAL
Give a balanced example of an acid/metal reaction Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2
Metal salt + Hydrogen
Write a balanced equation for an sulfuric acid and Iron metal reaction
Then complete exercises writing balanced symbol equations on page 133
Fe + H2SO4 FeSO4 + H2
![Page 60: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Write out the following
From the folowing metal list answer the questions below
Li , Cu, Zn, Al, Mg , Fe, Pb
1. List the metals in order from most reactive to least reactive?
2. ____ is a metal that reacts with cold water
3. _______ is the metal that does not react with sulfuric acid.
4. ______ is the most reactive metal on the list
Li, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Pb, Cu
Li
Cu
Li
5. ______ is the metal that rusts Fe
Most reactive least reactive
![Page 61: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Metal oxides + water
Give a balanced reaction for CaO reacting with H2O
metal hydroxide
CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2
Give a balanced reaction for sodium reacting with oxygen
4Na + O2 2Na2O
Give a balanced reaction for H2SO4 reacting with Li
2Li + H2SO4 Li2 SO4 + H2
Starter Summary Reactions
Some metal oxides do not d _____ in water and _____ ___ produce alkaline solutions.
Describe the relative concentration of H+ ions at different points of the pH scale.
issolve will not
![Page 62: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
ACID + CARBONATE
Give a balanced reaction for HCl reacting with CaCO3
Salt + carbon dioxide + water
CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
Give a balanced reaction for HCl reacting with NaHCO3
(sodium bicarbonate)
NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + CO2 + H2O
Give a balanced reaction for H2SO4 reacting with ZnCO3 ZnCO3 + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + CO2 +
H2O
Acid Carbonate Reactions
Complete the experiment on page 136 then questions
![Page 63: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Homework for test on Friday
Check out the 1.4 Achievement standard page 103 -104 (yellow lab book)Look at Specific learning out comes page 104 -105 make sure you use to make headings for study notes and practise theseRead chapter 15 Basic Chemistry (NCEA level 1 Science text) complete all questionsRead Chapter 16 acids and bases and complete all questions Read Chapter 17 metals and complete all questions
![Page 64: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
AlloysAlloys
Remember alloys are mixtures of metals and other Remember alloys are mixtures of metals and other substancessubstances
Important alloys areImportant alloys are
Steel made of carbon and iron – used in many industries Steel made of carbon and iron – used in many industries including car bodiesincluding car bodies
Brass made of copper and zinc – used in plumbing fittingsBrass made of copper and zinc – used in plumbing fittings
Solder made of tin and lead – used in making circuitsSolder made of tin and lead – used in making circuits
Alloys are made to change the physical property of Alloys are made to change the physical property of the metal eg solder melts lower than lead or tinthe metal eg solder melts lower than lead or tin
![Page 65: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Read page 63 in MW to find why metals conduct electricity.
The sea of negative electrons in metals allows electrical current to flow through the metal.
These electrons also account for the shiny appearance of metals.
Why do metals conduct Why do metals conduct electricity?electricity?
![Page 66: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
As the metallic bonds do not act in a particular direction, the rows of positive ions can slide over one another easily. This allows the metal to be bent or shaped. This structure allows metals to be bent (malleable) or made into wires (ductile)
Why most metals can be bent or Why most metals can be bent or shapedshaped
![Page 67: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Neutralisation
HCl + NaOH H2O + NaCl
![Page 68: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Refresher
Strong bases eg _____ have a pH of ___ and will turn universal indicator _____ common lab bases are potassium hydroxide (KOH), sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and ammonium
hydroxide (NH4OH)
Common household bases are:__________________________________
Window cleanerOven cleanerJiff
KOH
14purple
![Page 69: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Universal indicator goes ____ with a strong acid and the pH will be around ____
Neutral solutions (eg pure water) go _____ with universal indicator and a pH of around _____
Strong bases go _______ with universal indicator and have a pH of around____
![Page 70: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Refresher
Strong acids eg _____ have a pH of ___ and will turn universal indicator _____
Weak acids eg Lemon ___ have a pH of ___ and will turn universal indicator _____
Examples of common household acids are:_________________________________________
HCl 1red
juice 4-6orange
vinegartartariccitric
![Page 71: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Experiment finding the pH of substances -
Draw the table below:
Place 2 cms of water in each tube (then two drops of the test solutions)
3 drops of universal indicator in them – write then fill in your chart
Solution name Colour of solutionpH of Solution
![Page 72: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Experiment finding the pH of substances -
Draw the table below:
Place 2 cms of each of the solutions below in a test tube then place
3 drops of universal indicator in them – write the colour in the chart
Baking soda solution
bleach
milk
lemonade
Soft soap
Jiff
pH 1
pH 14 pH 3-5
pH 7
pH 10 - 12 pH 1-2
red violet/purple
red
green
violet
red
Colour of solutionpH of Solution
![Page 73: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Strong and Weak Acids- Experiment
Place 2cms of each of the 3 acids in 3 test tubes in a test tube rack – copy this table into your book - use a ruler to draw it
Acid Colour with Universal indicator
Reaction with Mg metal
Sulfuric
Hydrochloric
Ethanoic
![Page 74: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Acid Reactions Experiment
Place 2cms of each of the 3 acids in 3 test tubes in a test tube rack – copy this table into your book - use a ruler to draw it
Acid Observation with calcium carbonate
Sulfuric
Hydrochloric
Ethanoic
![Page 75: Types of Compounds 15/10/2015 There are two types of compounds 1. Ionic Compounds These are compounds where electrons are transferred from one atom to.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062718/56649ebe5503460f94bc82fc/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Using the white boards answer the questions:By being the first group to neatly show the correct answer
Give the chemical symbols for:
Give the type and number of atoms in
sodium carbon
copper
Potassium
heliumiron
mercury
Sulfur
NaCl NaNO3
H2SO4
PbCO3 Na2CO3
Al2(SO4)3 CH3COOH
What can you remember?