Two Ways to Mix Red, Green, and Blue Light 1. Additive ... · 1 Imaging Science Fundamentals ©...
Transcript of Two Ways to Mix Red, Green, and Blue Light 1. Additive ... · 1 Imaging Science Fundamentals ©...
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© 2006 Carlson Center for Imaging Science / RITImaging Science Fundamentals
Two Ways to MixRed, Green, and Blue Light
1. Additive Color Mixing• Mixing “Lights”
2. Subtractive Color Mixing• Mixing “Pigments”
© 2006 Carlson Center for Imaging Science / RITImaging Science Fundamentals
This color isWhite
White Light
White Paper
Subtractive Color Mixing Starts with White (R+G+B)
© 2006 Carlson Center for Imaging Science / RITImaging Science Fundamentals
Add Light Absorber (Pigment or Ink)
Print thiscolor!
White Light
White Paper
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© 2006 Carlson Center for Imaging Science / RITImaging Science Fundamentals
This color isgray
White Light
“Gray” absorbs equal amounts ofall wavelengths
Ink Absorbs (Subtracts) Light from White
© 2006 Carlson Center for Imaging Science / RITImaging Science Fundamentals
Subtractive Color Mixing Starts with White Light
Magenta inkabsorbs
Green LightWhite Light
© 2006 Carlson Center for Imaging Science / RITImaging Science Fundamentals
Inte
nsity
400 700Wavelength in nm
Spectrum of White Light
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© 2006 Carlson Center for Imaging Science / RITImaging Science Fundamentals
Inte
nsity
400 700
Wavelength in nm
Blue Green Red
Spectrum of“Other” White Light
Blue
Green
Red
Additive Primary Colors
© 2006 Carlson Center for Imaging Science / RITImaging Science Fundamentals
Inte
nsity
400 700Wavelength in nm
Spectrum of Magenta
Blue
Green
Red
- Green
Magenta
The Primary Colors
© 2006 Carlson Center for Imaging Science / RITImaging Science Fundamentals
Green
Magenta
(- Green)
Green is an additive primary colorMagenta is a SUBTRACTIVE PRIMARY
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© 2006 Carlson Center for Imaging Science / RITImaging Science Fundamentals
Subtractive Color Mixing:Start with White
Cyan ink absorbsRed Light
White Light
© 2006 Carlson Center for Imaging Science / RITImaging Science Fundamentals
Inte
nsity
400 700
Wavelength in nm
-Red
Spectrum of Cyan Ink
© 2006 Carlson Center for Imaging Science / RITImaging Science Fundamentals
Red is an Additive PrimaryCyan is a SUBTRACTIVE PRIMARY
Cyan
Red
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© 2006 Carlson Center for Imaging Science / RITImaging Science Fundamentals
Yellow Ink Absorbs Blue Light
Yellow inkabsorbs
Blue Light
© 2006 Carlson Center for Imaging Science / RITImaging Science Fundamentals
Inte
nsity
400 700Wavelength in nm
- Blue
Spectrum of Yellow Ink
© 2006 Carlson Center for Imaging Science / RITImaging Science Fundamentals
Blue
Yellow
Blue is Additive PrimaryYellow is SUBTRACTIVE PRIMARY
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© 2006 Carlson Center for Imaging Science / RITImaging Science Fundamentals
Blue Red
Green
“Additive Primary Colors”Red, Green, Blue
© 2006 Carlson Center for Imaging Science / RITImaging Science Fundamentals
Cyan( - Red)
Magenta(- Green)
Yellow(- Blue)
“Subtractive Primary Colors”Cyan, Magenta, Yellow
© 2006 Carlson Center for Imaging Science / RITImaging Science Fundamentals
Cyan
Magenta
Yellow“Blue”
“Red”
Lay-Person’s Names for Crayon Colors
“Blue, Red, Yellow”
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© 2006 Carlson Center for Imaging Science / RITImaging Science Fundamentals
This coloris Green
White Light
Subtract red, blue
Mixture of Cyan and Yellow
© 2006 Carlson Center for Imaging Science / RITImaging Science Fundamentals
This coloris Red
White Light
Subtract green, blue
Mixture of Magenta and Yellow
© 2006 Carlson Center for Imaging Science / RITImaging Science Fundamentals
This coloris Blue
White Light
Subtract green, red
Mixture of Magenta and Cyan
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© 2006 Carlson Center for Imaging Science / RITImaging Science Fundamentals
Other Colors by Varying Amount of Colorant in Each Layer
© 2006 Carlson Center for Imaging Science / RITImaging Science Fundamentals
Subtractive color reproduction
Printers use 4 colors: cyan, magenta, yellow, blackImproves detail, saves money on more expensive CMY colorants
© 2006 Carlson Center for Imaging Science / RITImaging Science Fundamentals
Human Visual System
Image Formation:• Cornea• Lens
“Exposure”Control:
• Iris pupil• Sensitivity of
Photoreceptor
Image Sensor:• Rods• Cones
Compression &Transmission:• Neural Net• Optic Nerve
Perception:• Brain
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© 2006 Carlson Center for Imaging Science / RITImaging Science Fundamentals
Visual Experience Includes:
■ brightness■ color■ form■ texture■ depth■ transparency■ motion■ …
© 2006 Carlson Center for Imaging Science / RITImaging Science Fundamentals
We’ll review:■ Anatomy of human eye
■ Image formation by human eye
■ Method of light detection
■ Retinal processing
■ Optical defects and diseases
© 2006 Carlson Center for Imaging Science / RITImaging Science Fundamentals
Eye
www.hunkeler.com
Aqueous humor
Vitreous humor
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© 2006 Carlson Center for Imaging Science / RITImaging Science Fundamentals
Eye is a “Jelly-Like” Mass1. Sclera: white, opaque, and tough flexible outer shell2. Cornea: transparent and convex outer part, curve is somewhat
flattened to reduce spherical aberrations (deviation from ideal lens), first optical element of sysgtem , refractive index n = 1.376
3. Aqueous Humor: Medium between cornea and lens, refractive index n = 1.336
4. Iris: aperture diaphragm that controls the amount of light entering the eye, circular and radial muscles, diameter from approximately 2 to 8 mm
5. Lens: biconvex crystalline, like an onion (≈ 22,000 layers), about size of M&M (9 mm diameter, variable thickness of about 4 mm), refractive index varies from center to edge (1.336 < nlens < 1.406), absorbs about 8% of visible spectrum
6. Vitreous Humor: supports the eyeball, n = 1.3367. Choroid: dark layer, absorbs stray light like black paint in camera8. Retina: thin layer of receptor cells, covers inner surface of choroid, rods
and cones, uses a photochemical reaction to convert light to nerve impulses
© 2006 Carlson Center for Imaging Science / RITImaging Science Fundamentals
Color Sensors in Retina■ ≈ 6-7 million cones, located in the fovea (central portion of
retina), three different colors, each cone in fovea connected toown nerve ⇒ can resolve fine detail.
■ Cone vision is called photopic, at normal daylight levels, high resolution.
■ Muscles rotate eyeball until image falls on fovea● cones give color and high resolution● Image kept stationary on given spot of photoreceptors would fade
due to deterioration of photochemical response● Without fovea the eye would lose 90% of its capability, retaining
only peripheral vision.
■ Normal human vision over 390 nm d λ d 780 nm● short-wavelength limit due to crystalline lens
© 2006 Carlson Center for Imaging Science / RITImaging Science Fundamentals
“Black & White” Vision■ Receptors are Rods
● 75 to 150 million distributed over retinal surface● Several rods are connected to one nerve end● Reduces amount of detail
■ Provide general overall picture of field of view■ Sensitive to low levels of illumination■ Objects that appear brightly colored in daylight appear
colorless in dim light because only rods are stimulated■ Rod vision is called scotopic
■ No receptors in the region where optic nerve exists the eyeball: blind spot.
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© 2006 Carlson Center for Imaging Science / RITImaging Science Fundamentals
Outer segment
Synaptic ending
Network reduces amount of information in a process known as “lateral inhibition”
Neural Network in Retina
Image of Retina
© 2006 Carlson Center for Imaging Science / RITImaging Science Fundamentals
Neural Net and Compression
■ Neural net “reorganizes” image information and discards some data
■ Allows data to be transmitted to brain over limited channel● “narrow pipe”
■ May create “confusion” between perception and reality● e.g., optical illusions
© 2006 Carlson Center for Imaging Science / RITImaging Science Fundamentals
Distribution of photoreceptors
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© 2006 Carlson Center for Imaging Science / RITImaging Science Fundamentals
Blind spot
X
© 2006 Carlson Center for Imaging Science / RITImaging Science Fundamentals
Response to color
www.cquest.utoronto.ca/.../ photoreceptors.html
© 2006 Carlson Center for Imaging Science / RITImaging Science Fundamentals
Lateral Inhibition of Retinal Signal
Hermann grid
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© 2006 Carlson Center for Imaging Science / RITImaging Science Fundamentals
Lateral Inhibition Demonstrated by Hermann Grid
Region “A” Appears Darker than Region “B”Because 4 Inhibitory Inputs at “A” vs. 2 at “B”
© 2006 Carlson Center for Imaging Science / RITImaging Science Fundamentals
Mach bands = Edge Enhancement
www.luc.edu/faculty/ asutter/MachB2.html
■ Intrinsic “Sharpening”in Eye Processing
■ Eye “Sharpens” Edges Automatically